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'''Moselle''' is a ] in the northeast of ] named after the ]. '''Moselle''' is a ] in the east of ] named after the ].


== History == == History ==
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the ] on ], ]. It was created from the former ] of ]. Moselle is one of the original 83 ''départements'' created during the ] on ], ]. It was created from the former ] of ].


In ], the foreign ]s of ], ], ], and ] (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German ], were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle department. In ], the foreign ]s of ], ], ], and ] (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German ], were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle ''département''.


By the ] following the first defeat and abdication of ], France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French ] of ] (now in ], ]) as well as a few ] near ] (both territories until then part of the Moselle department) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and what's more the south of the Napoleonic department of ] was ceded to France, including the town of ], the city of ], and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790. By the ] following the first defeat and abdication of ], France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French ] of ] (now in ], ]) as well as a few ] near ] (both territories until then part of the Moselle ''département'') were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and what's more the south of the Napoleonic ''département'' of ] was ceded to France, including the town of ], the city of ], and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle ''département'', and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.


However, with the return of Napoleon and his final defeat at the ], the ] in 1815 imposed much harsher conditions on France. Tholey and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains were still to be ceded as agreed in 1814, but the south of the Sarre department with Saarbrücken was withdrawn from France. In addition, France had to cede to ] the area of ] (now in Saarland) as well as the strategic fort-town of ] and the territory around it, all territories and towns which had been French since the 17th century, and which were part of the Moselle department since 1790. In the end of 1815, Austria gave all these territories to ], and it is from them that Prussia invaded France in the ] of 1870-1871. However, with the return of Napoleon and his final defeat at the ], the ] in 1815 imposed much harsher conditions on France. Tholey and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains were still to be ceded as agreed in 1814, but the south of the Sarre ''département'' with Saarbrücken was withdrawn from France. In addition, France had to cede to ] the area of ] (now in Saarland) as well as the strategic fort-town of ] and the territory around it, all territories and towns which had been French since the 17th century, and which were part of the Moselle ''département'' since 1790. In the end of 1815, Austria gave all these territories to ], and it is from them that Prussia invaded France in the ] of 1870-1871.


Thus, by the end of 1815, the Moselle department had finally the limits that it would keep until 1871. It was slightly smaller than at its creation in 1790, the incorporation of the Austrian enclaves not compensating the loss of Saarlouis, Rehlingen, Tholey, and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains. Between 1815 and 1871, the department had an area of 5,387 km² (2,080 sq. miles). Its ] (capital) was ]. It had four ]: Metz, ], ], and ]. Thus, by the end of 1815, the Moselle ''département'' had finally the limits that it would keep until 1871. It was slightly smaller than at its creation in 1790, the incorporation of the Austrian enclaves not compensating the loss of Saarlouis, Rehlingen, Tholey, and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains. Between 1815 and 1871, the ''département'' had an area of 5,387 km² (2,080 sq. miles). Its ] (capital) was ]. It had four ]: Metz, ], ], and ].


After the French defeat in the ] of 1870-1871, almost all of the Moselle department, along with ] and portions of the ] and ] departments, were annexed to the ] by the ] on the ground that the population in those areas spoke ]. Only one-fifth of Moselle (arrondissement of Briey in the extreme west of the department) was spared annexation by Bismarck, as it was a French-speaking area. Bismarck later bitterly regretted his decision when it was discovered that the region of Briey and ] was rich with iron ore. The Moselle department ceased to exist on ], ], and the territories annexed to Germany became part of the ''Reichsland'' of '']''. The remaining area of Briey was merged with the truncated Meurthe department to create the new ] department (a new name chosen on purpose to remind people of the lost Moselle department) with its ''préfecture'' at ]. After the French defeat in the ] of 1870-1871, almost all of the Moselle ''département'', along with ] and portions of the ] and ] ''départements'', were annexed to the ] by the ] on the ground that the population in those areas spoke ]. Only one-fifth of Moselle (arrondissement of Briey in the extreme west of the ''département'') was spared annexation by Bismarck, as it was a French-speaking area. Bismarck later bitterly regretted his decision when it was discovered that the region of Briey and ] was rich with iron ore. The Moselle ''département'' ceased to exist on ], ], and the territories annexed to Germany became part of the ''Reichsland'' of '']''. The remaining area of Briey was merged with the truncated Meurthe ''département'' to create the new ] ''département'' (a new name chosen on purpose to remind people of the lost Moselle ''département'') with its ''préfecture'' at ].


