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The term '''Negrito''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|r|iː|t|oʊ}}) refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of ] and the ]. Populations often described as Negrito include: the ] (including the ], the ] and ] and the ]) of the Andaman Islands, the ] peoples (among them, the ]) of ], the ] of ], as well as the ] of ], ], and ] of ], ] of ] and ] of ] and about 30 other officially recognized ]. |
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The term '''Negrito''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|r|iː|t|oʊ}}) refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of ] and the ]. Populations often described as Negrito include: the ] (including the ], the ] and ] and the ]) of the Andaman Islands, the ] peoples (among them, the ]) of ], the ] of ], as well as the ] of ], ], and ] of ], ] of ] and ] of ] and about 30 other officially recognized ]. |
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Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, but were largely absorbed into the more recent ]. The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.<ref>S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), .</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-11-27|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=153–72|issn=0018-7143|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927}}</ref><ref name="Basu 1594–1599">{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Analabha|last2=Sarkar-Roy|first2=Neeta|last3=Majumder|first3=Partha P.|date=2016-02-09|title=Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1594–1599|doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4760789|pmid=26811443|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larena">{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-03-30|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref name="Carlhoff 543–547">{{Cite journal|last1=Carlhoff|first1=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=August 2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03823-6|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6|pmid=34433944|issn=1476-4687|hdl=10072/407535|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tagore|first1=Debashree|last2=Aghakhanian|first2=Farhang|last3=Naidu|first3=Rakesh|last4=Phipps|first4=Maude E.|last5=Basu|first5=Analabha|date=2021-03-29|title=Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers|journal=BMC Biology|volume=19|issue=1|page=61|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x|issn=1741-7007|pmc=8008685|pmid=33781248}}</ref><ref name="Afri, Vallini 2021">Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "''Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya.''"</ref> |
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Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.<ref></ref> |
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Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.<ref></ref> |
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==Origins== |
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==Origins== |
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Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, but were largely absorbed into the more recent ]. The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.<ref>S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), .</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-11-27|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=153–72|issn=0018-7143|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927}}</ref><ref name="Basu 1594–1599">{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Analabha|last2=Sarkar-Roy|first2=Neeta|last3=Majumder|first3=Partha P.|date=2016-02-09|title=Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1594–1599|doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4760789|pmid=26811443|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larena">{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-03-30|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref name="Carlhoff 543–547">{{Cite journal|last1=Carlhoff|first1=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=August 2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03823-6|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6|pmid=34433944|issn=1476-4687|hdl=10072/407535|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tagore|first1=Debashree|last2=Aghakhanian|first2=Farhang|last3=Naidu|first3=Rakesh|last4=Phipps|first4=Maude E.|last5=Basu|first5=Analabha|date=2021-03-29|title=Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers|journal=BMC Biology|volume=19|issue=1|page=61|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x|issn=1741-7007|pmc=8008685|pmid=33781248}}</ref><ref name="Afri, Vallini 2021">Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "''Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya.''"</ref> |
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=== Origin and genetic relations === |
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Negrito peoples descend from a Basal-East Asian source population, which expanded from Mainland Southeast Asia into Insular Southeast Asia between 50,000BC to 25,000BC, and also gave rise to ] and ] as well as ancestral ]. Despite being isolated, the different peoples do share ] with their neighboring populations.<ref name="Thangaraj2002">{{citation|first=Kumarasamy|last=Thangaraj|title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2|pmid=12546781|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=86–93|date=21 January 2003|s2cid=12155496|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Stock-2013">{{cite journal|last=Stock|first=JT|year=2013|title=The skeletal phenotype of "negritos" from the Andaman Islands and Philippines relative to global variation among hunter-gatherers|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2052&context=humbiol|journal=]|volume=85|issue=1–3|pages=67–94|doi=10.3378/027.085.0304|pmid=24297221|s2cid=32964023}}</ref><ref name="Larena"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Tianyi|last2=Wang|first2=Wei|last3=Xie|first3=Guangmao|last4=Li|first4=Zhen|last5=Fan|first5=Xuechun|last6=Yang|first6=Qingping|last7=Wu|first7=Xichao|last8=Cao|first8=Peng|last9=Liu|first9=Yichen|last10=Yang|first10=Ruowei|last11=Liu|first11=Feng|date=2021-07-08|title=Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867421006358|journal=Cell|language=en|volume=184|issue=14|pages=3829–3841.e21|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018|issn=0092-8674}}</ref> |
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] mother with her baby (], ], 1905)]] |
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A recent genetic study found that unlike other early groups in ], Andamanese Negritos lack ] in their DNA. Denisovan ancestry is found among indigenous Melanesian and Aboriginal Australian populations at between 4–6%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reich|display-authors=etal|year=2011|title=Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=89|issue=4|pages=516–528|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005|pmc=3188841|pmid=21944045}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-12-09|title=Oldest human DNA found in Spain – Elizabeth Landau's interview of Svante Paabo|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/09/health/oldest-human-dna/|publisher=CNN|quote=About 3% to 5% of the DNA of people from Melanesia (islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean), Australia and New Guinea as well as aboriginal people from the Philippines comes from the Denisovans.}}</ref> |
