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{{Short description|Medieval Armenian kingdom}}
{{about|the kingdom|the geographic area|Vaspurakan}} {{about|the kingdom|the geographic area|Vaspurakan}}
{{Infobox country {{Infobox country
|native_name = Վասպուրական | native_name = Վասպուրական
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Vaspurakan | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Vaspurakan
|common_name = Vaspurakan | common_name = Vaspurakan
|era = Middle Ages | era = Middle Ages
|status = Kingdom | status = Kingdom
|empire = | empire =
|government_type = Monarchy | government_type = Monarchy|
⚫ | event_start = ] recognized as King of Armenia by Arab Caliph
|
⚫ | year_start = 908
⚫ |event_start = ] recognized as King of Armenia by Arab Caliph
⚫ | date_start =
⚫ |year_start = 908
⚫ | event_end = ] gives Vaspurakan to the Byzantine Empire
⚫ |date_start =
| year_end = 1021
⚫ |event_end = ] gave Vaspurakan to the Byzantine Empire
|year_end = 1021 | date_end =
|date_end = | event1 =
|event1 = | date_event1 =
| event2 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 = | date_event2 =
⚫ | p1 = Bagratid Armenia
|date_event2 =
⚫ | flag_p1 = Bagrotouni.svg
⚫ |p1 = Bagratid Armenia
| s1 = Byzantine Empire
⚫ |flag_p1 = Bagrotouni.svg
|s1 = Byzantine Empire | flag_s1 = Simple Labarum.svg
| image_flag =
|flag_s1 = Simple Labarum.svg
|image_flag = | image_coat =
⚫ | image_map = 93-vaspurakan908-1021.gif
|image_coat =
⚫ | image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Vaspurakan from 908 to 1021
⚫ |image_map = 93-vaspurakan908-1021.gif
| capital = ]
⚫ |image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Vaspurakan from 908 to 1021
|capital =] | national_motto =
| common_languages = ]
|national_motto =
|common_languages = ] | religion = ]
|religion = ] | currency = ], ]
| leader1 = ]
|stat_pop1 = 1,000,000
⚫ | leader2 = ]
|stat_area1 = 40870
⚫ | leader3 = ]
|stat_year1 = 11th century
⚫ | leader4 = ]
|currency = ], ]
|leader1 = ] | leader5 = ]
|leader2 = ] | leader6 = ]
⚫ | year_leader1 = 908–937/943
⚫ |leader3 = ]
⚫ | year_leader2 = 937/943—958/959
⚫ |leader4 = ]
⚫ | year_leader3 = 958/959–968/969
⚫ |leader5 = ]
⚫ | year_leader4 = 968/969–1003
|leader6 = ]
⚫ | year_leader5 = 991–1003
⚫ |year_leader1 = 908–937/943
⚫ | year_leader6 = 1003–1021
⚫ |year_leader2 = 937/943—958/959
⚫ | title_leader = King
⚫ |year_leader3 = 958/959–968/969
⚫ | today = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]
⚫ |year_leader4 = 968/969–1003
⚫ |year_leader5 = 991–1003
⚫ |year_leader6 = 1003–1021
⚫ |title_leader = King
⚫ |today = {{flag|Turkey}}<br>{{flag|Iran}}<br>{{flag|Iraq}}<br>{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|footnotes =
}} }}
The '''Kingdom of Vaspurakan''' ({{Langx|hy|Վասպուրականի թագավորություն}}; also transliterated as Vasbouragan from ]) was a ] ] kingdom centered on ], located in what is now eastern ] and northwestern ]. It was named after ], a province of historic ].{{Sfn|Hovannisian|2000|p=2}} Ruled by the ], it competed and cooperated with the ]-ruled ] for a little over a century until its last king ceded the kingdom to the ] in 1021.
⚫ {{History of Armenia|expanded=age3}}

'''Vaspurakan''' (also transliterated as Vasbouragan in ]; {{Lang-hy|Վասպուրական}}, (Vaspowrakan) meaning the "noble land" or "land of princes"<ref name="ArmVan">{{cite book | last = Hovannisian | first = Richard G. | title = Armenian Van/Vaspurakan | url = http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/centers/armenian/source110.html | year = 1999 | publisher = Mazda Publishers | location = Costa Mesa, California | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608063519/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/centers/armenian/source110.html | archivedate = 2011-06-08 }}</ref>) was the first and biggest province of ], which later became an independent kingdom during the ], centered on ]. Located in what is now called eastern Turkey and northwestern ], the region is considered to be the cradle of ] civilization.<ref name="ArmVan"/>