In 1919, with the French victory in the ], Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France by Germany at the ]. However, it was not decided to recreate the old departments of Meurthe and Moselle by reverting to the old department borders of before 1871. Instead, Meurthe-et-Moselle was left untouched, and the four-fifth of Moselle that had been annexed by Germany in 1871 were merged with the one-third of Meurthe also annexed in 1871 to create a new department of Moselle. Thus, the Moselle department was reborn, but its borders were quite different from those before 1871. Having lost the area of Briey, it had now gained the areas of ] and ] which before 1871 were in the Meurthe department (being one-third of it) and which had been part of the ''Reichsland'' of ''Elsaß-Lothringen'' since 1871. In 1919, with the French victory in the ], Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France by Germany at the ]. However, it was not decided to recreate the old ''départements'' of Meurthe and Moselle by reverting to the old ''département'' borders of before 1871. Instead, Meurthe-et-Moselle was left untouched, and the four-fifth of Moselle that had been annexed by Germany in 1871 were merged with the one-third of Meurthe also annexed in 1871 to create a new ''département'' of Moselle. Thus, the Moselle ''département'' was reborn, but its borders were quite different from those before 1871. Having lost the area of Briey, it had now gained the areas of ] and ] which before 1871 were in the Meurthe ''département'' (being one-third of it) and which had been part of the ''Reichsland'' of ''Elsaß-Lothringen'' since 1871.


The new Moselle department now had its current area of 6,216 km² (2,400 sq. miles), larger than the old Moselle because the areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg were far larger than the area of Briey and Longwy. The new Moselle ''département'' now had its current area of 6,216 km² (2,400 sq. miles), larger than the old Moselle because the areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg were far larger than the area of Briey and Longwy.


During ] Moselle became part of the ''Gau Westmark'' at the armistice of ], ]. Adolf Hitler considered Moselle and Alsace part of Germany. During ] Moselle became part of the ''Gau Westmark'' at the armistice of ], ]. Adolf Hitler considered Moselle and Alsace part of Germany.
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== Geography == == Geography ==
Moselle is part of the current ] of ] and is surrounded by the French departments of ] and ], as well as ] (states of ] and ]) and ] in the north. Moselle is part of the current ] of ] and is surrounded by the French ''départements'' of ] and ], as well as ] (states of ] and ]) and ] in the north.


The following are the most important rivers: The following are the most important rivers:
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== Demographics == == Demographics ==
The inhabitants of the department are called ''Mosellans'' in ]. The inhabitants of the ''département'' are called ''Mosellans'' in ].


The population has remained relatively stable since World War II and now exceeds 1 million, located mostly in the urban area around ] and along the ]. The population has remained relatively stable since World War II and now exceeds 1 million, located mostly in the urban area around ] and along the ].


If the Moselle department still existed in its limits of between 1815-1871, its population at the ] French census would have been 1,089,804 inhabitants. The current Moselle department, whose limits were set in 1919, had less population, with only 1,023,447 inhabitants. This is because the industrial area of Briey and Longwy lost in 1871 is more populated than the rural areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg gained in 1919. If the Moselle ''département'' still existed in its limits of between 1815-1871, its population at the ] French census would have been 1,089,804 inhabitants. The current Moselle ''département'', whose limits were set in 1919, had less population, with only 1,023,447 inhabitants. This is because the industrial area of Briey and Longwy lost in 1871 is more populated than the rural areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg gained in 1919.


A significant minority of inhabitants of the department (fewer than 100,000) speak a Germanic dialect known as ''platt lorrain'' or ''Lothringer Platt'' (see ]). Linguistically, ''Platt'' can be further subdivided into three varieties, going from east to west: ], ], and ]. A significant minority of inhabitants of the ''département'' (fewer than 100,000) speak a Germanic dialect known as ''platt lorrain'' or ''Lothringer Platt'' (see ]). Linguistically, ''Platt'' can be further subdivided into three varieties, going from east to west: ], ], and ].


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 20:41, 18 January 2007

Template:Infobox Department of France Moselle is a département in the east of France named after the Moselle River.

History

Moselle is one of the original 83 départements created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.

