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| {{short description|A marginal sea of the northern Indian Ocean between the Arabian Peninsula and India}} | |||
| {{Infobox body of water | |||
| | name = Arabian Sea | |||
| | native_name = بحرالعجم | |||
| | native_name_lang = | |||
| | image = Arabian Sea - n22e70.jpg | |||
| | alt = center | |||
| | caption = | |||
| | pushpin_map = | |||
| | pushpin_map_alt = | |||
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| | image_bathymetry = Arabian Sea map.png | |||
| | alt_bathymetry = | |||
| | caption_bathymetry = | |||
| | location = ], ] and ] | |||
| | coordinates = {{coord|14|N|65|E|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=inline,title}} | |||
| | type = ] | |||
| | part_of = ] | |||
| | inflow = | |||
| | rivers = | |||
| | outflow = | |||
| | catchment = | |||
| | basin_countries = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] | |||
| | agency = | |||
| | designation = | |||
| | length = | |||
| | width = {{convert|2400|km|mi|abbr=on}} | |||
| | area = {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (3,600,000 to 4,600,000 km2 in various sources) | |||
| | depth = | |||
| | max-depth = {{convert|4652|m|ft|abbr=on}} | |||
| | volume = | |||
| | residence_time = | |||
| | salinity = | |||
| | shore = | |||
| | elevation = | |||
| | frozen = | |||
| | islands = ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| | sections = | |||
| | islands_category = | |||
| | trenches = | |||
| | benches = | |||
| | cities = | |||
| | website = | |||
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| }} | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''Arabian Sea''' ({{lang-ar|بحر العرب}} ''Bahr al-Arab'') also called Persian Sea <ref>http://www.persiangulfstudies.com/fa/pages/875/دریای-مکران-یا دریای عرب </ref> is a region of the northern ] bounded on the north by ], ], and the ], on the west by the ], ] and the ], on the southeast by the ],<ref>Banse, Karl, and Charles R. McClain. "Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner." Marine Ecology Progress Series (1986): 201-211.</ref> on the southwest by the ],<ref>Pham, J. Peter. "Putting Somali piracy in context." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28.3 (2010): 325-341.</ref> and on the east by ]. Its total area is 3,862,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the ] through the strait of ], and the ] is in the northwest, connecting it to the ]. | |||
| The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important marine trade routes since the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Major seaports include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], | |||
| ] and ] in India, the ], ], and the ] in Pakistan, ] in Iran and the ] in ], ]. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include ] (]), ] (Oman), ] (India) and ] (Pakistan). | |||
| There are about 10 ancient maps from Greeks, which named the Mokran Sea and Persian Gulf together as the Pars Sea. But after Arabs raid to Iran, and because Iranian have lost their previous political powers, many changes have been made in geographical names of Iran’s Sea.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| The Arabian Sea's surface area is about {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Britannica">, Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> The maximum width of the sea is approximately {{convert|2400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, and its maximum depth is {{convert|4652|m|ft|0}}. The biggest river flowing into the sea is the ]. | |||
| The Arabian Sea has two important branches — the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of ]; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf. There are also the gulfs of ] and ] on the ]. | |||
| The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the ].<ref name="Britannica"/> | |||
| ===Limits=== | |||
| The ] defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207191813/https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2017 }}</ref> | |||
| *On the west: the eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden. | |||
| *On the north: a line joining ], east point of the ] (22°32'N) and ] (61°43'E) on the coast of Pakistan. | |||
| *On the south: a line running from the southern extremity of ] in the Maldives, to the eastern extremity of ] (the easternmost point of ], 10°26'N). | |||
| *On the east: the western limit of the Laccadive Sea a line running from ] on the west coast of India ({{coord|14|48|N|74|07|E}}) to ] ({{coord|13|42|N|72|10|E}}) and thence down the west side of the ] and Maldive archipelagos to the most southerly point of ] in the Maldives. | |||
| ==Border and Basin countries== | |||
| Border and Basin countries:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/|title=Middle East :: Iran — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm|title=Introduction to Pakistan: Section 5: Coastline|website=www.wildlifeofpakistan.com}}</ref> | |||
| #{{IND}} - 2,500 km coastline | |||
| #{{PAK}} - 1,050 km coastline | |||
| #{{IRI}} | |||
| #{{MDV}} | |||
| #{{OMA}} | |||
| #{{YEM}} | |||
| #{{SOM}} | |||
| About 70 percent of coastline and 90 percent of population of Arabian Sea area is not Arab. | |||
| ==Alternative names== | |||