==History== ==History==
The Kingdom of Vaspurakan was ruled by the ], an ancient Armenian noble family. The Artsrunis had built up their power base in Vaspurakan in the 9th century, while ] was waning the ], were consolidating their control over Armenia.{{Sfn|Hovannisian|2000|p=77}} In 885, ] received recognition as King of Armenia. In 908, during the reign of Ashot's successor ], ] was recognized as king by the ] ruler ] and allied with the latter to attack the ].{{Sfn|Hovannisian|2000|p=78}} After Smbat's death at the hands of Yusuf in 914, however, Gagik allied with the new Bagratuni king ] to defeat the Arabs.{{Sfn|Hovannisian|2000|p=79}}


The Kingdom of Vaspurakan was at its zenith around 929 under the reign of Gagik I, who used the title of King of Armenia.{{Sfn|Hovannisian|2000|p=79}}{{Sfn|Vardanyan|1985|p=296}} He undertook a series of construction projects, particularly on ], an island in Lake Van where one of his residences was located. Aghtamar also served as the residence of the Armenian ] while ] was under Muslim control, allowing Gagik to influence the election of several catholicoi and further increase his legitimacy.{{Sfn|Hovannisian|2000|p=79}} At its greatest extent Vaspurakan comprised the lands between ] and ] (also known as ''Kaputan'') in 908. It encompassed most of the historic provinces of ] and ] and, temporarily in the 910s, controlled parts of the provinces of ], ] and ].{{Sfn|Vardanyan|1985|p=296}} The Kingdom of Vaspurakan had no specific capital. The court moved as the king transferred his residence from place to place – ], Ostan/Vostan (modern ]), Aghtamar and so on.{{Sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=116}}
During most of its history it was ruled by the ], which first managed to create a principality in the area. At its greatest extent Vaspurakan comprised the lands between ] and ] (also known as ''Kaputan'') in 908. During this time they were under the sovereignty of the ] of ].


] in the vine-scroll relief on the eastern facade of the ] (915–921)]]
Vaspurakan was elevated to the status of a ] in 908, when ] was recognized King of Armenia by the ] and at first was on their side, but soon he regretted and together with ] defeated the ]. Soon he was recognized as the King of Vaspurakan by the Bagratuni ]. In 1021 ] gave Vaspurakan to the ], receiving ] and its surroundings. Vaspurakan became the Byzantine province ('']'') of Vasprakania or Media.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hewsen | first = Robert H. | title = Armenia: a historical atlas | year = 2001 | publisher = ] | isbn = 0-226-33228-4 | page = 126 }}</ref> In about 1050 Vasprakania was merged with that of ], but was conquered by the ] Turks between 1054-1056. In the 13th century part of Vaspurakan was liberated by ]. But soon was conquered by ], then by ]. Turks several times tried to kill ] in Vaspurakan, especially in ]. But ]'s ] population always resisted, especially is notable ] of 1915, when the Ottoman forces attacked Van during 1915's ].
Although Gagik attempted to compete with ] in the 930s, he was eventually forced to accept the supremacy of the Bagratuni kingdom.{{Sfn|Vardanyan|1985|p=296}} Gagik died in 943 and was succeeded by his son ], who died without an heir in 953. He was succeeded by his brother ], upon whose death the kingdom was divided among his three sons: ], ] and ].{{Sfn|Hovannisian|2000|p=80}} The eldest brother, Ashot, retained the royal title and the suzerainty over his younger brothers. After Ashot's death Gurgen took the throne, bypassing the former's sons; Senekerim-Hovhannes became king in the same manner in 1003 following Gurgen's death.


Senekerim-Hovhannes married his daughter to ], seeking an alliance against the eastward expanding ]. In 1016, the kingdom was devastated by a raid by the ]. In 1021, King Senekerim-Hovhannes ceded the Kingdom of Vaspurakan to the Byzantine Empire, receiving ] and its territories extending to the ] in return.{{Sfn|Der Nersessian|1947|p=11}} Vaspurakan became the Byzantine province ('']'') of Vasprakania or Media.{{Sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=126}} In about 1050 Vasprakania was merged with that of ], but was conquered by the Seljuqs in 1054–1056.
⚫ After the Byzantine annexation the dynasty continued with Derenik, son of Gurgen Khatchik, who became lord of Antzivaziq by 1004 and had two brothers: Gugik and Ashot. King Hovhannes-Seneqerim also had several children among them David, Atom, Abushal and Constantine. There is a legend that one of Seneqerim's daughter is thought to have married Mendo Alao, an ] who lived in ]. David had a daughter that married King ] of Ani.


