| Revision as of 03:30, 20 April 2022 editCitation bot (talk | contribs)Bots5,413,509 edits Add: bibcode, page, authors 1-1. Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | Category:Early species of Homo | #UCB_Category 19/21← Previous edit | Revision as of 13:34, 17 May 2022 edit undo65.99.36.97 (talk) Fixed spelling MistakesTag: RevertedNext edit → | ||
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| '''''Homo rhodesiensis''''' is the species name proposed by ] (1921) to classify ] (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), a ] fossil recovered from a cave at Broken Hill, or ], ] ( |
'''''Homo rhodesiensis''''' is the species name proposed by ] (1921) to classify ] (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), a ] fossil recovered from a cave at Broken Hill, or ], ] (formerly ]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/787018738 |title= GBIF 787018738 Fossil of ''Homo rhodesiensis'' Woodward, 1921 | publisher= GBIF org |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref>. In 2020, the skull was dated to 324,000 to 274,000 years ago. Other similar older specimens also exist.<ref name="Grün2020">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4| issn = 1476-4687| volume = 580| issue = 7803| pages = 372–375| last1 = Grün| first1 = Rainer| last2 = Pike| first2 = Alistair| last3 = McDermott| first3 = Frank| last4 = Eggins| first4 = Stephen| last5 = Mortimer| first5 = Graham| last6 = Aubert| first6 = Maxime| last7 = Kinsley| first7 = Lesley| last8 = Joannes-Boyau| first8 = Renaud| last9 = Rumsey| first9 = Michael| last10 = Denys| first10 = Christiane| last11 = Brink| first11 = James| last12 = Clark| first12 = Tara| last13 = Stringer| first13 = Chris| title = Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Rhodesia, and its position in human evolution| journal = Nature| date = 2020-04-01| pmid = 32296179| bibcode = 2020Natur.580..372G| s2cid = 214736650| url = https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/439146/1/Grun_Broken_Hill_submission.pdf}}</ref> | ||
| ''Homo rhodesiensis'' s.s. appears to have diverged earlier than ''H. heidelbergensis'' s.s. (Mauer)''. H. rhodesiensis'' s.l. is now mostly considered a synonym of '']'' s.l''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ni |first1=Xijun |last2=Ji |first2=Qiang |last3=Wu |first3=Wensheng |last4=Shao |first4=Qingfeng |last5=Ji |first5=Yannan |last6=Zhang |first6=Chi |last7=Liang |first7=Lei |last8=Ge |first8=Junyi |last9=Guo |first9=Zhen |last10=Li |first10=Jinhua |last11=Li |first11=Qiang |date=2021-08-28 |title=Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage |journal=The Innovation |language=English |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130 |issn=2666-6758 |pmc=8454562 |pmid=34557770 |last13=Stringer |first13=Chris |last12=Grün |first12=Rainer|page=100130 |bibcode=2021Innov...200130N }}</ref>'', or perhaps then slightly larger. Other designations such as ''Homo sapiens arcaicus''<ref name="Birx2010">{{cite book|author=H. James Birx|title=21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsF1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=10 June 2010|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6630-5|page=48}}</ref> and ''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis''<ref name="Wood2011">{{cite book|author=Bernard Wood|title=Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=440TmWXToLAC&pg=PT761|date=31 March 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-4247-5|pages=761–762}}</ref> have also been proposed. | ''Homo rhodesiensis'' s.s. appears to have diverged earlier than ''H. heidelbergensis'' s.s. (Mauer)''. H. rhodesiensis'' s.l. is now mostly considered a synonym of '']'' s.l''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ni |first1=Xijun |last2=Ji |first2=Qiang |last3=Wu |first3=Wensheng |last4=Shao |first4=Qingfeng |last5=Ji |first5=Yannan |last6=Zhang |first6=Chi |last7=Liang |first7=Lei |last8=Ge |first8=Junyi |last9=Guo |first9=Zhen |last10=Li |first10=Jinhua |last11=Li |first11=Qiang |date=2021-08-28 |title=Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage |journal=The Innovation |language=English |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130 |issn=2666-6758 |pmc=8454562 |pmid=34557770 |last13=Stringer |first13=Chris |last12=Grün |first12=Rainer|page=100130 |bibcode=2021Innov...200130N }}</ref>'', or perhaps then slightly larger. Other designations such as ''Homo sapiens arcaicus''<ref name="Birx2010">{{cite book|author=H. James Birx|title=21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsF1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=10 June 2010|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6630-5|page=48}}</ref> and ''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis''<ref name="Wood2011">{{cite book|author=Bernard Wood|title=Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=440TmWXToLAC&pg=PT761|date=31 March 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-4247-5|pages=761–762}}</ref> have also been proposed. | ||
