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| The '''Persecution of Yazidis by Kurds''' describes mainly the massacres of the ] committed by some Muslim ] tribes. Sometimes, during these massacres, the Muslim Kurds tried to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klFtAAAAMAAJ&q=attempts+by+Kurdish+Muslims|title=Population policy in Turkey: family planning and migration between 1960 and 1992|last1=Orient-Institut|first1=Deutsches|last2=Franz|first2=Erhard|date=1994|publisher=Deutsches Orient-Institut|isbn=9783891730348|location=|page=332|language=en|quote=Throughout history, there was no shortage of attempts by Kurdish Muslims to violently convert the Yazidis to Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fm0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title=Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change|last=|first=|date=2017-04-26|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781787147287|location=|page=75|language=en}}</ref> Almost the whole Yazidi population were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by the Kurds in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8lAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.|quote=The Yazidis were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by Turks and Kurds.|title=Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan|last=Travis|first=Hannibal|date=2010|publisher=Carolina Academic Press|isbn=9781594604362|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ghar|url-access=registration|page=|quote=Massacres at the hands of the Ottoman Turks and Kurdish princes almost wiped out the Yazidis during the 19th century.|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|last1=Ghareeb|first1=Edmund A.|last2=Dougherty|first2=Beth|date=2004-03-18|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810865686|location=|language=en}}</ref> While ] describes a takeover of Yazidi settlement areas with simultaneous ] of the Yazidis by the ].<ref name="ecoi">{{cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1419199.html|title=Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der JesidInnen, insbesondere in der Provinz Ninawa |last=Documentation|first=Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and|date=2017-10-02|website=www.ecoi.net|language=de|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref name="Kelsey Shanks">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI74CgAAQBAJ&q=yazidis+kurdification&pg=PT122|title=Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq|last=Shanks|first=Kelsey|date=2015-11-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317520429|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ] in ] is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by the Kurdish prince ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/explainer-who-are-the-yazidis|title=Explainer: Who are the Yazidis?|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>]] | |||
| == History == | |||
| The relations between the Yazidis and the Kurds were often tense.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vS4ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12|title=The Churchman's Monthly Magazine|date=1855|publisher=C. Shepard & Company|language=en}}</ref> Historically, there were many massacres of Yazidis committed by Kurds. In the 10th century the Kurds started persecuting the Yazidis in the ] mountains.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naby|first=Eden|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=]|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Esposito|location=|pages=|chapter=Yazīdīs|author-link=Eden Naby}}</ref> The Kurds persecuted the Yazidis with particular brutality.<ref name="Asatrian and Arakelova">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|title=The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World|last1=Asatrian|first1=Garnik S.|last2=Arakelova|first2=Victoria|date=2014-09-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317544289|language=en}}</ref> In the year 1832, about 70,000 Yazidis were killed by the Kurdish leaders ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzz.ch/international/nahost-und-afrika/bedrohte-minderheiten-im-orient-jagd-auf-den-engel-pfau-ld.135327|title=Jagd auf den Engel Pfau {{!}} NZZ|last=Steinvorth|first=Daniel|newspaper=Neue Zürcher Zeitung|date=2016-12-22|access-date=2019-09-30|language=de-CH|issn=0376-6829}}</ref> During his research trips in 1843, the Russian traveller and orientalist ] mentioned that 7,000 Yazidis were killed by Kurds on the hills of ] near ], shortly before his arrival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:428462247$90i|title=Appendix A: A visit to the Yezidis in 1843 by Ilya Berezin, in The Anthropology of Iraq|last=Field|first=Henry|date=1951|website=iiif.lib.harvard.edu|page=76|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> According to many historical reports, these massacres can today be classified as "]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=King|first=Diane E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNcyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6354-1|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| In 1414, the Kurds killed the Yazidis in the mountains of Hakkari.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&q=Sindi+Kurds&pg=PA45|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781784532161|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Then the Kurds destroyed the holy temple ] of the Yazidis and desecrated the tomb of ]. Later, the Yazidis rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.qantara.de/inhalt/die-religionsgemeinschaft-der-yezidi-weh-dem-der-nicht-ans-hoellenfeuer-glaubt|title=Die Religionsgemeinschaft der Yezidi: Weh dem, der nicht ans Höllenfeuer glaubt - Qantara.de|last=|first=|date=|website=Qantara.de - Dialog mit der islamischen Welt|language=de|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1832, the Kurdish emir ] (Mire Botan, the prince of ]) with his troops committed a massacre on the Yazidis in Shekhan. The Kurds have killed almost the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis tried to escape to ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Henning |title=Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family |date=2018 |isbn=978-3863095512 |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&q=bedir+khan+beg+yezidis&pg=PA52|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781784532161|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> By the attempt to escape to Sinjar, many Yazidis have going into the ] river. Those Yazidis who could not swim were killed by the Kurds. About 12,000 Yazidis were killed on the ] of the Tigris river by the Kurds. Kurds also kidnapped many Yazidi women and children.<ref name="Hamburg">{{cite web|url=https://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/6271994/21807c33b23c0f8e930ad75a1da7753c/data/eziden-und-ezidentum.pdf|title=Die Eziden und das Ezidentum – Geschichte und Gegenwart einer vom Untergang bedrohten Religion|last1=Tagay|first1=Sefik|last2=Ortac|first2=Serhat|date=|website=|pages=49–50|language=German|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
| In 1844, the Kurdish emir Bedir Khan Beg committed a repeated massacre on the Yazidis in the ] region. Many Yazidis were killed by the Kurds. The Kurds have also captured many Yazidis to force them to convert to Islam. Seven Yazidi villages have been forced to Islam and have converted.<ref name="Hamburg" /> | |||
| In 1915–1923, Yazidis were killed alongside ] during the ] at the hands of the Kurds. More than 300,000 Yazidis were killed. Many Yazidis have also fled to ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAFeDwAAQBAJ&q=yezidis+alongside+armenians&pg=PA266|title=The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|date=2018-06-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440842573|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gMXAwAAQBAJ&q=yezidis+armenian+genocide+kurds&pg=PA145|title=Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift|last=Rezvani|first=Babak|date=2014-03-15|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789048519286|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Modern times == | |||
| Since 2003, when the Kurds occupied the settlements of the Yazidis in the ], the Yazidis were undergoing a process of ] by the ] (KRG).<ref name="ecoi" /><ref name="Kelsey Shanks" /> According to a report by ], the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and some Yazidis were kidnapped and beaten by the KRG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|title=On Vulnerable Ground {{!}} Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories|date=2009-11-10|website=]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|quote=In one incident, Kurdish intelligence officers arrested two Yazidi activists, Khalil Rashu Alias and Wageed Mendo Hamoo, in May 2007. The two told Human Rights Watch that Kurdish authorities imprisoned the pair for almost six months and tortured them for resisting what they called the Kurdish colonization of their territory in Sinjar.}}</ref> | |||
| == Resistance of the Yazidis == | |||
| Some years ago, the Yazidis were a very powerful tribe.<ref name="Austen Henry Layard">{{Cite book|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-E-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA275|title=Niniveh and Its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, Or Devil-Worshippers : and an Enquiry Into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians|date=1849|publisher=Murray|language=en}}</ref> The most powerful tribe of the Yazidis inhabits the ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY8_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146|title=The Classical Journal|date=1813|publisher=A. J. Valpay.|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ])]] | |||
| == See also == | |||
| *] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
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