| Revision as of 21:23, 19 January 2007 view sourceHiding (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators45,138 edits -red links and sort a ref call error← Previous edit | Revision as of 21:24, 19 January 2007 view source 69.151.147.52 (talk) ←Replaced page with 'Mr Supes'Next edit → | ||
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| :''{{otheruses4|the character|other uses|Superman (disambiguation)}}'' | |||
| {{Superherobox| <!--This box is part of Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Comics. See that article for details--> | |||
| image=] | |||
| |caption=Cover to '']'' (2nd series) #204 (April 2004).<br />Pencils by ], inks by ]. | |||
| |character_name=Superman | |||
| |real_name=Kal-El , adopted as<br />] | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| |debut='''Historical''':<br />'']'' #1<br />(June 1938)<br />'''Modern''':<br />'']'' #1<br />(July 1986)<!--"Debut" indicates the first appearance of a character, not a change to the character's backstory. Please do not add Birthright here.--> | |||
| |creators=]<br />] | |||
| |alliances='']''<br> ]<br>] | |||
| |species= | |||
| |homeworld=] | |||
| | Base of operations = ] | |||
| |aliases=Gangbuster, ], ], Nova, ], ], ], ]<!--Please do not add nicknames to this list.--> | |||
| |powers=<!--Don't change this list-->].<!--Don't change this list-->|}} | |||
| '''Superman''' is a ] and one of the most famous and popular ] ]es of all time.<ref> ''ohiocentralhistory.org''. Retrieved on ].</ref> ] writer ] and ]-born artist ] created Superman in ] while both were growing up in ]. Siegel and Shuster sold Superman to ] in 1938, the same year Superman debuted in '']'' #1 (June ]). The character has since appeared in radio serials, ], ], ], ] and ], contributing to his long-standing ubiquity. | |||
| Superman is born '''Kal-El''' on the alien planet ], and is rocketed to ] as an infant by his ] father moments before the planet's destruction. The ] lands on Earth, where the child is found by passing motorists who adopt him and give him the name ''']'''. As Clark reaches maturity, he learns that he has ] abilities, which he resolves to use to help others, fighting anything from petty crime to universal threats. He becomes Earth's champion, with the media giving him several nicknames including '''"The Man of Steel"''', '''"The Man of Tomorrow"''', and '''"The Last Son of Krypton"'''. To keep his identity secret when not fighting evil as Superman, Clark lives among humans as a "mild-mannered reporter" for the ] ] ''The ]'' (called the ''Daily Star'' in original stories)<!--Leave in this order-->. Clark works alongside reporter ], with whom he is romantically involved (and whom he marries in the current mainstream comics continuity). | |||
| ==Publication History== | |||
| ===Creation=== | |||
| ] and ] first created a bald ] villain bent on dominating the world.<ref name="TCS">{{cite book | last=Daniels | first=Les | authorlink=Les Daniels | year=1998 | title=Superman: The Complete History | edition=1st | publisher=] | id=ISBN 1-85286-988-7 }}</ref> He appeared in "The Reign of the Superman", from ''Science Fiction'' #3 (1933), a ] ] that Siegel published,<ref>Siegel, Jerry. ''superman.ws''. Retrieved on ].</ref> Siegel re-wrote the character in ] as a hero, bearing little or no resemblance to his villainous namesake, and began a six-year quest to find a publisher. Initially titled The Superman, Siegel and Shuster created a comic book story and offered it to Consolidated Book Publishing, who at that time had published a 48 page black and white comic book entitled ''Detective Dan: Secret Operative No. 48''. Although they received an encouraging letter, Consolidated never published in the comic book market again. Shuster took this to heart, and destroyed all pages of the story, the cover surviving only because Siegel rescued it from the fire. Siegel and Shuster have both reported this version of the character as being comparable to Slam Bradley, a character the pair created in 1937 for the first issue of '']''.<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| By 1934 the pair had once more re-envisioned the character. He became more of a hero in the mythic tradition, inspired by such characters as Samson and Hercules,<ref name="TMOS">Petrou, David Michael (1978). ''The Making of Superman the Movie'', New York: ] ISBN 0-446-82565-4</ref> who would right the wrongs of Siegel and Shuster's times, fighting for social justice and against tyranny. It was at this stage the costume was introduced, Siegel later recalling making the suggestion that they create a "kind of costume and let's give him a big ''S'' on his chest, and a cape, make him as colorful as we can and as distinctive as we can."<ref name="TCS"/> The design was based in part on the costumes worn by characters in outer space settings published in pulp magazines, as well as ] such as '']'',<ref name="TCS"/> and also partly suggested by the traditional circus strong-man outfit.<ref name="TCS"/><ref name ="MorrisonHerald">Seriously, Perilously" '']'' (Glasgow); Sep 29, 1998; Grant Morrison; p. 14</ref> However, the cape has been noted as being markedly different from the Victorian tradition, Gary Engle describing it as without "precedent in popular culture" in ''Superman at Fifty: The Persistence of a Legend''.<ref>Engle, Gary. "What Makes Superman So Darned American?" ''Superman at Fifty: The Persistence of a Legend''. Dennis Dooley and Gary Engle, eds. Cleveland, OH: Octavia, 1987.</ref> The pants-over-tights outfit was soon established as the basis for many future superhero outfits. This third version of the character was also given extraordinary abilities, although this time of a physical nature as opposed to the mental abilities of the villainous Superman.<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| Although they were by now selling material to comic book publishers, notably ]'s ], the pair decided to feature this character in a comic strip format, rather than in the longer comic book story format which was slowly establishing itself at this time. They offered it to both M.C. Gaines, who passed, and to United Features Syndicate, who expressed interest initially but finally rejected the strip in a letter dated February 18, 1937. However, in what historian Les Daniels describes as "an incredibly convoluted turn of events", M/C. Gaines ended up positioning the strip as the lead feature in Wheeler-Nicholson's new publication, '']''. Vin Sullivan, editor of the new book, wrote to the pair requesting that the comic strips be refashioned to suit the comic book format, requesting "eight panels a page". However Siegel and Shuster ignored this, utilising their own experience and ideas to create page layouts, with Siegel also identifying the image used for the cover of '']'' #1, Superman's first appearance, published in ].<!--whole paragraph sourced from same source--><ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Publication=== | |||
