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| The '''Battle of the Ten Kings''' (''{{IAST|dāśarājñá}}'') is a |
The '''Battle of the Ten Kings''' (''{{IAST|dāśarājñá}}'') is a battle alluded to in ] of the ] (hymns 18, 33 and 83.4-8). It is a battle between ]s (an "internecine war", as the ] puts it, as opposed to the more frequent accounts of Aryans fighting ]s), taking place as ] tribes, allied with other tribes of the ] and goaded by the royal sage ]{{fact}}, invade the country of the ] (]) king ], and are defeated in an epic battle through the inspired power of the priestly singer ], the composer of the hymns. K. F. Geldner in his 1951 translation of the Rigveda considers the hymns as "obviously based on an historical event", even though any details save for what is preserved in the hymns have been lost. | ||
| ⚫ | Hymns 7.18 and 7.83 are dedicated to ] and Indra paired with ], respectively, thanking the deity for helping Sudas defeat his enemies, while hymn 7.33 is addressed to Vasishtha himself, praising him for moving the gods to take Sudas' side by his prayers (Indra preferred Vasishtha's prayers over those of Pasadyumna, son of Vayata, 7.33.2) and addressing him as a son of ] and ] (7.33.11). | ||
| ==Origin of the War== | |||
| The tribes in opposition to King Sudas were pre-dominantly devotees of ] while the ] were of ]. Furthermore, the Iranians advocated that the ] (offspring of ]) are the true gods (known to them as ]) but the Purus reguarded ] (offspring of ]) as the true gods (known to them as ].) The Asura-worshippers were led by Sage Vishwamitra. | |||
| ⚫ | ===The tribes=== | ||
| ⚫ | *Alinas: They were probably one of the tribes defeated by Sudas at the |
||
| ⚫ | *]: They were said to be a dynasty that lived in Kashmir | ||
| ⚫ | *]: Said to be descended from Lord Varuna. They are also related to the composition of the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | *]: One of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the Dasarajna battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in East Kabulistan, and that the Bolan Pass derives its name from the Bhalanas.<ref>Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | *Matsya | ||
| *]: According to some scholars, the Parsus are connected with the Persians. Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912 This view is disputed. Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912. The ancient Persians settled in Parsu, giving their name to a regin in Iran, thus they are they same tribe. | |||
| ⚫ | *Puru: |
||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *], Dasyu (], Dahyu): A term labelled to all Iranic tribes that were in opposition to King Sudas. They Iranians acknowledge themselves as the Daha and Dahyu, while the ancient Greeks had also acknowledged them as 'Dahae.' In the Rig Veda, Danu like Dasyu refers to inimical people and is generally a term of denigration (RV I.32.9; III.30.8; V.30.4; V.32.1, 4, 7; X.120.6).<ref>Vedic Origins of the Europeans: The Danavas, Children of Danu, David Frawley</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | *]: From them came Ghandari |
||
| *]: Possibily the Vedic scholor who came to India to learn Sanskrit and added to the langauge, ] was a member of this tribe. | |||
| ==During the War== | |||
| ⚫ | Hymns 7.18 and 7.83 are dedicated to ] and Indra paired with ], respectively, thanking the deity for helping Sudas defeat his enemies, while hymn 7.33 is addressed to Vasishtha himself, praising him for moving the gods to take Sudas' side by his prayers (Indra preferred Vasishtha's prayers over those of Pasadyumna, son of Vayata, 7.33.2) and addressing him as a son of ] and ] (7.33.11) |
||
| The hymn makes sure to stress the importance of the priests (Vasistha is named along with Parasara and Satayatu) in winning Indra's favour, even though they were not present on the battlefield but invoked Indra "from at home" (''grhāt'', 7.18.21) | The hymn makes sure to stress the importance of the priests (Vasistha is named along with Parasara and Satayatu) in winning Indra's favour, even though they were not present on the battlefield but invoked Indra "from at home" (''grhāt'', 7.18.21) | ||
| The situation leading up to the battle is described in 7.18.6: The ] and ], together with the ] (punned upon by the rishi by comparing them to hungry fish ('']'') flocking together) appear and ally themselves with the ] and the ]. Their confederation was further increased by the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ] (7.18.7), while the Trtsus relied solely on the help of the "Arya's Comrade" (''aryasya sadhamad''), Indra. | The situation leading up to the battle is described in 7.18.6: The ] and ], together with the ] (punned upon by the rishi by comparing them to hungry fish ('']'') flocking together) appear and ally themselves with the ] and the ]. Their confederation was further increased by the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ] (7.18.7), while the Trtsus relied solely on the help of the "Arya's Comrade" (''aryasya sadhamad''), Indra. | ||