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| *''']''', also called the Broken Hill skull, or "Rhodesian Man", was assigned by ] in 1921 as the type specimen for ''Homo rhodesiensis''; most contemporary scientists forego the taxon "rhodesiensis" altogether and assign it to ''Homo heidelbergensis''.<ref name=Hublin>Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: R. David Begun (ed.), ''A Companion to Paleoanthropology'', John Wiley, pp. 517-537 ().</ref> The ] was discovered in Mutwe Wa Nsofu Area in a ] and ] mine in Broken Hill, ] |
*''']''', also called the Broken Hill skull, or "Rhodesian Man", was assigned by ] in 1921 as the type specimen for ''Homo rhodesiensis''; most contemporary scientists forego the taxon "rhodesiensis" altogether and assign it to ''Homo heidelbergensis''.<ref name=Hublin>Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: R. David Begun (ed.), ''A Companion to Paleoanthropology'', John Wiley, pp. 517-537 ().</ref> The ] was discovered in Mutwe Wa Nsofu Area in a ] and ] mine in Broken Hill, ] on June 17, 1921<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/zambia-resolute-recovering-broken-hill-man-britain/ |title=Rhodesia resolute on recovering Broken Hill Man from Britain – Rhodesia Daily Mail |publisher=Daily-mail.co.zm |date=2015-01-10 |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss ]. In addition to the cranium, an upper ] from another individual, a ], a ], and two ] fragments were also found. | ||
| *''']''': The 600,000 year old<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fossilized.org/Human_paleontology/_sites_expanded.php?primy_key=245 |title= Bodo – Paleoanthropology site information |publisher= Fossilized org |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> fossil was found in 1976 by members of an expedition led by Jon Kalb at Bodo D'ar in the ] valley of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=3910 |title=Bodo Skull and Jaw |publisher=Skulls Unlimited |access-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061300/http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=3910 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the skull is most similar to those of Kabwe, Woodward's nomenclature was discontinued and its discoverers attributed it to ''H. heidelbergensis''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1233764/Bodo?anchor=ref892244 |title= Bodo fossil |publisher= Britannica Encyclopedia |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> It has features that represent a transition between '']''/''erectus'' and ''Homo sapiens''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nutcrackerman.com/2015/04/07/meet-bodo-and-herto/ |title= Meet Bodo and Herto There is some discussion around the species assigned to Bodo |publisher= Nutcracker Man |date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> | *''']''': The 600,000 year old<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fossilized.org/Human_paleontology/_sites_expanded.php?primy_key=245 |title= Bodo – Paleoanthropology site information |publisher= Fossilized org |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> fossil was found in 1976 by members of an expedition led by Jon Kalb at Bodo D'ar in the ] valley of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=3910 |title=Bodo Skull and Jaw |publisher=Skulls Unlimited |access-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061300/http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=3910 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the skull is most similar to those of Kabwe, Woodward's nomenclature was discontinued and its discoverers attributed it to ''H. heidelbergensis''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1233764/Bodo?anchor=ref892244 |title= Bodo fossil |publisher= Britannica Encyclopedia |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> It has features that represent a transition between '']''/''erectus'' and ''Homo sapiens''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nutcrackerman.com/2015/04/07/meet-bodo-and-herto/ |title= Meet Bodo and Herto There is some discussion around the species assigned to Bodo |publisher= Nutcracker Man |date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> | ||
| *''']''',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rightmire, G. Philip|year= 2005|title=The Lake Ndutu cranium and early ''Homo sapiens'' in Africa|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=61 |issue=2|pages=245–254|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330610214|pmid=6410925}}</ref> "the hominid from ]" in northern Tanzania, around 600-500,000 years old<ref name="Mturi_1967">Mturi, A A (August 1976). “New hominid from Lake Ndutu, Tanzania”. Nature 262: 484-485.</ref> or 400,000 years old. In 1976 R.J.Clarke classified it as '']'' and it has generally been viewed that way, although points of similarity to ''H. sapiens'' have also been recognized. After comparative studies with similar finds in Africa allocation to an African subspecies of ''H. sapiens'' was considered most appropriate by Phillip Rightmire.