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Some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the "Negrito" groups of the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines, other than a common ancestral East Asian lineage.<ref>{{citation|author1=Catherine Hill|title=Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|issue=12|pages=2480–91|year=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409132033/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl124|pmid=16982817|archive-date=9 April 2008|author2=Pedro Soares|author3=Maru Mormina|author4=Vincent Macaulay|author5=William Meehan|author6=James Blackburn|author7=Douglas Clarke|author8=Joseph Maripa Raja|author9=Patimah Ismail|author11=Stephen Oppenheimer|url-status=dead|author12=Martin Richards|author10=David Bulbeck|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indeed, this sentiment is echoed in a more recent work from 2013 which concludes that "at the current level of genetic resolution ... there is no evidence of a single ancestral population for the different groups traditionally defined as 'Negritos'.<ref name="Chaubey_and_Endicott">{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-02-01|title=The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=humbiol|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1–3|pages=153–172|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|issn=1534-6617|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927}}</ref> |
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The Andamanese Onge show the highest affinity towards some Southeast Asian Negrito ethnic groups, such as the ], but also ancient remains of ]s, which split from a Basal-East Asian source population. It was found that Andamanese (Onge) split from the common ancestor of modern day East Asians, before becoming isolated on the ]. Recent genetic evidence suggest that an Basal-East Asian population (close or ancestral to Andamanese and East Asians) was widespreaded in ] but already distinct from West-Eurasians and Australo-Melanesians (such as ]) since approximately 50,000BC to 62,000BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carlhoff|first=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8387238/|journal=Nature|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6|issn=0028-0836|pmc=8387238|pmid=34433944|quote=The qpGraph analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).}}</ref><ref name="Afri, Vallini 2021"/> A recent genetic study on Philippene groups found Papuan affinities in Negritos, and a clear distinction between them and non-Negrito groups of East Asian origin, stating that there was "a clear dichotomy between Negritos and non-Negritos, indicating the deep divergence between Basal East Asian ancestry best represented by Cordillerans and Basal Australasian ancestry represented by Negrito-AustraloPapuans". They also found that Negritos could be differentiated into a Northern and Southern subgroup.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larena|first=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-03-30|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671/|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref name="LipsonReich2017">{{cite journal|last1=Lipson|first1=Mark|last2=Reich|first2=David|year=2017|title=working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa|url= |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=4|pages=889–902|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293|pmid=28074030|issn=0737-4038|pmc=5400393}}</ref> |
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=== Haplogroups === |
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==== Y-DNA Haplogroups ==== |
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], ]]] |
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The main paternal haplogroup of the Negritos are ] and ], as well as ]. P is present in the form of its rare primary clades P2* and P1*. Most Aeta males (60%) carry P2.<ref name="isogg2016"> (20 June 2016).</ref> Some Negrito populations also belong to mostly sub-lineages of ].<ref>Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities by David Bulbeck 2013</ref> |
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==== mtDNA Haplogroups ==== |
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The ] and all the Adamanan Islanders belong strictly to the ] ( M descent from Africa's ]). Haplogroup M is also the predominant marker of other Negrito tribes from Thailand and Malaysia, as well other Asian populations,<ref name="thangaraj2002">{{Citation | title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population | author=Kumarasamy Thangaraj, ], Alla G. Reddy, V. Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, and Erika Hagelberg | year=2002 | access-date=2008-11-16 | url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029071336/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | archive-date=29 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> and but also significant in some African population of Somalis, Oromo, Tuaregs which received Eurasian geneflow.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Non|first1=Amy|title=ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE|url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Holden|title=MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East|url=http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm|publisher=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|access-date=13 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212239/http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pereira2010">{{cite journal|author1=Luísa Pereira |author2=Viktor Černý |author3=María Cerezo |author4=Nuno M Silva |author5=Martin Hájek |author6=Alžběta Vašíková |author7=Martina Kujanová |author8=Radim Brdička |author9=Antonio Salas |title=Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=17 March 2010|volume=18|issue=8 |pages=915–923|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.21|pmid=20234393 |pmc=2987384}}</ref><ref name="Reich">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=David|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |title=Reconstructing Indian Population History|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=489–494|doi=10.1038/nature08365|date=24 September 2009|pmid=19779445|pmc=2842210|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> Bulbeck (2013) shows the Andamanese maternal mtDNA is entirely ].<ref name="Bulbeck">{{cite journal|last=Bulbeck|first=David|date=November 2013|title=Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2053&context=humbiol|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=95–134|doi=10.3378/027.085.0305|pmid=24297222|s2cid=19981437}}</ref><ref name="Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is a">{{cite journal|last1=Ghezzi|display-authors=etal|year=2005|title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=6|pages=748–752|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425|pmid=15827561|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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===Physical anthropology=== |
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] woman of ], Philippines in 2006]] |
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Based on superficial similarities of a number of physical features – such as short stature, dark skin, scant body hair, and occasional ] (large, curvaceous buttocks and thighs) – it was suggested a common origin for the Negrito and the ] of Central Africa. The claim that the ] more closely resemble African pygmies.<ref name="Thangaraj2002">{{citation|first=Kumarasamy|last=Thangaraj|title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2|pmid=12546781|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=86–93|date=21 January 2003|s2cid=12155496|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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Multiple studies also show that Negritos share a closer cranial affinity with ] and ], but compared to them, are also strongly shifted towards East Asians.<ref name="WH_Getting_Here">William Howells (1993). . Compass Press.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Races of Homo sapiens: if not in the southwest Pacific, then nowhere|author1=David Bulbeck |author2=Pathmanathan Raghavan |author3=Daniel Rayner |journal=World Archaeology|volume=38|issue=1|pages=109–132|issn=0043-8243|doi=10.1080/00438240600564987|year=2006|jstor=40023598|citeseerx = 10.1.1.534.3176|s2cid=84991420 }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.
Many online dictionaries give the plural in English as either "Negritos" or "Negritoes," without preference. The plural in Spanish is "Negritos."
Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, but were largely absorbed into the more recent Austronesian peoples. The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.
A Negrito with spear
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Negritos". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.