| {{see also|List of Superman comics}} | |||
| Superman's first appearance was in ''Action Comics'' #1, in ]. In ] a ] was launched. The first issue mainly reprinted adventures published in ''Action Comics'', but despite this the book achieved greater sales.<ref name="TCS"/> 1939 also saw the publication of ''New York World's Fair Comics'', which by Summer of ] became '']''. Superman had also began to feature in ''All Star Comics'', making a first appearance in issue #7 (]), and was established as an honorary member of the ]. | |||
| Initially ] and ] would provide the story and art for all the strips published. However Shuster's eyesight began to deteriorate, and the increasing appearances of the character saw an increase in the workload. This led Shuster to establish a ] to assist in the production of the art, although he insisted on drawing the face of every Superman the studio produced. Outside the studio, ] began supplying covers and stories in ]. ], initially employed in Shuster's studio began working for DC in his own right in ], providing pages for both ''Superman'' and ''Action Comics''.<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| The scripting duties also became shared. In late ] a new ] team assumed control of the character's adventures. ], ] and ] were brought in following Vin Sullivan's departure. This new editorial team brought in ], ] and ], established writers of science fiction. By ], Jerry Siegel was drafted into the army in a special celebration, and his duties there saw high contributions drop. ] and ] joined the writing team, Schwartz teaming up with Wayne Boring to work on the ] which had been launched by Siegel and Shuster in ].<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| In ] ] made his debut in '']'' #101. The character moved to '']'' in ], and his own title, '']'', launched in 1949. The 1950s saw the launching of '']'' (1954) and '']'' (1958). By 1974 these titles had merged into '']'', although the series was cancelled in 1982. In 1986 a decision was taken to restructure the fictional universe the Superman character inhabited with other ] characters. This saw the publication of "]", a two part story written by ], with art by ], ] and ].<ref>{{Comic book reference | Writer = ] | Penciller = ] | Inker=] & ] | Title = ] | Date = 1997 | Publisher = ] |ID=ISBN 1-56389-315-0}}</ref> The story was published in ''Superman'' #423 and ''Action Comics'' #583, and presented what Les Daniels notes as "the sense of loss the fans might have experienced if this had really been the last Superman tale."<ref name="TCS"> p.150.</ref> | |||
| Superman was relaunched by writer artist ], initially in the ] '']'' (1986). 1986 also saw the cancellation of ''World's Finest Comics'', the ''Superman'' title renamed '']'', with a second volume of ''Superman'' launched in 1987. In 2006 this second volume was cancelled and the original title reverted back from ''The Adventures of Superman'' to its original title. '']'' was launched in 1991, running until 2003, whilst the quarterly book '']'' ran from 1995 to 1999. In 2003 '']'' launched, followed by '']'' in 2005 and '']'' in 2006. | |||
| ===Influences=== | |||
| {{see also|Cultural influences on Superman}} | |||
| An influence on early Superman stories is the context of the ]. The left-leaning perspective of creators Shuster and Siegel is reflected in early storylines. Superman sometimes took on the role of social activist, fighting crooked businessmen and politicians and demolishing run-down tenements, for example.<ref name="60Y">{{cite book | last=Daniels | first=Les | authorlink=Les Daniels | year=1995 | title=DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favourite Comic Book Heroes | edition=First | publisher=] | id=ISBN 1-85227-546-4 }}</ref> This is seen by comics scholar ] as a reflection of "the liberal idealism of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal", with Shuster and Siegal initially portraying Superman as champion to a variety of social causes.<ref name="Sabin"/> In later Superman radio programs the character continued to take on such issues, tackling a version of the ] in a ].<ref>Richard von Busack "" July 2-8, 1998 ''Metro''.</ref><ref>- The story behind Superman's battle against prejudice</ref> | |||
| Siegel himself noted that the many mythic heroes which exist in the traditions of many cultures bore an influence on the character, including ] and ].<ref name="TCS"/> The character has also been seen by Scott Bukatman to be "a worthy successor to Lindhberg ... (and) also ... like Babe Ruth", and is also representative of the United States dedication to "progress and the 'new'" through his "invulnerable body ... on which history cannot be inscribed."<ref>Scott Bukatman, (2003). ''Matters of gravity: special effects and supermen in the 20th century'' Duke University Press. ISBN 0822331195.</ref> Further, given that Siegel and Schuster were noted fans of pulp science fiction,<ref name="TCS"/> it has been suggested that another influence may have been ]. Danner was the main character of the novel '']'' by ], and is possessed of same powers of the early Superman (along with many other pulp characters of the twenties and thirties).<ref>{{cite journal | last =Feeley | first =Gregory | year =2005 | month =March | title =When World-views Collide: Philip Wylie in the Twenty-first Century | journal =Science Fiction Studies | volume =32 | issue =95 | id ={{ISSN|0091-7729}} | url =http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/feeley95.htm | format =html | accessdate =2006-12-06 }}</ref> | |||
| Because Siegel and Shuster were both ], it is thought that their creation was partly influenced by ],<ref name="TIMES05"/><ref name="mythology">{{cite video | title = The Mythology of Superman | medium = DVD | publisher = Warner Bros | date = 2006}}</ref> and also other Jewish influences. Superman's Kryptonian name, "Kal-El," resembles the ] words קל-אל, which means "vessel of God".<ref name="UUaOV">{{cite book | last=Weinstein| first=Simcha| authorlink= | year=2002 | title=Up, Up, and Oy Vey! | edition=1st | publisher=] | id=ISBN 978-1-881927-32-7 }}</ref> ] legends of the ] have been cited as worthy of comparison,<ref name="Newsweek">Steven Waldman and Michael Kress, "", '']'', 19 June 2006</ref> a Golem being a mythical being created to protect and serve the persecuted ] of ] ] and later revived in popular culture in reference to their suffering at the hands of the ] in ] during the 1930s and 1940s. Superman is often seen as being an analogy for ], in terms of being a saviour of humanity.<ref name="mythology" /><ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="Sabin">{{cite book | last=Sabin | first=Roger | authorlink=Roger Sabin | year=1996 | title= Comics, Comix & Graphic Novels| edition=2005 | publisher=Phaidon|id=ISBN 0-7148-3993-0 }}</ref><ref>Skelton, Stephen. ''The Gospel According to the World's Greatest Superhero''. Harvest House Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-7369-1812-4.</ref> | |||
