| Revision as of 12:23, 4 October 2021 editCewbot (talk | contribs)Bots7,426,299 editsm Fix broken anchor: 2019-10-31 #ADHD as a biological illness→Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies#ADHD as a biological difference← Previous edit |
Revision as of 11:27, 11 December 2021 edit undoXurizuri (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users10,522 edits Redirected and merged content to Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies. See talk page of that article.Tags: New redirect Visual edit: SwitchedNext edit → |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
⚫ |
#REDIRECT ] |
|
{{Short description|Theory that ADHD is socially constructed}} |
|
|
|
{{rcat shell| |
|
{{merge to|Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies|discuss=Talk:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies#Merge from Social construct theory of ADHD|date=September 2021}} |
|
|
|
{{r to section}} |
|
The '''social construction theory of ADHD''' argues that ] is not necessarily an actual ], but that an ADHD ] is a ] explanation to describe behaviors that simply do not meet prescribed ].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Parens E, Johnston J |title=Facts, values, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): an update on the controversies |journal=Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1|year=2009 |pmid=19152690|pmc=2637252 |doi=10.1186/1753-2000-3-1 }}</ref> |
|
|
|
{{r from merge}} |
|
|
|
|
|
}} |
|
Some proponents of the social construct theory of ADHD seem to regard the disorder as genuine, though over-diagnosed in some cultures. These proponents cite as evidence that the ], favored in the United States for defining and diagnosing mental illness, arrives at levels of ADHD three to four times higher than criteria in the ], the diagnostic guide favored by the ].<ref name="Singh I 2008 957–64">{{cite journal |author=Singh I |title=Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=957–64 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19020513 |doi=10.1038/nrn2514 |s2cid=205504587 }}</ref> A popular proponent of this theory, ], has argued that ADHD was "invented and not discovered."<ref>{{cite book |author=Chriss, James J.|title=Social control: an introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/socialcontrolint0000chri|url-access=registration|publisher=Polity |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2007 |page= |isbn=978-0-7456-3858-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Szasz, Thomas Stephen |title=Pharmacracy: medicine and politics in America |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=2001 |page= |isbn=0-275-97196-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/pharmacracymedic0000szas/page/212 }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
==ADHD as a social construct== |
|
|
|
|
|
Psychiatrists ] and Sami Timimi oppose pathologizing the symptoms of ADHD. ], who is an ] child and adolescent psychiatrist, argues that ADHD is not an objective 'disorder'<ref name=TimimiTaylor2004>{{cite journal |last1=Timimi |first1=Sami |last2=Taylor |first2=Eric |date=January 2004 |title=In Debate: ADHD is best understood as a cultural construct |journal=] |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.1.8 |pmid=14702221 |url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/184/1/8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> but that western society creates stress on families which in turn suggests environmental causes for children expressing the symptoms of ADHD.<ref>Timimi, S. & Begum, M. (2006). Critical Voices in Child and Adolescent Mental Health. London: ].</ref> They also believe that parents who feel they have failed in their parenting responsibilities can use the ADHD label to absolve ] and ]. |
|
|
|
|
|
A common argument against the medical model of ADHD asserts that while the traits that define ADHD exist and may be measurable, they lie within the spectrum of normal healthy human behaviour and are not dysfunctional. However, by definition, in order to diagnose with a mental disorder, symptoms must be interpreted as causing a person distress or be especially maladaptive. In the United States, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) requires that "some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings" and that "there must be clear evidence of significant impairment in social, school, or work functioning" for a diagnosis of ADHD to be made.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=7721 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825205253/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=7721 |archive-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In this view, in societies where passivity and order are highly valued, those on the active end of the active-passive spectrum may be seen as 'problems'. Medically defining their behaviour (by giving labels such as ADHD and ADD) serves the purpose of removing blame from those 'causing the problem'. Controversy over the social constructionist view comes from a number of studies that cite significant psychological and social differences between those diagnosed with the disorder, and those who are not. However, the specific reasons for these differences are not certain, and this does not suggest anything other than a difference in behavior. Studies have also shown ] differences, but whether this signifies an effect rather than a cause is unknown. Such differences could also be attributed the drugs commonly prescribed to people with this disorder. Studies have also been able to differentiate ADHD from other psychiatric disorders in its symptoms, associated features, |
|
|
