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| == Battle and bloodshed == | == Battle and bloodshed == | ||
| It's immaterial who fired the first shot. The fact counts that by 6 p.m, 30th March, 1918, Baku was a regular battlefield. Trenches were being dug, barricades erected, and preparations made for real warfare <ref>Tchalkhouchian, Gr. ''Le livre rouge'', Paris, Veradzenout, 1919, pp. 85-86</ref> The Soviet, led by ], realized that full civil war was starting and its own forced were insufficient against Azerbaijani masses led by Musavat. Allies were found among Baku Mensheviks, S.R.'s, and the Kadets (right-wing liberals), which promised support the Bolsheviks as the champions of the "Russian Cause" <ref>B. Baikov. ''Воспоминания о революции в Закавказии'', Memoirs of Russian Kadet in Baku 1917 - 1920, p. 122.</ref>. | It's immaterial who fired the first shot. The fact counts that by 6 p.m, 30th March, 1918, Baku was a regular battlefield. Trenches were being dug, barricades erected, and preparations made for real warfare <ref>Tchalkhouchian, Gr. ''Le livre rouge'', Paris, Veradzenout, 1919, pp. 85-86</ref> The Soviet, led by ], realized that full civil war was starting and its own forced were insufficient against Azerbaijani masses led by Musavat. Allies were found among Baku Mensheviks, S.R.'s, and the Kadets (right-wing liberals), which promised support the Bolsheviks as the champions of the "Russian Cause" <ref>B. Baikov. ''Воспоминания о революции в Закавказии'', Memoirs of Russian Kadet in Baku 1917 - 1920, p. 122.</ref>. | ||
| Musavat quickly noticed the nationalist nature of the conflict perpetrated by the Shauyman-led Soviet. Musavat's newspaper ''Achiq Söz'' wrote the Bolsheviks, who had fought the Mensheviks for a whole year, were now uniting even with Kadets and the Dashnaks, and that such cooperation could only be explained by policy of provoking one nationality against the other. It further stated that instead of fighting a class war, Soviet was involved in a tragic capitulation of democracy <ref>''Achiq Söz'', No. 627, 1918.</ref>. | |||
| But it was neither the Kadets, nor the Mensheviks, nor the S.R.'s who saved the Soviet during the March Days. It was the Dashnaktsutiun with its military organization that tipped the scaled in its favor. At first the Armenian National Council proclaimed its neutrality in the quarrel between the Musavat and the Soviet. It has even been suggested that the Armenians told the Musavat that the latter might expect their help against the Bolsheviks. If this was the case, then the Armenians were largely responsible for proviking the massacre that ensued, because the Musavat plunged into the armed conflict, thinking that it had only one enemy to face <ref>Firuz Kazemzadeh. ''Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917 - 1921)'', New York Philosophical Library, 1951, p. 71.</ref>. In fact, Suren Shaumyan, the brother of ] wrote that "the Muslim National Council would not have taken up arms, had it not confidence in its ally " <ref>Suren Shaumyan. "Бакинская Коммуна 1918-го года", ''Пролетарская Революция'', No. 12 (59), 1926, p. 78.</ref> | |||
| Although not an isolated incident, given the participation of the Azerbaijanis during the Ottoman offensive on ] in early 1918 {{fact}}, the March Days played a significant role in bringing pre-existing inter-ethnic tensions to the forefront of Armenian-Azeri relations. <ref name="Croissant-14" /> According to various sources a total of between 3,000 to 12,000 Muslims were killed during the violence. <ref name="Smith" /> Less than six months later, in September 1918, in a period called ] {{fact}}, ]'s ] supported by local Azeri forces recaptured Baku and subsequently killed an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 ethnic Armenians in retaliation. <ref></ref> <ref name="Croissant-15">Croissant. ''Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict'', p. 15.</ref> | Although not an isolated incident, given the participation of the Azerbaijanis during the Ottoman offensive on ] in early 1918 {{fact}}, the March Days played a significant role in bringing pre-existing inter-ethnic tensions to the forefront of Armenian-Azeri relations. <ref name="Croissant-14" /> According to various sources a total of between 3,000 to 12,000 Muslims were killed during the violence. <ref name="Smith" /> Less than six months later, in September 1918, in a period called ] {{fact}}, ]'s ] supported by local Azeri forces recaptured Baku and subsequently killed an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 ethnic Armenians in retaliation. <ref></ref> <ref name="Croissant-15">Croissant. ''Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict'', p. 15.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 11:31, 26 January 2007
The March Days or March events refers to a period during the Russian Civil War from March to early April 1918 when ethnic Azerbaijanis were massacred by Dashnak and Bolshevik forces in the city of Baku (present-day Azerbaijan). Equating the Azeris with the Ottoman Turks, the Dashnaks began the massacre in revenge for the Armenian Genocide.