In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.

By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and what's more the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle département, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.

However, with the return of Napoleon and his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 imposed much harsher conditions on France. Tholey and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains were still to be ceded as agreed in 1814, but the south of the Sarre département with Saarbrücken was withdrawn from France. In addition, France had to cede to Austria the area of Rehlingen (now in Saarland) as well as the strategic fort-town of Saarlouis and the territory around it, all territories and towns which had been French since the 17th century, and which were part of the Moselle département since 1790. In the end of 1815, Austria gave all these territories to Prussia, and it is from them that Prussia invaded France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871.

Thus, by the end of 1815, the Moselle département had finally the limits that it would keep until 1871. It was slightly smaller than at its creation in 1790, the incorporation of the Austrian enclaves not compensating the loss of Saarlouis, Rehlingen, Tholey, and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains. Between 1815 and 1871, the département had an area of 5,387 km² (2,080 sq. miles). Its prefecture (capital) was Metz. It had four arrondissements: Metz, Briey, Sarreguemines, and Thionville.

After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, almost all of the Moselle département, along with Alsace and portions of the Meurthe and Vosges départements, were annexed to the German Empire by the Treaty of Frankfurt on the ground that the population in those areas spoke German dialects. Only one-fifth of Moselle (arrondissement of Briey in the extreme west of the département) was spared annexation by Bismarck, as it was a French-speaking area. Bismarck later bitterly regretted his decision when it was discovered that the region of Briey and Longwy was rich with iron ore. The Moselle département ceased to exist on May 18, 1871, and the territories annexed to Germany became part of the Reichsland of Elsaß-Lothringen. The remaining area of Briey was merged with the truncated Meurthe département to create the new Meurthe-et-Moselle département (a new name chosen on purpose to remind people of the lost Moselle département) with its préfecture at Nancy.

In 1919, with the French victory in the First World War, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France by Germany at the Treaty of Versailles. However, it was not decided to recreate the old départements of Meurthe and Moselle by reverting to the old département borders of before 1871. Instead, Meurthe-et-Moselle was left untouched, and the four-fifth of Moselle that had been annexed by Germany in 1871 were merged with the one-third of Meurthe also annexed in 1871 to create a new département of Moselle. Thus, the Moselle département was reborn, but its borders were quite different from those before 1871. Having lost the area of Briey, it had now gained the areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg which before 1871 were in the Meurthe département (being one-third of it) and which had been part of the Reichsland of Elsaß-Lothringen since 1871.

The new Moselle département now had its current area of 6,216 km² (2,400 sq. miles), larger than the old Moselle because the areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg were far larger than the area of Briey and Longwy.

During World War II Moselle became part of the Gau Westmark at the armistice of June 22, 1940. Adolf Hitler considered Moselle and Alsace part of Germany.

Moselle was liberated by the American army in 1944 and returned to France, with the same limits as in 1919. As a consequence of these German annexations, the population of Moselle is known to be fiercely patriotic (French patriotism); and anti-German feelings remained in Moselle for a much longer time than in the rest of France, despite the fact that originally the inhabitants of Moselle were German dialect speakers.

Geography

Moselle is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French départements of Meurthe-et-Moselle and Bas-Rhin, as well as Germany (states of Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate) and Luxembourg in the north.

The following are the most important rivers:

Demographics

The inhabitants of the département are called Mosellans in French.

The population has remained relatively stable since World War II and now exceeds 1 million, located mostly in the urban area around Metz and along the Moselle River.

If the Moselle département still existed in its limits of between 1815-1871, its population at the 1999 French census would have been 1,089,804 inhabitants. The current Moselle département, whose limits were set in 1919, had less population, with only 1,023,447 inhabitants. This is because the industrial area of Briey and Longwy lost in 1871 is more populated than the rural areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg gained in 1919.

A significant minority of inhabitants of the département (fewer than 100,000) speak a Germanic dialect known as platt lorrain or Lothringer Platt (see Lorraine Franconian). Linguistically, Platt can be further subdivided into three varieties, going from east to west: Rhenish Franconian, Moselle Franconian, and Luxembourgish.

See also

External links

Departments of France
Metropolitan
Overseas
Special
  • 69M Lyon (collectivity with special status)
  • 75 Paris (collectivity with special status)
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