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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS), also known as Sea Shepherd, is a non-profit marine conservation organization with its US headquarters based in Alexandria, Virginia and its international headquarters based in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Sea Shepherd uses innovative direct-action tactics to address the biggest environmental issues facing the oceans around the world, protecting marine biodiversity and enforcing international conservation laws.

From its grassroots origins, Sea Shepherd has evolved into a global movement, working with law enforcement agencies such as INTERPOL to help bring poachers to justice. Sea Shepherd partners with governments to stop illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in national waters and collaborates with conservation researchers, contributing to the scientific body of knowledge needed to shape policy and enhance protections for all marine species.

Sea Shepherd has a long history of working with governments. In 2000, the ocean conservation organization signed a five year agreement with the Government of Ecuador to monitor and protect the Galapagos National Park. Numerous partnerships followed, and in present times, Sea Shepherd works closely with governments in Africa, Latin America, Europe, and Australia.

History

Sea Shepherd was founded in Vancouver, Canada in 1977 by Captain Paul Watson, one of the founding members of Greenpeace. The group’s first direct-action campaign was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in March 1979. Over the next four decades, the group has engaged in numerous ocean conservation campaigns (See: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations).

The group has opposed whaling operations since its onset in the 1970s.

Despite a global moratorium on commercial whaling implemented in 1986, Japanese whalers routinely slaughtered whales in the Southern Ocean under the guise of scientific research. Since 2002, Sea Shepherd has carried out numerous anti-whaling campaigns in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, preventing the slaughter of over 6,000 whales.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) deemed that Japan’s whale hunt in the Southern Ocean was non-scientific and illegal. This ruling, combined with the continuous pressure brought about by Sea Shepherd’s presence in the Southern Ocean whale sanctuary, led Japan to withdraw its whaling efforts in Antarctic waters in 2019, effectively ending all whaling activities in the Southern Ocean.

Today, Sea Shepherd works in partnership with governments in Liberia, Namibia, São Tomé and Princípe, The Gambia, Benin, Gabon, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Mexico to defend national waters against the threat of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing.

Organization

Sea Shepherd is a non-governmental, volunteer-driven, non-profit environmental organization with offices in over 20 countries, coordinated by Sea Shepherd Global.  Most of the organization’s revenue - 83.2 percent - is spent on its campaigns, while 16.7 percent of revenue is spent on administrative and fundraising costs.

Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors. The Chief Executive Officer of both Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Sea Shepherd Global is Captain Alex Cornelissen. Captain Cornelissen first joined Sea Shepherd in 2002 and, for over two decades, has served in various positions throughout the organization, including crewing on the ships, working in the offices, and leading campaigns on the front lines of ocean conservation. He has participated in more than 25 Sea Shepherd campaigns, including five trips to the Antarctic to stop Japanese whale poachers.

Sea Shepherd’s Director of Campaigns is Captain Peter Hammarstedt. Since joining Sea Shepherd in 2003, Captain Hammarstedt has sailed the seven seas, using direct-action tactics to save as many lives as possible from illegal whaling, sealing, and destructive fishing practices. Captain Hammarstedt serves as a board member for Sea Shepherd Global, Sea Shepherd Legal, is the chairman of the board for Sea Shepherd Australia, and heads Sea Shepherd’s Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing Taskforce for Africa.

Anti-Poaching Campaigns

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Preventing Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing in Africa’s Coastal Waters

Since 2016, Sea Shepherd has worked in partnership with national governments in West Africa to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. Up to 40% of fish caught in West Africa’s waters are caught illegally, at an estimated cost of $2.3 billion per year. Many West African governments lack the resources to monitor their extensive coastlines to prevent these losses.

The governments of several African nations - Liberia, Namibia, São Tomé and Princípe, The Gambia, Gabon, Sierra Leone, Benin, and Tanzania - have partnered with Sea Shepherd, leading to the arrests of dozens of vessels.

Exposing Dolphin Bycatch in France

In France, Sea Shepherd has been working since 2018 to expose the annual slaughter of up to 10,000 dolphins caught as bycatch of the industrial fishing industry in the Bay of Biscay.  Pelagic trawling and gillnetting, used in industrial sea bass fishing operations, have lead to a decline in dolphin populations. Sea Shepherd’s campaign in France draws attention to this issue in an effort to shape policy and impact consumer behavior.