⚫ After the Byzantine annexation, the Artsruni dynasty continued with Derenik, son of Gurgen-Khatchik, who became lord of Antzivazik by 1004 and had two brothers: Gugik and Ashot. King Senekerim-Hovhannes also had several children, among them David, Atom, Abushal and Constantine. There is a legend that one of Senekerim's daughter married Mendo Alao, an ] who lived in ].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} David had a daughter that married King ] of Ani.
⚫ Another branch of the family appeared on the person of ] in 1040, who had three children: Hasan, Djendjluk and Ishkhanik. Hasan had a son called Abelgharib who had a daughter that married King David of Ani.<ref>http://medbib.com/Vaspurakan</ref>


⚫ Another branch of the family appeared in the person of {{ill|Khatchik the Great|hy|Խուլ Խաչիկ}} in 1040, who had three children: Hasan, Djendjluk and Ishkhanik. Hasan had a son called ] who had a daughter that married Prince David, son of ].{{sfn|Boase|1978|p=3}}
The kingdom of Vaspurakan had no specific capital, the court moving as the king transferred his residence from place to place – ], Ostan/Vostan (modern ]), and so on.<ref name="hewsen">{{cite book | last = Hewsen | first = Robert H. | title = Armenia: a historical atlas | year = 2001 | publisher = ] | isbn = 0-226-33228-4 | page = 116 }}</ref>


==Rulers== ==Rulers==
Line 87: Line 83:


===Kings=== ===Kings===
* ], crowned king (908-925 northwestern part, 925-943 all Vaspurakan) * ], crowned king (908–925 northwestern part, 925–943 all Vaspurakan)
* ], King (943–953). Son of Gagik I. * ], King (943–953). Son of Gagik I.
* ], King (953–972). Brother of Derenik-Ashot I. * ], King (953–972). Brother of Derenik-Ashot I.
* ], King (972–983). Son of Abusahl-Hamazasp. * ], King (972–983). Son of Abusahl-Hamazasp.
* ], King (983–1003) and Lord of ]. Brother of Ashot-Sahak. * ], King (983–1003) and Lord of ]. Brother of Ashot-Sahak.
* ], Brother of Ashot-Sahak, King (1003–1021) and lord of Rechtuniq. Brother of Gurgen Khatchik. * ], Brother of Ashot-Sahak, King (1003–1021) and lord of Rechtuniq. Brother of Gurgen Khatchik.


==References== ==References==
⚫ {{History of Armenia|expanded=age3}}
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}
«Վասպուրական» Հայրենակցական միություն http://vaspurakan.blogspot.com/


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFHovannisian2000}}
⚫ * {{Armenian Van-Vaspurakan 2000}}
* {{cite book |last=Boase |first=T.S.R. |author-link=T. S. R. Boase |title=The Cilician kingdom of Armenia |year=1978 |publisher=Scottish Academic Press |location=Edinburgh |sbn=707301459}}
* ]. ''Armenia and the Byzantine Empire: a Brief Study of Armenian Art and Civilization.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1947. * {{cite book |last=Der Nersessian |first=Sirarpie |title=Armenia and the Byzantine Empire: A Brief Study of Armenian Art and Civilization |year=1947 |publisher=] |location=Cambridge |author-link=Sirarpie Der Nersessian}}
* {{cite book |last=Hewsen |first=Robert H. |title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas |year=2001 |publisher=] |isbn=0-226-33228-4 |author-link=Robert H. Hewsen}}
⚫ * {{Armenian Van-Vaspurakan 2000}}.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1985 |title=Vaspurakani tʻagavorutʻyun |encyclopedia=] |location=Yerevan |publisher=none |url=https://hy.wikisource.org/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_11.djvu/296 |last=Vardanyan |first=V. |editor-last=Hambardzumyan |editor-first=Viktor |volume=11 |pages=296–297 |language=hy}}

== Further reading ==
{{Category Commons|Vaspurakan}}

* ]. ''''. Trans. and edited by ]. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1985.


{{Empires}}
{{Historical regions of Armenia}} {{Historical regions of Armenia}}


Latest revision as of 09:08, 9 November 2024

Medieval Armenian kingdom This article is about the kingdom. For the geographic area, see Vaspurakan.
Kingdom of VaspurakanՎասպուրական
908–1021
The Kingdom of Vaspurakan from 908 to 1021The Kingdom of Vaspurakan from 908 to 1021
StatusKingdom
CapitalVan
Common languagesArmenian
Religion Armenian Apostolic Church
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 908–937/943 Gagik I Artsruni
• 937/943—958/959 Derenik-Ashot
• 958/959–968/969 Abusahl-Hamazasp
• 968/969–1003 Ashot-Sahak
• 991–1003 Gurgen-Khachik
• 1003–1021 Seneqerim-Hovhannes
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Gagik I recognized as King of Armenia by Arab Caliph 908
• Senekerim-Hovhannes gives Vaspurakan to the Byzantine Empire 1021
CurrencySolidus (coin), Hyperpyron
Preceded by Succeeded by
Bagratid Armenia
Byzantine Empire
Today part ofTurkey
Iran
Iraq
Azerbaijan

The Kingdom of Vaspurakan (Armenian: Վասպուրականի թագավորություն; also transliterated as Vasbouragan from Western Armenian) was a medieval Armenian kingdom centered on Lake Van, located in what is now eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. It was named after Vaspurakan, a province of historic Greater Armenia. Ruled by the Artsruni dynasty, it competed and cooperated with the Bagratuni-ruled Kingdom of Armenia for a little over a century until its last king ceded the kingdom to the Byzantine Empire in 1021.