| Whilst the term Superman was initially coined by Nietzsche, it is unclear exactly how influential Nietzsche and his ideals were to Siegel and Schuster.<ref name="mythology" /> Les Daniels has speculated that "Siegel picked up the term from other science fiction writers who had casually employed it", further noting that "his concept is remembered hundreds of millions who may barely know who Nietzsche is."<ref name="TCS"/> However, it has also been argued that Siegel and Schuster "could not have been unaware of an idea that would dominate Hitler's National Socialism. The concept was certainly well discussed."<ref>Greg S. McCue, Clive Bloom; (February 1, 1993). ''Dark Knights'', LPC Group. ISBN 0745306632.</ref> It has also been argued that in many ways Superman and the Übermensch are polar opposites.<ref name="TIMES05">"Up, up and oy vey" '']'' (London); Mar 5, 2005; Howard Jacobson; p. 5</ref> Nietzsche envisioned the Übermensch as a man who had transcended the limitations of society, religion, and conventional morality while still being fundamentally human. Superman, although an alien gifted with incredible powers, chooses to honor human moral codes and social mores. Nietzsche envisioned the perfect man as being beyond moral codes; Siegel and Shuster envisioned the perfect man as holding himself to a higher standard of adherence to them.<ref>John Shelton Lawrence "Book Reviews: The Gospel According to Superheroes: Religion and Popular Culture" ''The Journal of American Culture'' Volume 29 Issue 1 Page 101 - March 2006</ref> | |||
| ===Copyright issues=== | |||
| As part of the deal which saw Superman published in ''Action Comics'', Siegel and Shuster sold the rights to the company in return for $130 and a contract to supply the publisher with material.<ref>{{cite news | first=Sam | last=Hurwitt | pages=PK-24 | title=Comic Book Artist Populates Movies | date=January 16, 2005 | publisher=] | url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/a/2005/01/16/PKGT6AJH9A1.DTL&type=movies}} Retrieved on ].</ref><ref name="Heidi">MacDonald, Heidi. "Inside the Superboy Copyright Decision.' ''PW Comics Week'' (April 11, 2006). ], Retrieved on ].</ref> '']'' reported in 1941 that the pair was each being paid $75,000 a year, a fraction of ]'s millions in ''Superman'' profits.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Dean | first = Michael | title = An Extraordinarily Marketable Man: The Ongoing Struggle for Ownership of Superman and Superboy | journal = The Comics Journal | issue = 263 | date = 2004-10-14 | url = http://www.tcj.com/263/n_marketable.html | accessdate = 2006-12-22}}</ref> Siegel and Shuster renegotiated their deal, but bad blood lingered and Siegel eventually sued ] in ] over the rights to ], which he claimed was a separate creation that ] had published without authorization. ] immediately fired them and took their byline off the stories, prompting a legal battle that ended in 1948, when they settled. ] paid them for the rights to ], which they had been awarded by the court, but refused to re-hire them.<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| Following the huge financial success of '']'' in 1978 and news reports of their pauper-like existences, ] gave Siegel and Shuster lifetime pensions of $35,000 per year and health care benefits. In addition, any media production which includes the Superman character must include the credit "Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster".<ref name="Heidi"/><!--UPDATE--> | |||
| ==Comic book character== | |||
| {{main|History of Superman}} | |||
| {{see also|Kal-L}} | |||
| Superman, given the serial nature of comic publishing and the length of the character's existence, has evolved as a character as his adventures have increased.<ref name="TIME14388">{{cite news | first= Otto | last=Friedrich | pages=9 | title=Up, Up and Awaaay!!! | date=Monday, Mar. 14, 1988 | publisher='']'' | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966978-9,00.html }}</ref> The details of Superman's origin, relationships and abilities changed significantly during the course of the character's publication, from what is considered the ] through the ]. The powers and villains were developed through the 1940s, with Superman developing the ability to fly, and costumed villains introduced from 1941. The character was shown as learning of the existence of ] in 1949. The concept itself had originally been established to the reader in 1939, in the ].<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| The ] saw the introduction of a second Superman, ]. ] had established a ] within the fictional universe it's characters shared. This allowed characters published in the 1940s to exist alongside updated counterparts published in the 1960s. This was explained to the reader through the notion that the two groups of characters inhabited ]. The ] was introduced to explain to the reader Superman's membership of both the 1940s superhero team the ] and the 1960s superhero team the ].<ref>'']'' Vol. 1 #73 (1969)</ref> | |||
| ]'s arms. Pencils by ].]] | |||
| The 1980s saw radical revisions of the character. DC Comics decided to remove the multiverse in a bid to simplify its comics line. This led to the rewriting of the ] of the characters DC published, Superman included. John Byrne rewrote Superman, removing many established conventions and characters from continuity, including ] and ]. Byrne also re-established Superman's adoptive parents, ], as characters.<ref>] (w)(p), ] (i). '']'' Ed. ]. ], 1987. ISBN 0-930289-28-5.</ref> In the previous continuity the characters had been written as having died early in Superman's life (about the time of Clark Kent's graduation from high school). | |||
| The 1990s saw Superman apparently killed by the villain ],<ref>], ], ] et al (w), ], ], ], et al (p), ], ], ] et al (i). '']'' Ed. ]. NY:], April 14, 1993. ISBN 1-56389-097-6.</ref> although the character soon recovered.<ref>], ], ] et al (w), ], ], ], et al (p), ], ], ] et al (i). ''The Return of Superman (Reign of the Supermen)'' Ed. ]. NY:], September 3, 1993. ISBN 1-56389-149-2.</ref> Superman also marries Lois Lane in 1996. In the 2000's Superman becomes a vegetarian, and his origin is again revisited in 2004.<ref>] (w), ] (a). '']''. NY:], October 1, 2005. ISBN 1-4012-0252-7.</ref> In 2006 Superman is stripped of his powers,<ref>], ], ] et al. '']''. NY:], ], ]. ISBN-10: 1401209599 | |||