| The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to with many different names by ], ], European geographers and travelers, including : | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| # ] | |||
| Indian Sea, ]u Sagar,<ref name=Kamat>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/geography/arabian_sea.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea|work=kamat.com}}</ref> Darya, and Arab Samudra,<ref name=Kamat /> Erythraean Sea,<ref name=Periplus>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html|title=The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea|work=washington.edu}}</ref> Sindh Sea, and Akhzar Sea, In Indian folklore,it is referred to as Dariya, and Arab Samudra,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/geography/arabian_sea.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea|website=www.kamat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html|title=The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea|website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/8583367/The-Periplus-of-the-Erythraean-Sea |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-03 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223335/http://www.scribd.com/doc/8583367/The-Periplus-of-the-Erythraean-Sea |url-status=dead }}</ref> ], .<ref>http://www.persiangulfstudies.com/fa/pages/875/دریای-مکران-یا دریای عرب </ref> in Turkish language they call arabinan sea as Oman sea, this name was used by most of the ottoman geographer such as ] and ] in the Tuḥfat al-kibār fī asfār al-Bihār'' ({{lang|ar| أسفار البحار}}) ('A Gift to the Great concerning Naval Expeditions') (1656) –''The History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks''{{sfn|Mitchell|1831|p=}} (1831) English translation by James Mitchell.<ref> in the MuslimHeritage.com</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014092439/http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=658 |date=2013-10-14 }} in the MuslimHeritage.com</ref> refered as oman sea and also persian sea and some other ] maps were using Bahre Ajam (persian sea). ] and some of the geographers of ] were using the word Bahre Fars (persian sea) to mention the current body of water in the north of ]. | |||
| <ref>http://www.persiangulfstudies.com/fa/pages/875/دریای-مکران-یا دریای عرب </ref> ] | |||
| ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] had mentioned the sea as Persian sea and sea of Mokran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parssea.org/?p=298 |title= Documents on the Persian Gulf's name: the eternal heritage of ancient time Author:Ajam, Muḥammad|year=2010 |publisher=Parssea Organization |access-date=7 February 2010 }}</ref> some of the midival map including the map by ], 1693 had mentioned the Persian sea and also Makran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fa.wikipedia.org/search/?title=%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8&oldid=29950720|title=دریای عرب|date=September 14, 2020|via=Misplaced Pages}}</ref> Cornelius Le Brun's Year 1718 Map. On this map, the name of the Oman Sea is recorded as "Gulf of Hormuz". The name "Arabian Sea" has been informed of a sea off the coast of Yemen, and you can rename it the Arabian Sea, as the "Indian Sea" church. Map of Iran in the 16th century by ] in which the name of the Persian Sea and the Indian Sea appear.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy11pdf02/2010344035.pdf |title= List|website= catdir.loc.gov|access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> | |||
| Arab sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including the green sea, the ocean sea, the Hindu sea,the persian sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman, but none of them mentioned Arabian sea until 19 century , among them the ], ] and ]. They wrote: “The green sea in the east and the sea of darkness in the west is the sea of strange creatures (]) And the enchanted islands (]) (]). Abdullah bin Lotf bin Abdul Rashid, a geographic historian and tourist mentioned in the book History of Islam and Iran, explains the Green Sea and says: “It is also called the Sea of India and it connects with the Persian Sea.” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ar.wikipedia.org/search/?title=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8&oldid=50091160|title=بحر العرب|date=August 28, 2020|via=Misplaced Pages}}</ref>. There is no historical map of more than 300 years with the Arabian Sea name.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabian-Sea</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078849?seq=1</ref> | |||
| Arabian Sea was first used on European maps in the colonial period .<ref></ref> | |||