| The "ten kings" are mentioned in both 7.33 (verses 3 and 5) and 7.83 (verses 6, 7 and 8), but not in the most extensive account of 7.18 so that it is not made explicit how this number was broken down: | The "ten kings" are mentioned in both 7.33 (verses 3 and 5) and 7.83 (verses 6, 7 and 8), but not in the most extensive account of 7.18 so that it is not made explicit how this number was broken down: | ||
| Sudas himself is not to be included in the number (the Trtsus are ''surrounded by'' ten kings in 7.33.5), and if of the tribes mentioned in 7.18, | Sudas himself is not to be included in the number (the Trtsus are ''surrounded by'' ten kings in 7.33.5), and if of the tribes mentioned in 7.18, | ||
| the Turvasas, Yaksus, Matsyas, Bhrgus, Druhyus, Pakthas, Bhalanas, Alinas, Shivas and Visanins are counted, the full number is reached, leaving the ] (7.18.14), the ] and ] (7.18.19) and the "21 men of both ] tribes" (7.18.11) without a king, and implying that ] (7.18.19, also mentioned 7.33.3 and 7.83.4, the main leader slain by Sudas), | the Turvasas, Yaksus, Matsyas, Bhrgus, Druhyus, Pakthas, Bhalanas, Alinas, Shivas and Visanins are counted, the full number is reached, leaving the ] (7.18.14), the ] and ] (7.18.19) and the "21 men of both ] tribes" (7.18.11) without a king, and implying that ] (7.18.19, also mentioned 7.33.3 and 7.83.4, the main leader slain by Sudas), | ||
| Shimyu (7.18.5), and Kavasa (7.18.12) are the names of individual kings. The Bharatas are named among the enemies in 7.33 but not in 7.18 |
Shimyu (7.18.5), and Kavasa (7.18.12) are the names of individual kings. The Bharatas are named among the enemies in 7.33 but not in 7.18. | ||
| The battle itself took place on the banks of the ]. | The battle itself took place on the banks of the ]. | ||
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| the slain of the ] and the Druhyus are numbered 6,666 (7.18.14). | the slain of the ] and the Druhyus are numbered 6,666 (7.18.14). | ||
| In the aftermath of the battle, |
In the aftermath of the battle, the Bharatas came under the dominion of Sudas (7.33.6), the Ajas, the Sigrus and the Yaksus likewise pay tribute (7.18.20), and Indra destroyed the seven castles of the enemies, and gave the treasures of ]'s son (or "the foreign man") to Sudas (7.18.13). 7.18.17 stresses that this was a victory against all odds, compared to a goat defeating a lion. | ||
| ==After the War== | |||
| ⚫ | ===The tribes=== | ||
| The war was won by the Deva-worshippers and the worshippers of the Asuras migrated to the Middle East and created their own nations. The Bharatas of course created ], the Parsus created Persia, the Pakthas became the Pashthuns and founded ] kingdoms the Druyus became Gandhari and perhaps many even migrated to Europe and became the preistly-caste of the Celts, the Druids.<ref></ref> Later from the traditions of the Iranians, the ] Brahmana ] founded ]. | |||
| {{see|Rigvedic tribes}} | |||
| ⚫ | *]: They were probably one of the tribes defeated by Sudas at the Dasarajna (Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 39), and it was suggested that they lived to the north-east of ], because the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim ]. (Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 39) | ||
| ⚫ | *]: They were said to be a dynasty that lived in Kashmir | ||
| ⚫ | *]: Said to be descended from Lord Varuna. They are also related to the composition of the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | *]: One of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the Dasarajna battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in East Kabulistan, and that the Bolan Pass derives its name from the Bhalanas.<ref>Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *]: Some scholars conjecture that the Parsus are connected with the ] (Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912). | |||
| ⚫ | *]s: The tribe of King Sudas. The ] were a clan among the Puru tribe.<ref> Update on the Aryan Invasion Theory</ref>. The Prthas were also a clan from the Puru tribe , judging from Arjuna's ] clan descending from the ] clan in the ], which in turn descends from the Pauravas, but Krishna also referred to Arjuna as Pārtha (descendant of the Prtha clan.) | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *], Dasyu: A term labelled to all Iranic tribes that were in opposition to King Sudas, cognate to the Iranian ethnonym ]. In the Rig Veda, ''Dasyu'' refers to an inimical people and is generally a term of denigration. | |||
| ⚫ | *]: From them came Ghandari, who gave his name to a region he settled in the ]. | ||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:44, 24 January 2007
The Battle of the Ten Kings (dāśarājñá) is a battle alluded to in Mandala 7 of the Rigveda (hymns 18, 33 and 83.4-8). It is a battle between Aryans (an "internecine war", as the 1911 Britannica puts it, as opposed to the more frequent accounts of Aryans fighting Dasyus), taking place as Puru tribes, allied with other tribes of the Punjab and goaded by the royal sage Vishvamitra, invade the country of the Trtsu (Bharata) king Sudas, and are defeated in an epic battle through the inspired power of the priestly singer Vasishtha, the composer of the hymns. K. F. Geldner in his 1951 translation of the Rigveda considers the hymns as "obviously based on an historical event", even though any details save for what is preserved in the hymns have been lost.