| ISBN-13: 978-1401209599</ref> although these are restored within a fictional year.<ref>], ] (w), ''Superman: Up, Up and Away!'' NY:], ] ], ISBN-10: 1401209548 ISBN-13: 978-1401209544</ref> | |||
| ===Personality=== | |||
| In the original Siegel and Shuster stories, Superman's personality is rough and destructive. The character was seen stepping in to stop wife beaters, profiteers, a ] and gangsters, with rather rough edges and a looser moral code than audiences may be used to today.<ref name="60Y"/> Modern writers have softened the character, and instilled a sense of idealism and moral code of conduct.<ref name="TCS"/> Although not as cold-blooded as the early ], the Superman featured in the comics of the 1930s is unconcerned about the harm his strength may cause, tossing villainous characters in such a manner that fatalities would presumably occur, although these were seldom shown explicitly on the page. This came to an end late in 1940, when new editor ] instituted a code of conduct for his characters to follow, banning Superman from ever killing.<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| In '']'' #3, ] thinks, "It is a remarkable dichotomy. In many ways, Clark is the most human of us all. Then...he shoots fire from the skies, and it is difficult not to think of him as a god. And how fortunate we all are that it does not occur to '''him'''." | |||
| ==Powers and abilities== | |||
| {{main|Powers and abilities of Superman}} | |||
| As an influential archetype of the superhero genre, Superman possesses extraordinary powers, with the character traditionally described as "faster than a speeding bullet, more powerful than a locomotive, and able to leap tall buildings in a single bound", a phrase coined by ] and first used in the ''Superman'' radio serials and ] animated shorts of the 1940s<ref>{{cite news | title=Obituaries of note | date=September 25, 2003 | publisher=] | url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/09/25/Worldandnation/Obituaries_of_note.shtml }} Retrieved on ].</ref> as well as the TV series of the ]. For most of his existence, Superman's famous arsenal of powers include ], ], invulnerability, super-speed, vision powers (including ], ], telescopic, infra-red, and microscopic vision), super-], super-hearing and super-breath, which enables him to freeze objects by blowing on them, as well as exert the propulsive force of high-speed winds. | |||
| As originally conceived and presented in his early stories, Superman's powers were relatively limited, consisting of superhuman strength that allowed him to lift a car over his head, run at amazing speeds and leap one-eighth of a mile, as well as incredibly tough skin that could be pierced by nothing less than an exploding artillery shell. Siegel and Shuster compared his strength and leaping abilities to an ] and a ].<ref> accessed ]</ref> When making the cartoons, the ] found it difficult to keep animating him leaping and requested to DC to change his ability to flying.<ref>{{cite video | title = First Flight: The Fleischer Superman Series | medium = DVD | publisher = Warner Bros | date = 2006}}</ref> Writers gradually increased his powers to larger extents during the ], in which Superman could fly to other worlds and galaxies and even across universes with relative ease. He would often fly across the solar system to stop meteors from hitting the Earth, or sometimes just to clear his head. Writers found it increasingly difficult to write Superman stories in which the character was believably challenged, so ] made a series of attempts to rein the character in. The most significant attempt, ]'s 1986 rewrite, established several hard limits on his abilities: He barely survives a nuclear blast, and his space flights are limited by how long he can hold his breath. Superman's power levels have again increased since then, with Superman currently possessing enough strength to hurl a mountain and withstand nuclear blasts with ease. | |||
| The source of Superman's powers changes subtly over the course of his history. It is originally said that Superman's abilities derive from his Kryptonian heritage, making him eons more evolved than ]. Soon it is established that ]'s ] had been stronger than ]'s, a situation similar to that of ]' ]. As Superman becomes increasingly godlike, the implication that all Kryptonians had possessed the same abilities became problematic for writers, making it doubtful that a race of such beings could have been wiped out by something as trifling as an exploding planet. In part to counter this, the Superman writers established that Kryptonians, whose native star had been red, only possessed superpowers under the light of a yellow ]. More recent stories have attempted to find a balance between the two explanations. | |||
| Superman is most vulnerable to ], mineral debris from ] transformed into radioactive material by the forces that destroyed the planet. Exposure to ] radiation nullifies Superman's powers and immobilizes him with pain; prolonged exposure will eventually kill him. The only mineral on Earth that can protect him from Kryptonite is lead, which blocks the radiation. Kryptonite was first introduced to the public in ] as a ] to allow the radio serial ], ], to take some time off.{{fact}} Green Kryptonite is the most commonly seen form but writers introduced other forms over the years, such as red, gold, blue and black, each with its own effect. | |||
| ==Supporting cast== | |||
| {{main|Superman character and cast}} | |||
| ], Superman's ], was based partly on Harold Lloyd and named after ] and ],<ref>{{cite news | first=John | last=Gross | title=Books of the Times | date=December 15, 1987 | publisher='']'' | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DC1F38F936A25751C1A961948260 }}</ref> During the 1970s the character left the '']'' for a time to work for television,<ref>{{cite book |last=Eury |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Eury |coauthors=], ] ''et al'' |title=The Krypton Companion |origdate=July 27, 2006|publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |language=English |isbn=1893905616 |pages=119 }}</ref> whilst the 1980s revamp by ] saw the character become somewhat more aggressive. This aggressiveness has since faded with subsequent creators restoring the mild mannerisms traditional to the character. | |||
