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{{Otheruses5|the ] and ] Marie Skłodowska-Curie|the school named after her and the 1943 motion picture|École élémentaire Marie-Curie|Madame Curie (film)}}
<!-- Note: Please do not change the nationality from Polish French without consulting the discussion page. This formulation has been found to be the best way to reflect Curie's strong connections to both of these countries -->

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Maria Skłodowska-Curie
| image = Mariecurie.jpg|200px
| image_width = 200px
| caption = Maria Skłodowska-Curie.
| birth_date = ] ]
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = ] ]
| death_place = ], ]
| nationality = ] ]
] ]
| field = ] and ]
| work_institution = ]
| alma_mater = ] and ]
| doctoral_advisor = ]
| doctoral_students = ]</br><!--]</br>-->]
| known_for = ]
| prizes = ] ] (1903)</br><!--] (1903)</br>] (1904)</br>-->] ] (1911)
| religion =]
| footnotes = The only person to win two ]s in different ''science'' fields. Married to ] (m. 1895), their children include ] and ].}}

'''Maria Skłodowska-Curie''' (born '''Maria Skłodowska'''; known in ], where she lived most of her life, as '''Marie Curie''', ] '''Madame Curie'''; ],
], ] &ndash; ] ], ], ]) was a ]-] ] and ]. She was a pioneer in ], the first two-time ] (the only one in two different ''sciences''), and the first female professor at the ].
{{TOCleft}}

She was born in ], ], to ] parents and lived there to age 24. In 1891 she went to ], ], to study science. She obtained her higher degrees; and conducted nearly all her scientific work there, and became a ]d ] citizen. She founded the ]s in ], ], and in her home town, ], in resurrected ].

==Biography==
]'s "]."]]

Born in Warsaw, in the ]n-ruled part of ], her early years were marked by the deaths of her sister (from ]) and, four years later, her mother.

Young Skłodowska had an amazing memory and a diligent ], neglecting even food and sleep while studying. She graduated from ] at the top of her class at age fifteen.

Due to her sex problems and to ]n reprisals following the Polish ] against ], Skłodowska was denied admission to a regular university, and worked several years as a governess while attending ]'s illegal ]. Eventually, with financial help from her elder sister Bronisława, she moved to ].

Skłodowska attended high school at the ], then studied ] and ] at the ]. (She would later become the Sorbonne's first female professor.) In the spring of 1893, she graduated first in her undergraduate class. A year later, also at the Sorbonne, she obtained her ] in mathematics. In 1903, under the supervision of ], she received her ] from the ], Paris, becoming the first woman in France to complete a doctorate <ref>http://www.lycos.com/info/marie-curie.html</ref>.

At the Sorbonne, she met and married ], a fellow-instructor. Together they studied ] materials, particularly ] — the ] from which ] was extracted — which had the curious property of being more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. By 1898 they had deduced that the pitchblende must contain traces of an unknown radioactive substance far more radioactive than uranium. On ], ], Skłodowska-Curie announced the existence of this substance.

Over several years' unceasing labor, they processed several tons of ], progressively concentrating the radioactive substances and eventually isolating the chloride salts (refining ] on ], ]) and identifying two new ]s. The first, they named "]," after Skłodowska-Curie's native country, Poland, and the other — "]," for its intense ].
] diplomas.]]

In 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded ], Marie Curie, and ] the ], "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the ] phenomena discovered by Professor ]."

Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Eight years later, she received the 1911 ], "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element".

In an unusual decision, Skłodowska-Curie intentionally refrained from ]ing the radium-isolation process, leaving it open so that the scientific community could do research unhindered. A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalized with depression and a kidney ailment. Whenever she felt especially depressed, she went to the ] to relax.

She was the first person to win or share ''two'' Nobel Prizes. She is one of only two persons who have been awarded a ] in two different fields, the other being ] (Chemistry, Peace). She remains the only woman to have won two Nobel Prizes.
], hereditary in Skłodowska's family.]]
After her husband's 1906 death in a street accident, she reputedly had an affair with physicist ] — a married man who had left his wife — which resulted in a press scandal, taken advantage of by her academic opponents to damage her credibility. Despite her fame as an honored scientist working for ], the public's attitude to the scandal tended toward ]. In a strange coincidence, Langevin's grandson Michel would later marry her granddaughter, ].

