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Hinduism includes a diversity of ideas on ] and traditions, but has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book, meaning Hindu traditions can range from polytheistic to atheistic and everything in between.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict|publisher=Academic Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-12-369503-1|editor-last=Kurtz|editor-first=Lester}}</ref><ref>MK Gandhi, '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045756/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf|date=24 July 2015}}'', Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</ref> According to Doniger, "ideas about all the major issues of faith and lifestyle – vegetarianism, nonviolence, belief in rebirth, even caste – are subjects of debate, not ]."{{sfn|Doniger|2014|p=3}} |
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Hinduism includes a diversity of ideas on ] and traditions, but has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book, meaning Hindu traditions can range from polytheistic to atheistic and everything in between.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict|publisher=Academic Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-12-369503-1|editor-last=Kurtz|editor-first=Lester}}</ref><ref>MK Gandhi, '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045756/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf|date=24 July 2015}}'', Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</ref> According to Doniger, "ideas about all the major issues of faith and lifestyle – vegetarianism, nonviolence, belief in rebirth, even caste – are subjects of debate, not ]."{{sfn|Doniger|2014|p=3}} |
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Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term' Hinduism', arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|title=The Study of Hinduism|publisher=]|year=2003|pp=12–13}}</ref>{{refn|name="definition"|group=note}} From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism like other faiths is appropriately referred to as a religion. In India, the term ''dharma'' is preferred, which is broader than the Western term ''religion''. |
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Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term' Hinduism', arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|title=The Study of Hinduism|publisher=]|year=2003|pp=12–13}}</ref> From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism like other faiths is appropriately referred to as a religion. In India, the term ''dharma'' is preferred, which is broader than the Western term ''religion''. |
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Hinduism derives its traditions from a variety of sources. After the Second Urbanization in the 6th century BCE, non-Vedic sramana traditions became dominant, especially in urban areas. To counter this, Brahminism began incorporating extensive sramana influences, indigenous traditions, and new developments such as the Bhakti traditions, giving rise to contemporary Hinduism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |number=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2021}} |
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Hinduism derives its traditions from a variety of sources. After the Second Urbanization in the 6th century BCE, non-Vedic sramana traditions became dominant, especially in urban areas. To counter this, Brahminism began incorporating extensive sramana influences, indigenous traditions, and new developments such as the Bhakti traditions, giving rise to contemporary Hinduism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |number=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2021}} |
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== References == |
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== References == |
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{{Criticism of religion}} |
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{{Criticism of religion}} |
Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term' Hinduism', arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult. Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life". From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism like other faiths is appropriately referred to as a religion. In India, the term dharma is preferred, which is broader than the Western term religion.
Hinduism derives its traditions from a variety of sources. After the Second Urbanization in the 6th century BCE, non-Vedic sramana traditions became dominant, especially in urban areas. To counter this, Brahminism began incorporating extensive sramana influences, indigenous traditions, and new developments such as the Bhakti traditions, giving rise to contemporary Hinduism.
The "discriminatory and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment" of over 165 million people in India justified on the basis of caste, "a defining feature of Hinduism," has repeatedly been noticed and described by Human Rights Watch and the United Nations, along with criticism of other caste systems worldwide.
Hinduism 
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