Preceding events
On March 9th, 1918, the staff of Azerbaijani Savage Division arrived in Baku. Its Commander, General Talyshinski was immediately arrested by the Baku Soviet, which resulted in calls for armed resistance to the Soviet among the Azerbaijanis in the city. Stepan Shaumyan, the leader of Baku Soviet, could have prevented much bloodshed, had he been less impulsive and stubborn . Only a few days before the arrival of General Talyshinski and his staff, Shaumyan had received a telegram from Lenin which read:
- Dear Comrade Shaumyan:
- Many thanks for the letter. We are delighted by your firm and decisive policy; do unite with it a most cautious diplomacy, which is doubtlessly made necessary by the present most difficult situation, and we shall win.
- The difficulties are unfathomable; up to now we have been saved by the contradictions and conflicts and the struggle among imperialists. Be able to use these conflicts; now it is necessary to learn diplomacy.
- Best wishes and greetings to all the friends
- V. Ulyanov (Lenin)
The telegram shows that Lenin, with his genius for appreciating people, felt the rashness of Shaumyan. Lenin's advice about diplomacy was nothing but a warning to be more careful and less provoking .
The release of Talyshinski might have have closed the incident, but on 30th March the Soviet received information that the Muslim crew of the ship Evelina was armed and ready to revolt against the Soviet. The report lacked foundation in fact, but the Soviet acted on it and disarmed the crew which, it seems, tried to resist . In response, a huge crowd gathered in the yard of one of the Baku mosques and adopted a resolution, demanding the release of the rifles confiscated by the Soviet from the crew of the Evelina. On the next day a delegation of Muslims asked the Soviet to restore the arms. One of the Bolshevik leaders, Japaridze, promised to satisfy this demand, but in the meantime shooting started in the streets .
Battle and bloodshed
It's immaterial who fired the first shot. The fact counts that by 6 p.m, 30th March, 1918, Baku was a regular battlefield. Trenches were being dug, barricades erected, and preparations made for real warfare The Soviet, led by Shaumyan, realized that full civil war was starting and its own forced were insufficient against Azerbaijani masses led by Musavat. Allies were found among Baku Mensheviks, S.R.'s, and the Kadets (right-wing liberals), which promised support the Bolsheviks as the champions of the "Russian Cause" .
Musavat quickly noticed the nationalist nature of the conflict perpetrated by the Shauyman-led Soviet. Musavat's newspaper Achiq Söz wrote the Bolsheviks, who had fought the Mensheviks for a whole year, were now uniting even with Kadets and the Dashnaks, and that such cooperation could only be explained by policy of provoking one nationality against the other. It further stated that instead of fighting a class war, Soviet was involved in a tragic capitulation of democracy .
But it was neither the Kadets, nor the Mensheviks, nor the S.R.'s who saved the Soviet during the March Days. It was the Dashnaktsutiun with its military organization that tipped the scaled in its favor. At first the Armenian National Council proclaimed its neutrality in the quarrel between the Musavat and the Soviet. It has even been suggested that the Armenians told the Musavat that the latter might expect their help against the Bolsheviks. If this was the case, then the Armenians were largely responsible for proviking the massacre that ensued, because the Musavat plunged into the armed conflict, thinking that it had only one enemy to face . In fact, Suren Shaumyan, the brother of Stepan Shaumyan wrote that "the Muslim National Council would not have taken up arms, had it not confidence in its ally "
Although not an isolated incident, given the participation of the Azerbaijanis during the Ottoman offensive on Armenia in early 1918 , the March Days played a significant role in bringing pre-existing inter-ethnic tensions to the forefront of Armenian-Azeri relations. According to various sources a total of between 3,000 to 12,000 Muslims were killed during the violence. Less than six months later, in September 1918, in a period called September Days , Enver Pasha's Army of Islam supported by local Azeri forces recaptured Baku and subsequently killed an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 ethnic Armenians in retaliation.
See also
References
- ^ Template:Ru icon Michael Smith. Azerbaijan and Russia: Society and State: Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani National Memory
- ^ Michael P. Croissant. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications, p. 14. ISBN 0-275-96241-5
- Firuz Kazemzadeh, Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917 - 1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951, p. 69.
- Stepan Shaumyan, Статьи и речи, Baku, p. 224
- Firuz Kazemzadeh, Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917 - 1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951, p. 70.
- Документы об истории гражданской войны в С.С.С.Р., Vol. 1, pp. 282-283.
- Claims of the Peace Delegation of the Republic of Caucasian Azerbaijan presented to the Peace Conference in Paris, Paris, 1919, pp. 18-19.
- Tchalkhouchian, Gr. Le livre rouge, Paris, Veradzenout, 1919, pp. 85-86
- B. Baikov. Воспоминания о революции в Закавказии, Memoirs of Russian Kadet in Baku 1917 - 1920, p. 122.
- Achiq Söz, No. 627, 1918.
- Firuz Kazemzadeh. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917 - 1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951, p. 71.
- Suren Shaumyan. "Бакинская Коммуна 1918-го года", Пролетарская Революция, No. 12 (59), 1926, p. 78.
- Human Rights Watch. "Playing the 'Communal Card': Communal Violence and Human Rights"
- Croissant. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 15.
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