During ], she pushed for the use of mobile ] units, "Little Curies" (''petites Curies''), for the treatment of wounded soldiers. These units were powered using tubes of ''radium emanation'', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as ]. Marie personally provided the tubes, derived from the radium she purified. Also, promptly after the war started, she donated her and her husband's gold ] ]s for the war effort.

In 1921, she toured the ], where she was welcomed triumphantly, to raise funds for research on radium.

In her later years, she was disappointed by the many physicians and makers of ] who used ] material without precautions.
]| ] 20,000-] ] with likeness of Maria Skłodowska-Curie.]]
] ] with ''Marie Curie'' and (background) her husband and 1903 fellow-Nobel-laureate, ].]]
]'' 66, ].]]

Her death near ] in 1934 was from ], almost certainly due to massive exposure to radiation, as much of her work had been carried out in a shed with no safety measures being taken, as the damaging effects of hard radiation were not yet known. She carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket and stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the pretty blue-green light the substances gave off in the dark.

She was initially buried at the cemetery in ], where Pierre lay, but in 1995, to honor their work, their ashes were transferred to the ].

Their eldest daughter, ], won a ] for Chemistry in 1935.

==Prizes==
*] (])
*] (])
*] (])
*] (])

==Tribute==
Skłodowska-Curie's younger daughter, ], wrote the biography, ''Madame Curie'', after her mother's death.

In 1995, Madame Curie was the first and only woman laid to rest under the famous dome of the ], in Paris, on her own merits (alongside her husband, ]).

A unit of radioactivity, the ] (symbol '''Ci'''), is named in their honor.

] and ] starred in the 1943 U. S. Oscar-nominated film, '']'', based on her life.

"Marie Curie" appears as a character in the 1988 comedy, '']'', by ].

French playwright ]'s 1989 lighthearted drama, ''Les Palmes de M. Schutz'', is based on the early romance and scientific collaboration of Marie and Pierre Curie. A 1997 movie version starred ] as Mme. Curie.

Skłodowska-Curie's likeness appeared on the Polish late-] ]ary
]. Her likeness also appeared on stamps and coins, and on the last French 500-] note (with her husband, ]) before the ] was made obsolete by the ].

Element no. 96, ] (Cm), is named in honour of her and Pierre.

], the largest science, technology and medicine university in France, and successor institution to the faculty of science at the ], where she taught, is named in honor of her and Pierre. The university is home to the laboratory where they discovered ].

A school named for her, Marie Curie ], in Bayside, New York, specializes in ] and ].

==See also==
] (1911), Skłodowska-Curie (seated, 2nd from right), the only woman present, confers with ]. Standing, 4th from right, is ]; 2nd from right, ]; at far right, ].]]
* ] in ]
* ] in ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==Further reading==
*''Madame Curie: A Biography'', by ], ISBN 0-306-81038-7
*''Marie Curie: A Life'', by Susan Quinn, ISBN 0-201-88794-0
*''Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie'', by Barbara Goldsmith, ISBN 0-393-05137-4
*''The Book about Blanche and Marie'', by Per Olov Enquist, ISBN 1-58567-668-3, a fictionalized account of relationships among Curie, JM Charcot and Blanche Wittman

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*-A study of women physicists
{{commons|Marie Curie}}
* unabridged spinless right chronology from nobelprize.org
* and &ndash; Nobel committee page; presentation speech, her award lecture etc.
* in English.
* ; with quotes, photographs, links etc.
* at American Institute of Physics website ''(site also has a short version for kids entitled ''
*
*
*
*
* , UK
*
*
*
*
*
*
*]: Exhibit on the Life of Marie Curie.

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1901-1925}}

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{{Persondata
|NAME=Curie, Marie
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Skłodowska-Curie, Maria (Polish)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=] and ]
|DATE OF BIRTH=] ]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=], ]
|DATE OF DEATH=] ]
|PLACE OF DEATH=], ]
}}
{{Link FA|cs}}

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Revision as of 13:46, 2 February 2007