life course, and comorbidity.<ref name=TimimiTaylor2004/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Taylor E. |author2=Chadwick O. |author3=Heptinstall E. | year = 1996 | title = Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 35 | issue = 9| pages = 1213–1226 | doi = 10.1097/00004583-199609000-00019 | pmid = 8824065 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>Taylor, E., Sandberg, S., Thorley, G., et al. (1991) The Epidemiology of Childhood Hyperactivity. Maudsley Monograph No. 33. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}}<ref>Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R., et al. (2000) Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Great Britain. London: Stationery Office.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}} |
|
|
|
|
|
Gerald Coles, an educational psychologist and formerly an associate professor of clinical psychiatry at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and the University of Rochester who has written extensively on literacy and learning disabilities, asserts that there are partisan agendas behind the educational policy-makers and that the scientific research that they use to support their arguments regarding the teaching of literacy are flawed. These include the idea that there are neurological explanations for learning disabilities. Gerald Coles argues that school failure must be viewed and treated in the context of both the learning environment and the child's individual abilities, behavior, family life, and social relationships. He then presents a new model of learning problems, in which family and school environments are the major determinants of academic success. In this "interactive" paradigm, the attitudes and methods of education are more important than inherent strengths or deficits of the individual child.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gerald |last1=Coles |date=15 January 1989 |title=The Learning Mystique: A Critical Look at "Learning Disabilities" |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0449903513 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/learningmystique00cole_0 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Questioning the pathophysiological and genetic basis of ADHD=== |
|
|
{{Hatnote|See also: ]{{·}} ]{{·}} ]}} |
|
|
Some social constructionist theories of ADHD reject the dominant medical opinion that ADHD has a distinct pathophysiology and genetic components. The 'symptoms' of ADHD also happen to be morally questionable attributes, this is why the symptoms are described as 'inappropriate'. Many social constructionists trenchantly question deterministic views of behaviour, such as those views sometimes put forth within behavioural/abnormal psychology and the biological sciences. |
|
|
|
|
|
Currently, the ] of ADHD is unclear; although research has found evidence of differences in the brain between ADHD and non-ADHD patients.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523083043/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2007/brain-matures-a-few-years-late-in-adhd-but-follows-normal-pattern.shtml |date=2009-05-23 }} NIMH Press Release, November 12, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lou HC, Andresen J, Steinberg B, McLaughlin T, Friberg L |date=Jan 1998 | title = The striatum in a putative cerebral network activated by verbal awareness in normals and in ADHD children | journal = Eur J Neurol | volume = 5 | issue = 1| pages = 67–74 | doi = 10.1046/j.1468-1331.1998.510067.x | pmid = 10210814 |s2cid=10754498 }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523083322/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2007/gene-predicts-better-outcome-as-cortex-normalizes-in-teens-with-adhd.shtml |date=2009-05-23 }} NIMH Press Release, August 6, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dougherty DD, Bonab AA, Spencer TJ, Rauch SL, Madras BK, Fischman AJ |title=Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9196 |pages=2132––33 |year=1999 |pmid=10609822 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04030-1|s2cid=7420578 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dresel SH, Kung MP, Plössl K, Meegalla SK, Kung HF |title=Pharmacological effects of dopaminergic drugs on in vivo binding of TRODAT-1 to the central dopamine transporters in rats |journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=31–9 |year=1998 |pmid=9396872 |doi=10.1007/s002590050191|s2cid=7768918 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17113158">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coccaro EF, Hirsch SL, Stein MA |title=Plasma homovanillic acid correlates inversely with history of learning problems in healthy volunteer and personality disordered subjects |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=149 |issue=1–3 |pages=297–302 |year=2007 |pmid=17113158 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.009|s2cid=24499109 }}</ref> Critics, such as ] and David Cohen who reject the characterization of ADHD as a disorder, contend that the controls for stimulant medication usage were inadequate in some lobar volumetric studies which makes it impossible to determine whether ADHD itself or ] medication used to treat ADHD is responsible for decreased thickness observed<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Philip |last2=Lerch |first2=Jason |last3=Greenstein |first3=Deanna |last4=Sharp |first4=Wendy |last5=Clasen |first5=Liv |last6=Evans |first6=Alan |last7=Giedd |first7=Jay |last8=Castellanos |first8=F. Xavier |last9=Rapoport |first9=Judith |title=Longitudinal Mapping of Cortical Thickness and Clinical Outcome in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=Arch Gen Psychiatry |volume=63 |pages=540–549 |year=2006 |issue=5 |pmid=16651511 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.540|doi-access=free }}</ref> in certain brain regions.<ref name="David Cohen 2004 161–166">{{cite journal |author=David Cohen |author2=Jonathan Leo |title=An Update on ADHD Neuroimaging Research |journal=The Journal of Mind and Behavior |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=161–166 |year=2004 | publisher =The Institute of Mind and Behavior, Inc | issn =0271-0137 |url=http://psychrights.org/research/Digest/NLPs/neruoimagingupdate.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=David Cohen |author2=Jonathan Leo |title=Broken brains or flawed studies? A critical review of ADHD neuroimaging studies |journal=The Journal of Mind and Behavior |volume=24 |pages=29–56 |year=2003 }}</ref> They believe many neuroimaging studies are oversimplified in both popular and scientific discourse and given undue weight despite deficiencies in experimental methodology.<ref name="David Cohen 2004 161–166"/> |