| Superman's large cast of supporting characters includes ], perhaps the character most commonly associated with Superman, being portrayed at different times as his colleague, competitor, love interest and/or wife. Other main supporting characters include '']'' coworkers such as photographer ] and editor ], ]'s adopted parents ] and ], childhood sweetheart ] and best friend ], and former college love interest ] (a ]). Incarnations of ], ], and ] have also been major characters in the mythos, as well as the ] (of which Superman is usually a member). | |||
| Team-ups with fellow comics icon ] are a fan-favorite, inspiring many stories over the years. When paired, they are often referred to as the "World's Finest" in a nod to the name of the comic book series that features many team-up stories. In 2003, DC Comics began to publish a new series featuring the two characters titled '']''. | |||
| Children have often been discussed in arenas both in and outside the official comics, with the possibility of progeny a part of ]'s 2006 film '']''. | |||
| A feature shared by several supporting characters is ] names, especially with the initials "LL", including ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Alliterative names were common in early comics. | |||
| Superman also has a ] of enemies, including his most well-known nemesis, ], who has been envisioned over the years in various forms as either a ] with a personal vendetta against Superman, or a powerful but corrupt ] of a conglomerate called ]. In the 2000s, he even becomes ],<ref>Various, ''Superman: President Lex'', NY:], ] ], ISBN-10: 1563899744, ISBN-13: 978-1563899744</ref> and has been depicted at various stages, as well as currently, as a childhood friend of Clark Kent. | |||
| The alien ] (in most incarnations) known as ] is considered by George Richard to be the second most effective enemy of Superman.<ref>{{cite web | last = George | first = Richard | title = Superman's Dirty Dozen (p.2) | publisher = IGN | date = ] | url = http://uk.comics.ign.com/articles/713/713953p2.html | accessdate = 2007-01-11}}</ref> The enemy that accomplished the most, by actually killing Superman, is the raging monster ]. ], one of the most powerful beings in the ], is also a formidable nemesis in most post-crisis comics. Other enemies whi have featured in various incarnations of the character, from comic books to film and televeision include the fifth-dimensional ] ], the reverse Superman known as ] and the Kryptonian criminal ]. | |||
| ==Cultural impact== | |||
| Superman has come to be seen as both an American cultural icon<ref>{{cite book | last=Magnussen | first=Anne | coauthors=Hans-Christian | |||
| Christiansen | year=2000 | title=Comics & Culture: Analytical and Theoretical Approaches to Comics| publisher= Museum Tusculanum Press | id=ISBN 8772895802 | quote=a metaphor and cultural icon for the 21st century }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Postmes | first=Tom | coauthors=Jolanda | |||
| Jetten | year=2006 | title=Individuality and the Group: Advances in Social Identity | edition= | publisher=Sage Publications | id=ISBN 1412903211 | quote=American cultural icons (e.g., the American Flag, Superman, the Statue of Liberty) }}</ref> and the first comic book superhero. His adventures and popularity have established the character as an inspiring force within the public eye, with the character serving as inspiration for musicians, comedians and writers alike. | |||
| ===Inspiring a market=== | |||
| The character's initial success led to the similar characters being created.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eury |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Eury |coauthors=], ] ''et al'' |title=The Krypton Companion |origdate=July 27, 2006|publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |language=English |isbn=1893905616 |pages=116 |quote=since Superman inspired so many different super-heroes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hatfield |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Hatfield |title=Alternative Comics: an emerging literature |origyear=2005 |publisher=University Press of | |||
| Mississippi |location= |language=English |isbn=1578067197 |pages=10 |quote=the various Superman-inspired "costume" comics }}</ref> ] was the first to follow, ] commenting to ] that given the "kind of money (Siegel and Shuster were earning) you'll have one on Monday".<ref name="60Y"/> Victor Fox, an accountant for ], also noticed the revenue such comics generated, and commissioned ] to create a deliberately similar character to Superman. ''Wonder Man'' was published in May 1939, and although DC successfully sued, claiming ],<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.publaw.com/graphical.html | title =Protection of Graphic Characters | accessdate =2006-01-16 | author =Lloyd L. Rich | format =html | publisher =Publishing Law Center | language =English | quote =the court found that the character Superman was infringed in a competing comic book publication featuring the character Wonderman }}</ref> Fox had decided to cease publishing the character. Fox later had more success with the ]. ]' ], launched in 1940, was Superman's main rival for popularity throughout the 1940s, and was again the subject of a lawsuit, which Fawcett eventually settled in 1953, a settlement which involved the cessation of the publication of the character's adventures.<ref name="60Y"/> ] comics are now established as the dominant genre in ] publishing,<ref>{{cite journal | last =Singer | first =Marc | year =2002 | month =Spring | title ="Black Skins" and White Masks: Comic Books and the Secret of Race | journal =African American Review | volume =36 | issue =1 | pages =107-119 | id =doi:10.2307/2903369 | url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-4783(200221)36%3A1%3C107%3A%22SAWMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J | format =embedded image of first page | accessdate =] ] }}</ref> with many thousands of characters in the tradition having been created in the years since Superman's creation.<ref>{{cite book | last= | first= | authorlink= | year=2006 | title=South Carolina PACT Coach, English Language Arts Grade 5 | edition= | publisher=Triumph Learning | id=ISBN 1598230778 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Merchandising=== | |||
