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| |date= '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839 | |date= '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839 | ||
| |place=], ], ], ] and ] | |place=], ], ], ] and ] | ||
| |result='''First Phase''':Afghans driven from country; Lahore taken by Sikhs{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=303}}<br>'''Second Phase''':Afghan campaign cut short, return home{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}}<br> '''Third Phase''':<br> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| |combatant1= {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg}} ] (1751-1826)<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg}} ] (1823-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|}} ] tribesmen (1751-1837) | |||
| |combatant2= {{flagicon image|Sikh Akali flag.jpg}} ] (1751-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}} ] (1748-1765)<br> {{flagicon image|Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg}} ] (1765-1800)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Empire flag.jpg}} ] (1800-1839)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Regular Infantry standard.png}} ] (1799-1837) | |||
| ⚫ | |commander1=] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ] {{KIA}}<br>] ]<br>Syed Akbar Shah {{KIA}}<br>]<br>] | ||
| | | | | ||
| |commander2= ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br>] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] Baba Ala Singh<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] Akali Sadhu Singh {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ] | |commander2= ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br>] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] Baba Ala Singh<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] Akali Sadhu Singh {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ] | ||
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| ==Second Phase== | ==Second Phase== | ||
| ⚫ | In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India, taking ] without a fight.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} The Sikhs withdrew, resorting to guerrilla warfare against the Afghans.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Ahmad marched on to ], massacring the population and destroying the city,{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} however his campaign was short-lived.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Ahmad Shah died in 1772, and by 1799, Sikhs were back in possession of Lahore.{{sfn|Glover|2008|p=12}} | ||
| The second phase was in favor of the Sikh. The Third Battle of Panipat, despite the Afghan victory, had caused great loss for the Afghan forces. The Afghans began to suffer defeats at the hands of the Sikh armies and were forced to fall back.{{sfn|Singh|2004|}} | |||
| ⚫ | In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India. Sikhs withdrew |
||
| ==Third Phase== | ==Third Phase== | ||
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The Afghan–Sikh wars were a series of wars between the Islamic Durrani Empire (centred in present-day Afghanistan), and the Sikh Empire (located in the Punjab region). The conflict had its origins stemming from the days of the Dal Khalsa.
Background
The Sikh Confederacy had effectively achieved independence from the Mughal Empire in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the Chhota Ghallughara. The Afsharid Persian emperor Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after Nader Shah's death in 1747, the Durrani Empire (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance.
First Phase
Second Phase
In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India, taking Lahore without a fight. The Sikhs withdrew, resorting to guerrilla warfare against the Afghans. Ahmad marched on to Amritsar, massacring the population and destroying the city, however his campaign was short-lived. Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah died in 1772, and by 1799, Sikhs were back in possession of Lahore.
Third Phase
Battle of Attock
Main article: Battle of AttockSiege of Multan
Main article: Siege of Multan (1818)Battle of Shopian
Main article: Battle of ShopianBattle of Nowshera
Main article: Battle of NowsheraBattle of Jamrud
Main article: Battle of JamrudSee also
References
- Mehta 2005, p. 303.
- ^ Dupree 1980, p. 339.
- Glover 2008, p. 12.
Sources
- Dupree, Louis (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press.
- Glover, William J. (2008). Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. University of Minnesota Press.
- Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press, Inc.
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