|
|
|
|
|
From a biological/genetic point of view, ADHD is said to be highly heritable and twin studies suggest genetics are a factor in about 75% of ADHD cases,.<ref name="Barkley">{{cite web|url=http://www.continuingedcourses.net/active/courses/course003.php|title=Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Nature, Course, Outcomes, and Comorbidity|last=Barkley|first=Russel A.|access-date=2006-06-26}}</ref> However, the genetic connection is questionable. Dr. Joseph Glenmullen states, "no claim of a gene for a psychiatric condition has stood the test of time, in spite of popular misinformation. Although many theories exist, there is no definitive biological, neurological, or genetic ] for 'mental illness'."<ref>Glenmullin, Joseph (2000). Prozac Backlash. New York: Simon & Schuster, 192-198</ref> His critics argue that ADHD is a ] disorder<ref name="Barkley"/> caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors and thus cannot be modeled accurately using the single gene theory. Authors of a review of ADHD etiology have noted: "Although several genome-wide searches have identified chromosomal regions that are predicted to contain genes that contribute to ADHD susceptibility, to date no single gene with a major contribution to ADHD has been identified."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=M. T. Acosta |author2=M. Arcos-Burgos |author3=M. Muenke | title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Complex phenotype, simple genotype? | journal=Genetics in Medicine | year=2004 | volume=6 | issue=1 | pages= 1–15 | doi=10.1097/01.GIM.0000110413.07490.0B | pmid=14726804| doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|
|
<!--{{cite web |url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=behavior/8293&selectedTitle=4~150&source=search_result |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children |accessdate=2008-09-15 |work= |publisher= |date=December 5, 2007}}--> |
|
|
|
|
|
===Sudbury model of democratic education schools' alternative=== |
|
|
Describing current instructional methods as ] and ] standardization, alternative approaches are proposed, such as the ]s' ] approach in which children, by enjoying personal freedom thus encouraged to exercise personal responsibility for their actions, learn at their own pace rather than following a chronologically-based curriculum.<ref>Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America, A View from Sudbury Valley, ''"Special Education" -- A noble Cause Sacrificed to Standardization''.</ref>{{ISBN missing|date=April 2016}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}<ref>Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America, A View from Sudbury Valley, ''"Special Education" -- A Noble Cause Run Amok''.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}}<ref>Greenberg, D. (1987), Free at Last, The Sudbury Valley School, Chapter 1, ''And 'Rithmetic''.</ref>{{ISBN missing|date=April 2016}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}<ref>Greenberg, D. (1987), Free at Last, The Sudbury Valley School, Chapter 5, ''The Other 'R's'.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}}<ref>Greenberg, D. (1987), Free at Last, The Sudbury Valley School, Chapter 19, ''Learning''.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Criticism=== |
|
|
Timimi's view has been seriously criticized by ] and numerous experts in ''Child and Family Psychology Review'' (2005).{{Full citation needed|date=April 2016}} In any case, it has been shown that Chinese and Indonesian clinicians give significantly higher scores for hyperactive-disruptive behaviors than did their Japanese and American colleagues when evaluating the same group of children.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=E. M. Mann |author2=Y. Ikeda |author3=C. W. Mueller |author4=A. Takahashi |author5=K. T. Tao |author6=E. Humris |author7=B. L. Li |author8=D. Chin | title=Cross-cultural differences in rating hyperactive-disruptive behaviors in children | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | year=1992 | volume=149 | issue=11 | pages= 1539–1542 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.149.11.1539 | pmid=1415822}}</ref> Significant differences in the prevalence of ADHD across different countries have been reported, however.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=KN |last2=Banhatti |first2=RG |title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and ethnicity |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=February 2005 |volume=90 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i10–i12 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.058180 |pmid=15665149 |pmc=1765276 |url=http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/90/suppl_1/i10 }}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
==See also== |
|
|
*] |
|
|
*] |
|
|
*] - Alternate theory of ADHD |
|
| ⚫ |
*] |
|
|
|
|
|
==References== |
|
|
{{Reflist|30em}} |
|
|
|
|
|
==Further reading== |
|
|
*{{cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Jay |date=December 2000 | title = Not in Their Genes: A Critical View of the Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | journal = Developmental Review | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 539–567 | doi = 10.1006/drev.2000.0511 }} |
|
|
*{{cite web |last=Wedge |first=Marilyn |date=8 March 2012 |title=Why French Kids Don't Have ADHD |website=Suffer the Children |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/suffer-the-children/201203/why-french-kids-dont-have-adhd |publisher=Psychology Today }} |
|
|
|
|
|
{{adhd}} |
|
|
|
|
|
{{DEFAULTSORT:Social Construct Theory Of Adhd}} |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|
|
] |
|