Hymns 7.18 and 7.83 are dedicated to Indra and Indra paired with Varuna, respectively, thanking the deity for helping Sudas defeat his enemies, while hymn 7.33 is addressed to Vasishtha himself, praising him for moving the gods to take Sudas' side by his prayers (Indra preferred Vasishtha's prayers over those of Pasadyumna, son of Vayata, 7.33.2) and addressing him as a son of Mitra and Varuna (7.33.11). The hymn makes sure to stress the importance of the priests (Vasistha is named along with Parasara and Satayatu) in winning Indra's favour, even though they were not present on the battlefield but invoked Indra "from at home" (grhāt, 7.18.21)
The situation leading up to the battle is described in 7.18.6: The Turvasas and Yaksus, together with the Matsya tribe (punned upon by the rishi by comparing them to hungry fish (matsya) flocking together) appear and ally themselves with the Bhrgus and the Druhyus. Their confederation was further increased by the Pakthas, the Bhalanas, the Alinas, the Shivas and the Visanins (7.18.7), while the Trtsus relied solely on the help of the "Arya's Comrade" (aryasya sadhamad), Indra.
The "ten kings" are mentioned in both 7.33 (verses 3 and 5) and 7.83 (verses 6, 7 and 8), but not in the most extensive account of 7.18 so that it is not made explicit how this number was broken down: Sudas himself is not to be included in the number (the Trtsus are surrounded by ten kings in 7.33.5), and if of the tribes mentioned in 7.18, the Turvasas, Yaksus, Matsyas, Bhrgus, Druhyus, Pakthas, Bhalanas, Alinas, Shivas and Visanins are counted, the full number is reached, leaving the Anavas (7.18.14), the Ajas and Sigrus (7.18.19) and the "21 men of both Vaikarna tribes" (7.18.11) without a king, and implying that Bheda (7.18.19, also mentioned 7.33.3 and 7.83.4, the main leader slain by Sudas), Shimyu (7.18.5), and Kavasa (7.18.12) are the names of individual kings. The Bharatas are named among the enemies in 7.33 but not in 7.18.
The battle itself took place on the banks of the Parusni. The warriors of Sudas are described as white-robed (shvityanca), wearing hair-knots on the right side of their heads (daksinataskaparda), and as pious (dhiyamjinvasa), flying banners (krtádhvaj) , while the ten kings are impious and do not worship (áyajyava). It appears (7.18.5) that Sudas was forced to retreat, and managed to cross the Parusni safely, while his foes, trying to pursue, were scattered in the crossing and either drowned or slaughtered by Sudas' men, Sudas himself slaying Bheda:
- 7.18.9 As to their goal they sped to their destruction: they sought Parusni; e'en the swift returned not.
- Indra abandoned, to Sudas the manly, the swiftly flying foes, unmanly babblers.
- 7.18.9 They went like kine unherded from the pasture, each clinging to a friend as chance directed.
- They who drive spotted steeds, sent down by Prsni, gave ear, the Warriors and the harnessed horses. (trans. Griffith)
Kavasa and the Druhyu were "overwhelmed by Indra" while still in the water (7.18.10). the slain of the Anavas and the Druhyus are numbered 6,666 (7.18.14).
In the aftermath of the battle, the Bharatas came under the dominion of Sudas (7.33.6), the Ajas, the Sigrus and the Yaksus likewise pay tribute (7.18.20), and Indra destroyed the seven castles of the enemies, and gave the treasures of Anu's son (or "the foreign man") to Sudas (7.18.13). 7.18.17 stresses that this was a victory against all odds, compared to a goat defeating a lion.
The tribes
Further information: Rigvedic tribes- Alinas: They were probably one of the tribes defeated by Sudas at the Dasarajna (Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 39), and it was suggested that they lived to the north-east of Kafiristan, because the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim Hiouen Thsang. (Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 39)
- Anu: They were said to be a dynasty that lived in Kashmir
- Bhrigus: Said to be descended from Lord Varuna. They are also related to the composition of the Atharva Veda.
- Bhalanas: One of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the Dasarajna battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in East Kabulistan, and that the Bolan Pass derives its name from the Bhalanas.
- Matsya
- Parsu: Some scholars conjecture that the Parsus are connected with the Persians (Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912).
- Purus: The tribe of King Sudas. The Bharatas were a clan among the Puru tribe.. The Prthas were also a clan from the Puru tribe , judging from Arjuna's Pandava clan descending from the Kaurava clan in the Bhagavad Gita, which in turn descends from the Pauravas, but Krishna also referred to Arjuna as Pārtha (descendant of the Prtha clan.)
- Tritsu
- Dasa, Dasyu: A term labelled to all Iranic tribes that were in opposition to King Sudas, cognate to the Iranian ethnonym Dahae. In the Rig Veda, Dasyu refers to an inimical people and is generally a term of denigration.
- Druhyus: From them came Ghandari, who gave his name to a region he settled in the Gandhara Valley.
- Panis
References
- Karl Friedrich Geldner, Der Rig-Veda: Aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche übersetzt Harvard Oriental Studies, vols. 33, 34, 35 (1951), reprint Harvard University Press (2003) ISBN 0-674-01226-7
- Ralph T.H. Griffith, Hymns of the Rig Veda (1896)
- Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
- Update on the Aryan Invasion Theory