| Superman became popular very quickly, with an additional title, ''Superman Quarterly'' quickly added. In 1940 the character was represented in the annual ] for the first time.<ref>"Superman Struts In Macy Parade". '']'', November 22, 1940. p.18</ref> In fact Superman had become popular to the extent that in 1942, with sales of the character's three titles standing at a combined total of over 1.5 million, '']'' was reporting that "the Navy Department (had) ruled that Superman comic books should be included among essential supplies destined for the Marine garrison at Midway Islands."<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | title=Superman's Dilemma | date=Monday, Apr. 13, 1942 | publisher=Time Magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766523,00.html }}</ref> The character was soon ] by companies keen to cash in on this success through ]. The earliest paraphernalia appeared in 1939, a ] proclaiming membership in the Supermen of America club. By 1940 the amount of merchandise available increased dramatically, with ], ], ] and ] available, as well as wooden or metal ]. The popularity of such merchandise increased when Superman was licensed to appear in other media, and Les Daniels has written that this represents "the start of the process that media moguls of later decades would describe as '].'"<ref name="TCS"/> By the release of '']'', ] had arranged a cross promotion with ],<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1534100/20060612/story.jhtml | title =The 'Superman' Fanboy Dilemma, Part 4: Come On Feel The Toyz | accessdate =2006-01-16 | author =Karl Heitmueller | date =June 13 2006 | format =Flash | publisher =MTV News | language =English | quote =Warner Bros. has "Superman Returns" licensing deals with Mattel, Pepsi, Burger King, Duracell, Samsung, EA Games and Quaker State Motor Oil, to name a few. }}</ref> and licensed many other products for sale. Superman's appeal to licensees rests upon the character's continuing popularity, cross market appeal and the status of the S-Shield, the magenta and gold S emblem Superman wears on his chest, as a fashion symbol.<ref>{{cite news | first=David | last=Lieberman | title=Classics are back in licensed gear | date=2005-06-21 | publisher=USA TODAY | url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/2005-06-20-licensing_x.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Warner Bros. Consumer Products Flies High with DC Comics' Superman at Licensing 2005 International; Franchise Set to Reach New Heights in 2005 Leading Up to Feature Film Release of Superman Returns in June 2006 |publisher=Business Wire |date=June 16, 2005 |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_June_16/ai_n13816862 |format=html |language=English |accessdate=2006-01-16 |quote=With a super hero that transcends all demographics" ... and ... "S-Shield, which continues to be a fashion symbol and hot trend }}</ref> | |||
| ===Adaptations in other media=== | |||
| {{main|Superman in popular culture}} | |||
| ] as Superman in '']'']]The character of ] has appeared in various media aside from comic books. This is in some part seen to be owing to the character's cited standing as an American cultural icon,<ref>{{cite journal | last =Jones | first =Cary M. | authorlink =Cary M. Jones | year =2006 | month =Winter | title =Smallville and New Media mythmaking; Twenty-first century Superman | journal =Jump Cut || issue =48 | url =http://www.ejumpcut.org/currentissue/SmallvilleFans/index.html#3 | format =html | accessdate = 2007-01-09 }}</ref> with the concept's continued popularity also being taken into consideration,<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.markjuddery.com/html/tributes/2000_jacob_liebowitz.html | title =Jacob "Jack" Liebowitz | accessdate =2006-01-09 | author =Mark Juddery | authorlink =Mark Juddery | year =2000 | month =October | format =html | work = | publisher ='']'' | language =English | quote =Superman's popularity increased during the war years, spinning off into a comic strip }}</ref> but is also seen in part as due to good marketing initially.<ref name="TCS"/> The character has been developed as a vehicle for serials on ], ] and ], as well as feature length motion pictures, and ] have also been developed featuring the character on multiple occasions. | |||
| The first adaptation of Superman was as a daily newspaper ], launching on January 16, 1939. The strip ran until May 1966, and significantly, Siegel and Shuster used the first strips to establish Superman's backstory, adding details such as the planet Krypton and Superman's father, ], concepts not yet established in the comic books.<ref name="TCS"/> Following on from the success of this was the first ] series, '']'', which premiered on February 12, 1942 and featured the voice of ] as Superman. The series ran until March, 1951. Collyer was also cast as the voice of Superman in the ] ], distributed via movie theatres. Seventeen shorts were produced between 1941 and 1943. By 1948 Superman was back in the movie theatres, this time in a filmed ], '']'', with ] becoming the first actor to portray Superman on screen. A second serial, '']'', followed in 1950.<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| In ] a television series was commissioned, starring ], with the pilot episode of the series gaining a theatrical release as '']''. The series ran for a 104 episodes, from 1952 - 1958. The next adaptation of Superman occurred in ], when Superman was adapted for the stage in the ] ] "]". The show wasn't successful, closing after 128 performances,<ref name="TCS"/> although a cast recording was released as an ].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.amazon.com/Bird-Plane-Superman-Original-Broadway/dp/B0000027WB | title =Amazon.com: It's A Bird ... It's A Plane ... It's Superman (1966 Original Broadway Cast): Music: Charles Strouse,Lee Adams | accessdate =2006-01-11 | publisher =Amazon.com |}}</ref> However, in 1975 the show was remade for television. Superman was again animated, this time for television, in the series "]". 68 shorts were made and broadcast between 1966 and 1969. Bud Collyer again provided the voice for Superman. Then from 1973 until 1984 ] broadcast the "]" series, this time animated by ].<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| Superman returned to movie theatres in 1978, with ], starring ] and directed by ]. The film spawned three sequels, "]" (1980), ] (1983) and ] (1987).<ref name="TCS"/> In 1988 Superman returned to television in the ] animated series "]",<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.rubyspears.com/film.shtml#C | title =Ruby-Spears Productions - About Us | accessdate =2006-01-11 | quote = Ruby-Spears pulled the coup of the 1988-89 season by acquiring the rights to two heavily sought after properties. Debuting that September on CBS was the classic, "Superman", which celebrated its 50th anniversary, and it was with much acclaim that Ruby-Spears was selected to produce the animated series for the network schedule. }}</ref> and also in "]", a ] series which ran from 1988 until 1992.<ref name="TCS"/> In 1993 "]" premiered on television, starring ] as Superman and ] as ]. The series ran until 1997. "]" was produced by ] and ran from 1996 until 2000 on ].<ref name="TCS"/> In 2001 the "]" television series launched, focussing on the adventures of ] as a teenager before he dons the mantle of Superman.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0279600/ | title ="Smallville" (2001) | accessdate =2006-01-11 | publisher =imdb.com}}</ref> In 2006 ] directed "]", starring ] as Superman.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0348150/ | title =Superman Returns (2006) | accessdate =2006-01-11 | publisher =imdb.com}}</ref> ], with songs by numerous artists from several generations celebrating the character. | |||