Saving the Vaquita Porpoise

In Mexico, Sea Shepherd has been working with federal authorities and scientists since 2015 to prevent the extinction of the world’s most endangered marine mammal - the vaquita porpoise. Illegal fishing is responsible for the decline of the species, whose population has declined to fewer than 20 individuals.

The vaquita is endemic to a small region in the Upper Gulf of California. Poachers set gillnets in  the area to catch totoaba, a critically endangered species whose swim bladders are in high demand on the Chinese black market. Vaquitas are also caught in these nets as bycatch.

Through this partnership, Sea Shepherd has removed over 1,000 illegal gillnets from the UNESCO-recognized Vaquita Refuge to date, directly saving the lives of 3,977 animals.

Public relations

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called "media savvy". The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns.

Watson's public relations efforts are shown in an episode of Whale Wars when he creates an international "media storm" after two crewmembers are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel. In his book, Earthforce!, Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to, and to deliver them to reporters confidently. He also states that the "truth is irrelevant" due to the nature of mass media. In response to criticism that he manipulates the media, Watson has stated: "What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can't resist... and this is how we bring attention to what's happening to the whales, the seals, the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we're involved in."

Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks, webcams, and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean, and has invited the media to ride along. In 2006, representatives from Seven network and National Geographic magazine, along with documentary filmmakers, accompanied the group. In a television series entitled Whale Wars, Discovery Communications, Inc. documented Sea Shepherd's 2008/09 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers, following events on the Steve Irwin. The program premiered on November 7, 2008, on Discovery's Animal Planet network.

Sea Shepherd has received financial contributions from celebrities and businessmen such as entrepreneur Steve Wynn, television personality Bob Barker, and John Paul DeJoria, as well as other celebrities. Martin Sheen, Daryl Hannah, and Richard Dean Anderson have joined the group during protests. Actors including Edward Norton, Pierce Brosnan, Christian Bale, Clive Standen and Emily Deschanel have supported the group through contributions, while William Shatner has also been mentioned as supporting the group. Actress and model Pamela Anderson is an active spokesperson for the group, has participated in several campaigns, served on the board of directors and is a close friend of founder Paul Watson. In 2007, actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of the Modest Mouse song "King Rat", intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia. Although Ledger died before the video could be completed, others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009. Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd.

From the music industry, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Leona Lewis, Rick Rubin, and the groups Hawkwind, The Red Paintings, Propagandhi, Gojira, Parkway Drive, Heaven Shall Burn, Stick to Your Guns, The Amity Affliction and Architects have financially supported Sea Shepherd. Architects vocalist Sam Carter is also one of Sea Shepherd's British ambassadors. Vegan straight edge band Earth Crisis and Zoltán Téglás of Ignite support SSCS, among other environmental organizations, dedicating songs such as "So Others Live" and "Ultramilitance" to them. Giacomo "Josh" Giorgi, vocalist of now-defunct Italian straight edge hardcore band To Kill is the bosun's mate aboard the MY Steve Irwin. In 2009, professional surfer Kelly Slater joined a Quiksilver Australia/Sea Shepherd partnership featuring a fund-raising clothing line, including board shorts designed by Slater. In 2013 alt-metal band Klogr started supporting Sea Shepherd in Europe through the videos "Guinea Pigs" (2013) and "Zero Tolerance" (2014), featuring images from Sea Shepherd documentaries filmed in Taiji and other missions.

The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008. Lush produced 'Shark Fin Soap' (punning on 'shark fin soup'); all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd.

In Tasmania, Sea Shepherd has been banned from participation in the Australian Wooden Boat Festival on the grounds that its presence could jeopardize the reputation of the organization which aims to celebrate maritime heritage, but not modern maritime issues in Australian waters.

Governmental response

In testimony on "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" given to a US congressional subcommittee in 2002, Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets. An earlier Canadian intelligence report on "single issue terrorism" stated that "Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting, driftnet fishing, seal hunting and other related issues" and mentions "activities against logging operations in Canada". In 2007, Ian Campbell, then the Australian Environment Minister and a vigorous critic of Japan's whaling, once opposed Sea Shepherd's tactics, saying that it really put the cause of conservation backwards. Due to the 2008 operations against Canadian seal hunters, Danny Williams, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, called Watson a terrorist and said that Sea Shepherd was not welcome in the province. The group has been accused of eco-terrorism by the Japanese government, whose internationally banned whaling program is a principal focus of the Sea Shepherd.

Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas. Tasmanian Greens and the former Greens Senator Bob Brown, have endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group. However, Nationals Party Senator Barnaby Joyce has opposed granting Sea Shepherd tax-exempt status stating that "Criminals should not get tax concessions – if you break the law, then donations to your organisation should not be tax deductible".

When the Steve Irwin returned to Hobart, Tasmania in February 2009, Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship's logs, reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan. Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, order their immediate return, but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter.

In October 2009, The Australian Immigration Department ruled that Watson and his First Officer, Peter Hammarstedt, must satisfy new good-character requirements to obtain business visas, requiring them to provide police references from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway. Watson criticized what he considered a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government. The Australian government responded by rejecting the idea that it was in some way delaying Watson, and on October 20, 2009, issued visas to Watson and Hammarstedt.

Paul Watson said to Discovery Channel the Dalai Lama sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd's volunteers accompanied by a wrathful, scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva, which expresses compassion and determination in overcoming obstacles. In 2010 during a visit to Japan, the Dalai Lama said that while he agrees with the goal of stopping Japan from hunting whales, they should stop using violent methods to achieve that goal.

The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of different nations and the opinion of several governments that the vessels are engaged in inappropriate activities has several times led to registration issues for Sea Shepherd vessels. Canada, Belize, UK and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels. Both the Steve Irwin and Bob Barker ships now sail under Dutch flag leading to direct complaints by the Japanese government towards Dutch ambassadors. The Netherlands consequently considered revoking the registrations for both vessels but finally decided not to do so.

Officials in Japan have discussed revoking the group's tax exempt status with their counterparts in the United States.

In December 2011, the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR) and Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, the two Japanese organizations which operate Japan's whaling program, sued Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) in U.S. federal district court in Seattle. The suit requested an injunction to stop Sea Shepherd's operations against Japanese whalers. The suit was filed in Seattle because Sea Shepherd is based in the state of Washington. The federal court denied the ICR's preliminary injunction against SSCS. The ICR and Kyodo Senpaku appealed and, on December 17, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an injunction against Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and any party acting in concert with them from physically attacking any person or vessel of the ICR and requiring them to stay at least 500 yd (457 m) from their vessels. After the court ruling, Paul Watson stepped down and Bob Brown succeeded his role as the leader of SSCS. Sea Shepherd appealed to the US Supreme Court to have the injunction set aside, but the appeal was rejected. On February 26, 2013, the Court of Appeals maintained the injunction, stating that SSCS's activities were "the very embodiment of piracy". This reversed a previous decision by Richard A. Jones, who was removed as trial judge for abuse of discretion.

In 2013, Julie Bishop, the Foreign Minister of Australia, told the press club of Japan, "We do not, and will never, condone reckless, dangerous, unlawful behaviour. And where it occurs on the high seas, we will unreservedly condemn it. The fact that the Sea Shepherd visits Australian ports or some of the Sea Shepherd fleet might be registered in Australia is not indicative in any way of the Australian government’s support for the organisation. And we will continue to comply fully with our international legal obligations with regard to safety at sea".

In March 2012, reacting to Paul Watson's allegation that Maltese politicians were bribed by the Bluefin tuna industry, Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi announced that the government would initiate libel proceedings against the Sea Shepherd founder.

In May 2012, Watson was detained by German authorities after he arrived at the Frankfurt Airport based on a request from the government of Costa Rica. The charge stemmed from an altercation in 2002 in which Sea Shepherd contends that the other vessel was shark finning in Guatemalan waters. Members of the other involved ship said that Sea Shepherd was trying to kill them. Watson was charged with violating navigational regulations. The conflict took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater. Watson subsequently skipped bail and went into hiding at the end of July. Watson's lawyer has confirmed that he has fled the country. The Costa Rican government requested the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) to issue a Red Notice (an arrest request to member countries), which was granted by Interpol.

Fleet

Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune's Navy. As of 2021, the conservation society operates 12 ships: Ocean Warrior, Brigitte Bardot, Bob Barker, Steve Irwin, Sam Simon, John Paul DeJoria, Farley Mowat, Sharpie, Jairo Mora Sandoval, White Holly, Martin Sheen and Sea Eagle.

The Steve Irwin was obtained in 2007 and originally called the Jeremy Clarkson. It was named in honor of Top Gear star Jeremy Clarkson. Erwin's widow, Terri, gave her support to Sea Shepherd, saying: "Whales have always been in Steve's heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals." The other ship, the 1200 ton Bob Barker, was named after well-known television game show host and animal activist Bob Barker, who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US$5 million. In February 2010, the Bob Barker collided with the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 3, tearing a gash in the hull of the Bob Barker. In December 2014, the Bob Barker began its pursuit of the illegal fishing vessel, the FV Thunder, part of the Bandit 6 and involved in illegally fishing the Patagonian toothfish, which became the longest chase in nautical history covering over 10,000 nautical miles and lasting 110 days.