| Among historians, travellers and geographers of the Islamic era, many of them writing in Arabic or persian from the 9th to the 17th century, ],<ref>"Al-Massalek wa al-Mamalek", Leiden edition, 1889. p. 233</ref> ],<ref>The abrdiged "Al-Buldan", Leiden, 1885, p. 8</ref> ],<ref>Ibn Rustah, Kitāb al-A'lāk an-Nafīsa, ed. M. J. De Goeje, Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum , Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1891/1892. p. 81</ref> Sohrab,<ref>Ajayeb al-Aqalim al-Saba ila Nehayate al-Mara, (Vienne: 1929), p. 59. 9th century AD.</ref> Ramhormozi,<ref>Nakhoda Bozorg ibn Shahriyar Ramhormozi was another Persian geographer of the classical Islamic era, "Ajayeb al-Hind", ed: M. Davis, Leiden 1886, p. 41</ref> ],<ref>"Massalek al-Mamalek", ed.: De M.J. Goeje, Leiden 1927, p. 28</ref> ],<ref>"Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar (The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems)", English Translation by Aloys Sprenger, Vol I, (London: 1841), p. 259</ref> Al-Mutahhar ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi (d. 966),<ref>al-Bad’ wa-l Tarikh, (Paris: 1907) Tom IV, p. 58.</ref> ],<ref>"The Oriental Geography of Ebn Hawkal", Translated by Sir Williams Ouseley (London: 1800) p. 62; "Surat al-Arḍ"(Leiden 1938), Vol I, p. 42.</ref> ],<ref>Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma’rifat al-Aqalim. Ed: De A.J. Goeje, (Leiden 1906), p. 17.</ref> ], Mohammad ibn Najub Bekiran,<ref>"Jahan Nama", Vol I. p. 44. .</ref> ],<ref>"Al-Tafhim le-awa’el Sena al-Tanjim" ed.: Jalal al-Din Homai (Tehran: 1318 Hijri Sola Calendar), p. 167. Also in "Qanun Masudi"(Heydarabad, 1955), Vol. II. p. 558.</ref> ],<ref>"Geographic d’Edirisi" traduite de l’Arabe en Francais par P. Amedee Jaulert (Recueil des voyages et des memoires publiees par la Societe de Geographie), (Paris: 1840), Vols. VI and VI. "Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtraq al-Afar", (Rome : 1878). p. 9</ref> ],<ref>"mu’jam al-Buldan",(Cairo: 1906), Vol. 2, p. 68.</ref> ],<ref>"Athar al-Bilad" (Gutingen: 1848), p. 104.</ref> ],<ref>"Taqwim al-Buldan", Geographie d’Aboulfeda traduite de l’Arab par M. Reinaud, 2 Vols. (Paris: 1848), Vol 1, p. 23.</ref> ],<ref name="Quotedalso"> | |||
| Quoted also in Mohammad Javad Mashkoor in an article titled "Nam-i Khalij Fars" in the proceeding of the "Seminar on Khalij-e-Fars" (Tehran: 1964). p. 46. | |||
| </ref> ],<ref>"Nuzhat al-Qolub", ed: Mohammad Dabir Sayaqi, (Tehran: 1336 Hijri Solar Year), p. 164. | |||
| </ref> ],<ref name="Quotedalso" /> ],<ref>"The Travels of Ibn Babutta", translated from the abrdiged Arabic MMS of Cambridge by the Rev. Samuel Lee(Cambridgde: 1824), p. 56</ref> ] and other sources have used the terms, "Bahr-i Mohit", "Bahr-i Mohit i ]", "Bahr-al-'Ajami", "Bahr-i-Fars", "Dera-i-Fars"(Persian), and "Bahr-i Mokran/Mecran", "Bahr-i Al Akhzar" (green) to refer to the current Arabian sea. ("Bahr-in Arabic means Sea" and Mohit means ocean) none of them referred to as Arabian sea. | |||
| <ref>http://www.persiangulfstudies.com/fa/pages/875/دریای-مکران-یا دریای عرب </ref> | |||
| <gallery mode="packed"> | |||
| File:PeriplusAncientMap.jpg|thumb|17th century map depicting the locations of the ] | |||
| File:Basra-ps64.JPG|Persian Sea. | |||
| File:Asia in the shape of the mythical winged horse Pegasus..jpg|thumb|Asia. Sinus Persicus and the Mare Persicum in a very famous map published in many atlases in recent years]] | |||
| File:Basra bahrefars.jpg|thumb|Bahrefars | |||
| File:Soulier, E.; Andriveau-Goujon, J. Anciens Empires Jusqua Alexandre. 1838.jpg|Soulier, E.; Andriveau-Goujon, MER ERYTHREE 1838. | |||
| File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|upright=1.8|Names, routes and locations of the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' | |||
| File:1658 Jansson Map of the Indian Ocean (Erythrean Sea) in Antiquity - Geographicus - ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg|1658 Jansson Map of the Indian Ocean (Erythrean Sea) | |||
| File:A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature, a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630.jpg|A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature, a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630 | |||
| File:The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693, from his system of global gores the south.jpg|The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693, from his system of global gores the south | |||
| File:The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast.jpg|The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from the Makran coast | |||
| File:Map of persia.jpg|thumb| Persian Sea | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==Trade routes== | |||
| ] | |||
| The Arabian Sea has been an important ] ] since the era of the ''coastal sailing vessels'' from possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, certainly the late 2nd millennium BCE through the later days known as the ]. By the time of ], several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon ] through the sea around the rough inland ]s to its north. | |||
| These routes usually began in the ] or down river from ], India with ] via historic ] (Bharakuccha), traversed past the inhospitable coast of modern-day Iran, then split around ], Yemen into two streams north into the Gulf of Aden and thence into the ], or south into ] via Red Sea ports such as ]. Each major route involved transhipping to ], travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentates. | |||
| This southern coastal route past the rough country in the ] was significant, and the ]ian ]s built several shallow canals to service the trade, one more or less along the route of today's ], and another from the Red Sea to the ], both shallow works that were swallowed up by huge ]s in antiquity. Later the ] arose in ] to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria. | |||
| <ref></ref> | |||
| ===Major ports=== | |||
| ] in ] is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. | |||