| ===Musical references, parodies and homages=== | |||
| {{See also|Superman in popular music}} | |||
| Superman has also featured as an inspiration for musicians, with songs by numerous artists from several generations celebrating the character. ]'s ] topping single "Sunshine Superman" utilised the character in both the title and the lyric, declaring "Superman and Green Lantern got nothing on me".<ref>]. "]." ]. ], 1966.</ref> Other tracks to reference the character include ]' "]",<ref>]. "]." ]. ], 1986. "Ooh Superman where are you now, When everything's gone wrong somehow"</ref> the video to which featured a ] ] of ] dressed as Superman,<ref>{{cite video | people =] & Yukich, Jim (Directors) | year =1986 | title ="]" | medium =Music video | publisher =]}}</ref> and "Superman" by ], a track later covered by ] on their 1986 album ]. This cover is referenced by ] in ''Animal Man'', in which Superman meets the character, and the track comes on ]'s ] immediately after.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Grant |authorlink=Grant Morrison |coauthors=], ] and ] |editor=Michael Charles Hill |others=] (]) & ] (]) |title=Animal Man |origyear=1991 |edition=1st |publisher=] |location=] |language=English |isbn=1-56389-005-4 |pages=45 |chapter=2 |quote=R.E.M. starts singing "Superman." My arm aches and I've got '''déjà vu'''. Funny how everything comes together. }}</ref> | |||
| Parodies of Superman did not take long to appear, with '']'' introduced in "The Mouse of Tomorrow" animated short in 1942.<ref>"Deputy Dawg" '']'' (Cardiff); Aug 8, 2006; Robin Turner Western Mail; p. 21</ref> Whilst the character swiftly took on a life of its own, moving beyond parody, other animated characters soon took their turn to parody the character. In 1943 ] was featured in a short, "]", which sees the character gaining powers through eating fortified carrots. This short ends with Bugs stepping into a phone booth to change into a real "Superman", and emerging as a ].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0036402/ | title =Super-Rabbit (1943) | accessdate =2006-01-16 | format =html | publisher =] }}</ref> In 1956 ] assumes the mantle of "Cluck Kent" in the short "Stupor Duck", a role later reprised in various issues of the ''Looney Tunes'' comic book.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049807/ | title =Stupor Duck (1956) | accessdate =2006-01-16 | format =html | publisher =] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.comics-db.com/comic-book/1046821-Looney_Tunes_97.html | title =ooney Tunes # 97 | accessdate =2006-01-16 | publisher =Big Comicbook Database}}</ref> In the ] ] created the character Bicycle Repairman, who fixes bicycles on a world full of Supermen, for a sketch in series of their BBC show.<ref>"The pitch". '']'' (London); Aug 1, 2004; Mel Clarke; p. 34</ref> Also on the BBC was the ] "]", which presented Thermoman as a slightly dense Superman pastiche, attempting to save the world and pursue romantic aspirations.<ref>"The one to watch" '']'' (London); Jan 30, 2000; Sally Kinnes; p. 58</ref> In America, ] has often parodied the figure, with ] reprising her role as Lois Lane in a 1979 episode.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0694925/ | title ="Saturday Night Live" Episode #4.15 (1979) | accessdate =2006-01-16 | format =html | publisher =] }}</ref> ], a noted Superman fan, filled his series "]" with references to the character, and in 1997 asked for Superman to co-star with him in an advert for ]. The commercial aired during the 1998 play offs and ], Superman animated in the style of artist ], again at the request of Seinfeld.<ref name="TCS"/> | |||
| Superman has also been used as reference point for writers, with ] graphic novel ''Superman: It's a Bird'' exploring Seagle's feelings on his own mortality as he struggles to develop a story for a Superman tale.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.ugo.com/channels/comics/features/itsabird/default.asp | title =Steven Seagle Talks ''It's a Bird'' | accessdate =2007-01-16 | publisher =ugo.com | quote =the semi-autobiographical tale of Steven being given the chance to write a Superman comic, but stumbling when he can't figure out how to relate to the character. Through the course of the story, Seagle finds his way into Superman by looking at it through the lens of his own mortality. }}</ref> ] used the character as a reference point for his play "Poor Super Man", with '']'' noting the central character, a gay man who has lost many friends to ] as someone who "identifies all the more keenly with Superman's alien-amid-deceptive-lookalikes status."<ref>"Theatre" '']'' (London); Sep 21, 1994; Paul Taylor;</ref> | |||
| ===Literary analysis=== | |||
| Superman has been interpreted and discussed in many forms in the years since his debut. The character's status as the first costumed superhero has allowed him to be used in many studies discussing the genre, Umberto Eco noting that "he can be seen as the representative of all his similars".<ref>{{cite book |last=Eco |first=Umberto |authorlink=Umberto Eco |coauthors= |editor=Jeet Heer & Kent Worcester |title=Arguing Comics |origdate=1962 |year=2004 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-57806-687-5|pages=162 |chapter=The Myth of Superman }}</ref> Writing in '']'' in 1971, Gerald Clarke stated: "Superman's enormous popularity might be looked upon as signalling the beginning of the end for the Horatio Alger myth of the self-made man." Clarke viewed the comics characters as having to continuously update in order to maintain relevance, and thus representing the mood of the nation. He regarded Superman's character in the early seventies as a comment on the modern world, which he saw as a place in which "only the man with superpowers can survive and prosper."<ref>"" Monday, Dec. 13, 1971 By Gerald Clarke</ref> Andrew Arnold, writing in the early 21st century, has noted Superman's partial role in exploring assimilation, the character's alien status allowing the reader to explore attempts to fit in on a somewhat superficial level.<ref>Arnold, Andrew, "". '']'', Thursday, Oct. 06, 2005. "much of The Quitter involves the classic American literary theme of assimilation. Though extremely popular in other mediums, this theme, again, has gotten little attention in comix except obliquely, through such genre works as Seigel and Shuster's Superman character."</ref> | |||