The group also formerly operated the Farley Mowat (impounded by the Canadian government, with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel) and the Ady Gil, formerly known as the Earthrace (sunk after a collision with the MV Shōnan Maru 2 whaling security vessel in early 2010) as well as a number of earlier vessels.

Sea Shepherd acquired the Ocean 7 Adventurer for its 2010/11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic. In November 2010, Mayor Brad Pettitt of Fremantle, Western Australia, christened the vessel Gojira with Fremantle as its home port, making this the first Sea Shepherd ship registered in Australia, with an Australian crew. The Gojira was renamed MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 after complaints of copyright infringement by Toho.

For the 2011–2012 Antarctic campaign, the organization acquired drone aircraft to assist in their surveillance of the whaling ships.

In July 2012, Sam Simon, a co-creator of The Simpsons, reportedly donated money to purchase the fourth vessel, a former German icebreaker. The actual ship however turned out to be a former Japanese weather survey vessel, now called the MY Sam Simon.

On October 18, 2014, Martin Sheen, the actor, unveiled Sea Shepherd's newest vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, named in his honor, and captained by Oona Layolle of France. The name of this vessel carries the prefix "R/V" because it will be engaged in direct action as a research vessel.

In January 2015, two decommissioned, 30-knot, Island-class Coast Guard cutters were spotted flying the Sea Shepherd flag in Annapolis Yacht Basin. In June 2015, Sea Shepherd revealed on their website that they had purchased these vessels. One is named MY Farley Mowat, after an earlier vessel that Sea Shepherd retired in 2008, and the other was named MY Jules Verne, after the author of the novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but was renamed MV John Paul DeJoria on January 31, 2017.

On December 7, 2017, the organization announced the acquisition of a third Island Class Cutter thanks to a donation from Chris Sharp, a biotech businessman. The vessel was named MV Sharpie, and for its maiden mission it will join Operation Milagro in the Gulf of California to help save the endangered vaquita porpoise.

In the media

Sea Shepherd's campaigns have been documented in the Netflix documentary "Seaspiracy", TV series Whale Wars, and TV series Ocean Warriors produced by Animal Planet/Discovery Channel, and in books by current and past members including:

• Laura Dakin, "Cookin' Up a Storm: Stories and Recipes from Sea Shepherd's Anti-Whaling Campaigns" (March 16, 2015; Book Publishing Company). ISBN 978-1570673122
• Raffaella Tolicetti, "Think! Eat! Act!: A Sea Shepherd Chef's Vegan Cookbook" (July 24, 2014; Microcosm Publishing). ISBN 9781621066668
• Laurens de Groot, "Hunting the Hunters: At war with the whalers" (January 2, 2014; Adlard Coles). ISBN 978-1472903648.
• Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1-59874-028-8
• Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1-55297-751-4
• Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1-55013-599-2
• David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (1995; Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
• Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (1993; Los Angeles: Chaco Press). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
• Paul Watson, "Sea Shepherd : My Fight For Whales And Seals" (1980; W. W. Norton and Company). ISBN 978-0393335804

See also

• List of animal rights groups
• Peter James Bethune, skipper of the Ady Gil
• Pia Klemp, former member of the MY Steve Irwin crew
• Rod Coronado, animal rights activist who has been involved in direct actions with the group
• Alex Pacheco, member of the advisory board who served on the Sea Shepherd

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71. Reuters. "Drones deployed against Japan's whaling fleet: inquiry". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-22. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
72. Darby, Andrew (July 2, 2012). "Simpsons co-creator backs anti-whaling bid". Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
73. "Martin Sheen Unveils Sea Shepherd's Newest Vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, Named in his Honor" (Press release). Sea Shepherd. October 18, 2014. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
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75. "Two former USCG Island Class cutters bought by Sea Shepherd - Marine Log". www.marinelog.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
76. "Sea Shepherd Launches New Anti-poaching Vessel M/V Sharpie". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
77. "Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - Sea Shepherd Launches Its Newest Vessel, The M/V John Paul DeJoria - News - News And Commentary". Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.

External links

• Official website

• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
• Anti-Faroese sentiment