History

The Kingdom of Vaspurakan was ruled by the Artsruni dynasty, an ancient Armenian noble family. The Artsrunis had built up their power base in Vaspurakan in the 9th century, while Arab rule was waning the Bagratunis, were consolidating their control over Armenia. In 885, Ashot I Bagratuni received recognition as King of Armenia. In 908, during the reign of Ashot's successor Smbat I, Gagik I Artsruni was recognized as king by the Sajid ruler Yusuf and allied with the latter to attack the Bagratuni kingdom. After Smbat's death at the hands of Yusuf in 914, however, Gagik allied with the new Bagratuni king Ashot II to defeat the Arabs.

The Kingdom of Vaspurakan was at its zenith around 929 under the reign of Gagik I, who used the title of King of Armenia. He undertook a series of construction projects, particularly on Aghtamar, an island in Lake Van where one of his residences was located. Aghtamar also served as the residence of the Armenian Catholicos while Dvin was under Muslim control, allowing Gagik to influence the election of several catholicoi and further increase his legitimacy. At its greatest extent Vaspurakan comprised the lands between Lake Van and Lake Urmia (also known as Kaputan) in 908. It encompassed most of the historic provinces of Vaspurakan and Mokkʻ and, temporarily in the 910s, controlled parts of the provinces of Ayrarat, Taron and Korchaykʻ. The Kingdom of Vaspurakan had no specific capital. The court moved as the king transferred his residence from place to place – Van, Ostan/Vostan (modern Gevaş), Aghtamar and so on.

Assumed depiction of Gagik I Artsruni in the vine-scroll relief on the eastern facade of the Church of the Holy Cross (915–921)

Although Gagik attempted to compete with Abas I Bagratuni in the 930s, he was eventually forced to accept the supremacy of the Bagratuni kingdom. Gagik died in 943 and was succeeded by his son Derenik-Ashot, who died without an heir in 953. He was succeeded by his brother Abusahl-Hamazasp, upon whose death the kingdom was divided among his three sons: Ashot-Sahak, Gurgen-Khachik and Senekerim-Hovhannes. The eldest brother, Ashot, retained the royal title and the suzerainty over his younger brothers. After Ashot's death Gurgen took the throne, bypassing the former's sons; Senekerim-Hovhannes became king in the same manner in 1003 following Gurgen's death.

Senekerim-Hovhannes married his daughter to Bagrat III of Georgia, seeking an alliance against the eastward expanding Byzantine Empire. In 1016, the kingdom was devastated by a raid by the Seljuq Turks. In 1021, King Senekerim-Hovhannes ceded the Kingdom of Vaspurakan to the Byzantine Empire, receiving Sebasteia and its territories extending to the Euphrates in return. Vaspurakan became the Byzantine province (theme) of Vasprakania or Media. In about 1050 Vasprakania was merged with that of Taron, but was conquered by the Seljuqs in 1054–1056.

After the Byzantine annexation, the Artsruni dynasty continued with Derenik, son of Gurgen-Khatchik, who became lord of Antzivazik by 1004 and had two brothers: Gugik and Ashot. King Senekerim-Hovhannes also had several children, among them David, Atom, Abushal and Constantine. There is a legend that one of Senekerim's daughter married Mendo Alao, an Alan who lived in Lusitania. David had a daughter that married King Gagik II of Ani.

Another branch of the family appeared in the person of Khatchik the Great [hy] in 1040, who had three children: Hasan, Djendjluk and Ishkhanik. Hasan had a son called Abelgharib who had a daughter that married Prince David, son of Gagik II.

Rulers

Princes

Kings

References

Part of a series on the
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Timeline • Origins • Etymology
  1. Hovannisian 2000, p. 2.
  2. Hovannisian 2000, p. 77.
  3. Hovannisian 2000, p. 78.
  4. ^ Hovannisian 2000, p. 79.
  5. ^ Vardanyan 1985, p. 296.
  6. Hewsen 2001, p. 116.
  7. Hovannisian 2000, p. 80.
  8. Der Nersessian 1947, p. 11.
  9. Hewsen 2001, p. 126.
  10. Boase 1978, p. 3.

Bibliography

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38°48′N 44°00′E / 38.8°N 44.0°E / 38.8; 44.0

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