| A.C. Grayling, writing in '']'', traces Superman's stances through the decades, from his 1930s campaign against crime being relevant to a nation under the influence of ], through the 1940s and ], a period in which Superman helped sell war bonds<ref name="TCS"/>, and into the 1950s, where Superman explored the new technological threats. Grayling notes the period after the ] as being one where "matters become merely personal: the task of pitting his brawn against the brains of Lex Luthor and Brainiac appeared to be independent of bigger questions", and discusses events post ], stating that as a nation "caught between the terrifying George W. Bush and the terrorist Osama bin Laden, America is in earnest need of a Saviour for everything from the minor inconveniences to the major horrors of world catastrophe. And here he is, the down-home clean-cut boy in the blue tights and red cape".<ref>"The philosophy of Superman: a short course" '']'' (London); Jul 8, 2006; A C Grayling</ref> | |||
| ] has discussed Superman, and the superhero in general, and discussed the ways in which the humanise large urban areas through their use of the space, noting especially Superman's ability to soar over the large skyscrapers of ]. He writes that the character "represented, in 1938, a kind of Corbusierian ideal. Superman has X-ray vision: walls become permeable, transparent. Through his benign, controlled authority, Superman renders the city open, modernist and democratic; he furthers a sense that Le Corbusier described in 1925, namely, that 'Everything is known to us'."<ref>{{cite book | last=Bukatman | first=Scott | authorlink=Scott Bukatman | year=2003 | title=Matters of Gravity: Special Effects and Supermen in the 20th Century | publisher=Duke University Press | id=ISBN 0822331322 }}</ref> | |||
| ] has argued that Superman's real innovation lay in the creation of the Clark Kent persona, noting that what "made Superman extraordinary was his point of origin: Clark Kent." Feiffer develops the theme to establish Superman's popularity in simple wish fulfilment,<ref>] ''The Great Comic Book Heroes'', (2003). ]. ISBN 1-56097-501-6</ref> a point Siegel and Shuster themselves supported, Siegel commenting that "If you're interested in what made Superman what it is, here's one of the keys to what made it universally acceptable. Joe and I had certain inhibitions... which led to wish-fulfillment which we expressed through our interest in science fiction and our comic strip. That's where the dual-identity concept came from" and Shuster supporting that as being "why so many people could relate to it".<ref>{{cite web| url =http://superman.ws/seventy/interview/ | title =A rare interview with the creators of Superman: Jerry Siegel & Joe Shuster | accessdate =2007-01-16 | author =Rick Marshall | format =html | archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20031207220852/superman.ws/seventy/interview/?part=10 | archivedate =Dec 06, 2003 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Popularity=== | |||
| Superman, both the character and his various comic series, have received various awards over the years. '']'' storyline received the '']'' Fan Award for Favorite Comic Book Story in 1993.<ref></ref> Superman came at number 2 in ''VH1's Top Pop Culture Icons 2004''.<ref name="200greatest"> ''Arizona Reporter'' (October 27, 2003). Retrieved on ].</ref> Works featuring the character have also garnered six ]<ref>{{cite web| url =http://users.rcn.com/aardy/comics/awards/eisnersum.shtml | title =Will Eisner Comic Industry Award: Summary of Winners | accessdate =2007-01-17 | author =Joel Hahn | year =2006 | format =html | work =Comic Book Awards Almanac | publisher =Joel Hahn | language =English }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.comic-con.org/cci/cci_eisners_06rcv.shtml | title =Alan Moore Back on Top for 2006 Eisner Awards | accessdate =2007-01-17 | year =July | month =2006 | format =html | publisher =Comic-Con International | language =English }}</ref> and three ],<ref>{{cite web| url =http://users.rcn.com/aardy/comics/awards/harveysum.shtml | title =Will Harvey Award Winners Summary | accessdate =2007-01-17 | author =Joel Hahn | year =2006 | format =html | work =Comic Book Awards Almanac | publisher =Joel Hahn | language =English }}</ref> either for the works themselves or the creators of the works. The Superman films have, ], received a number of nominations and awards, with ] winning a ] for his performance in '']''.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078346/awards | title =Awards for | |||
| Superman (1978) | accessdate =2007-01-17| format =html | work =Superman (1978) | publisher =] | language =English }}</ref> The '']'' television series has garnered ]s for ] members and various other awards.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0279600/awards | title =Awards for "Smallville" (2001) | accessdate =2007-01-17| format =html | work ="Smallville" (2001) | publisher =] | language =English }}</ref> Superman as a character is still seen as being as popular now as he has been in the more than sixty years of his existence.<ref>Wright, B. W. (2001). Comic book nation: The transformation of youth culture in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University.</ref> | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * Engle, Gary D. and Dennis Dooley. ''Superman at Fifty!: The Persistence of a Legend''. Collier Books; 1988 ISBN-10: 0020429010 ISBN-13: 978-0020429012 | |||
| * ''Superman: Cover to Cover''. ], 2006. ISBN 1-4012-0770-7 | |||
| * Yeffeth, Glenn (ed.) ''The Man from Krypton: A Closer Look at Superman''. Benbella Books, 2006. ISBN 1-932100-77-6 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * Official DC Comics company website for Superman | |||
| * (Largest unofficial fansite) | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Freely downloadable ] Superman cartoons | |||
| * | |||
| * {{dmoz|Arts/Comics/Titles/S/Superman/}} | |||
| * | |||
| * Chronological list of Superman comic book compilations | |||
| * | |||
| * Canadian Heritage | |||
| * | |||
| <br /> | |||
| {{Superman}} | |||
| {{Superman in other media}} | |||
| {{featured article}} | |||
| {{Link FA|it}} | |||
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Revision as of 21:24, 19 January 2007
Mr Supes