| Major Indian ports in the Arabian Sea are ], ], ], ] The Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport, also known as the Vizhinjam International Seaport and the Port of Trivandrum . ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shipping.gov.in/writereaddata/l892s/7yearsTRAFFIC-42175832.pdf|title=TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS (LAST 7 YEARS)|website=shipping.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202009.pdf|title=WORLD PORT RANKINGS|year=2009|website=aapa.files.cms-plus.com}}</ref> | |||
| ], the only such facility in India.]] | |||
| The ], Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport lies on the coast of the sea. It is located between the ] towns of ] and ]. | |||
| The ] of Pakistan is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated at ] in ] at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, about 460 km west of Karachi and approximately 75 km (47 mi) east of Pakistan's border with Iran. The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped peninsula jutting out into the Arabian Sea from the coastline. | |||
| ] in Salalah, Oman is also a major port in the area. The International Task Force often uses the port as a base. There is a significant number of warships of all nations coming in and out of the port, which makes it a very safe bubble. The port handled just under 3.5m ] in 2009.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025024826/http://www.portofsalalah.com/port_news_item.aspx?id=16655 |date=October 25, 2012 }}, Port of Salalah</ref> | |||
| == Season names of shipping weather== | |||
| === Bat furan === | |||
| The winter, when ]n anticyclone makes monsoon winds favourable to shipping. | |||
| === Bat hiddan === | |||
| The summer, when off-shore winds from ] causes storms and shipping decrease as the result of them. | |||
| ==Islands== | |||
| ] | |||
| There are several islands in the Arabian Sea, with the most important ones being ] (India), ] (Yemen), ] (Oman) and ] (Pakistan). | |||
| The Lakshadweep Islands (formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands) is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea region of Arabian Sea, 200 to 440 km (120 to 270 mi) off the southwestern coast of India. The archipelago is a ] and is governed by the ]. The islands form the smallest union territory of India with their total surface area being just {{convert|32|km2|abbr=on}}. The islands are the northernmost of the ] group of islands. | |||
| Astola Island, also known as ''Jezira Haft Talar'' in ], or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is a small, uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan's territorial waters. | |||
| Socotra, also spelled ''Soqotra'', is the largest island, being part of a small archipelago of four islands. It lies some {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the ] and {{convert|380|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the Arabian Peninsula. | |||
| Masirah is an island off the east coast of Oman. | |||
| ==Oxygen Minimum Zone== | |||
| ] | |||
| The Arabian Sea has one of the world's three largest oceanic ]s (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of ], sometimes undetectable by standard equipment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lüke|first1=Claudia|last2=Speth|first2=Daan R.|last3=Kox|first3=Martine A. R.|last4=Villanueva|first4=Laura|last5=Jetten|first5=Mike S. M.|date=2016-04-07|title=Metagenomic analysis of nitrogen and methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone|url=https://peerj.com/articles/1924|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=4|pages=e1924|doi=10.7717/peerj.1924|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4830246|pmid=27077014}}</ref> The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, especially in the Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Queste|first1=Bastien Y.|last2=Vic|first2=Clément|last3=Heywood|first3=Karen J.|last4=Piontkovski|first4=Sergey A.|date=2018|title=Physical Controls on Oxygen Distribution and Denitrification Potential in the North West Arabian Sea|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2017GL076666|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=45|issue=9|pages=4143–4152|doi=10.1029/2017GL076666|bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.4143Q|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free}}</ref> Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on the Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters. In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhanoo|first=S.N.|title=A Green Blanket on the Arabian Sea|work=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
| == Natural resorces== | |||
| ] Critically endangered ]s off ] Oman. | |||
| ] Iran | |||
| ] | |||
| ] mother and her offspring in shallow waters.]] | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==Sources== | |||
| {{EB1911 |wstitle=Arabian Sea}} | |||
| *Documents on the Persian Gulf's name | |||
| *A book and Atlas | |||
| *Arabian sea and persian sea | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{commons category-inline|Arabian Sea}} | |||
| * | |||
| {{List of seas}} | |||
| {{Waters of South Asia}} | |||
| {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} | |||
| {{portalbar|Oceans}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
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