<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Lake Ndutu cranium and early ''Homo sapiens'' in Africa |date= June 3, 1983 |pmid=6410925 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330610214 |volume=61 |issue= 2 |journal=Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. |pages=245–54 |author=Rightmire GP}}</ref> An indirect cranial capacity estimate suggests 1100 ml. Its supratoral sulcus morphology and the presence of protuberance as suggested by Rightmire "give the Nudutu occiput an appearance which is also unlike that of ''Homo erectus''". And in a 1989 publication Clarke concluded: "It is assigned to archaic ''Homo sapiens'' on the basis of its expanded parietal and occipital regions of the brain".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Clarke-1990-JHE-Ndutu.pdf |title= The Ndutu cranium and the origin of ''Homo sapiens'' – R. J. Clarke |publisher= American Museum of Natural History |date= November 27, 1989 |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> But Stinger (1986) pointed out that a ''thickened iliac pillar'' is typical for ''Homo erectus''.<ref>The Evolution of ''Homo erectus'': Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species By G. Philip Rightmire Published by Cambridge University Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0-521-44998-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-44998-4}} </ref> In 2016, Chris Stringer classified the cranium as belonging to ''Homo heidelbergensis''/''Homo rhodesiensis'' (a species considered to be intermediate between ''Homo erectus'' and ''Homo sapiens'') rather than as early ''H. sapiens'', but considers it to display a "more sapiens-like zygomaxillary morphology" than certain other examples of ''Homo rhodesiensis''.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=27298468|pmc=4920294|year=2016|last1=Stringer|first1=C.|title=The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=371|issue=1698|pages=20150237|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0237}}</ref> | *''']''',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rightmire, G. Philip|year= 2005|title=The Lake Ndutu cranium and early ''Homo sapiens'' in Africa|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=61 |issue=2|pages=245–254|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330610214|pmid=6410925}}</ref> "the hominid from ]" in northern Tanzania, around 600-500,000 years old<ref name="Mturi_1967">Mturi, A A (August 1976). “New hominid from Lake Ndutu, Tanzania”. Nature 262: 484-485.</ref> or 400,000 years old. In 1976 R.J.Clarke classified it as '']'' and it has generally been viewed that way, although points of similarity to ''H. sapiens'' have also been recognized. After comparative studies with similar finds in Africa allocation to an African subspecies of ''H. sapiens'' was considered most appropriate by Phillip Rightmire.<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Lake Ndutu cranium and early ''Homo sapiens'' in Africa |date= June 3, 1983 |pmid=6410925 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330610214 |volume=61 |issue= 2 |journal=Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. |pages=245–54 |author=Rightmire GP}}</ref> An indirect cranial capacity estimate suggests 1100 ml. Its supratoral sulcus morphology and the presence of protuberance as suggested by Rightmire "give the Nudutu occiput an appearance which is also unlike that of ''Homo erectus''". And in a 1989 publication Clarke concluded: "It is assigned to archaic ''Homo sapiens'' on the basis of its expanded parietal and occipital regions of the brain".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Clarke-1990-JHE-Ndutu.pdf |title= The Ndutu cranium and the origin of ''Homo sapiens'' – R. J. Clarke |publisher= American Museum of Natural History |date= November 27, 1989 |access-date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> But Stinger (1986) pointed out that a ''thickened iliac pillar'' is typical for ''Homo erectus''.<ref>The Evolution of ''Homo erectus'': Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species By G. Philip Rightmire Published by Cambridge University Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0-521-44998-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-44998-4}} </ref> In 2016, Chris Stringer classified the cranium as belonging to ''Homo heidelbergensis''/''Homo rhodesiensis'' (a species considered to be intermediate between ''Homo erectus'' and ''Homo sapiens'') rather than as early ''H. sapiens'', but considers it to display a "more sapiens-like zygomaxillary morphology" than certain other examples of ''Homo rhodesiensis''.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=27298468|pmc=4920294|year=2016|last1=Stringer|first1=C.|title=The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=371|issue=1698|pages=20150237|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0237}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 13:34, 17 May 2022
Species of primate (fossil) See also: Homo bodoensis
| Homo rhodesiensis Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene 1.2–0.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ | |
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| Kabwe skull (1922 photograph) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Hominidae |
| Subfamily: | Homininae |
| Tribe: | Hominini |
| Subtribe: | Hominina |
| Genus: | Homo |
| Species: | †H. rhodesiensis |
| Binomial name | |
| †Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921 | |
Homo rhodesiensis is the species name proposed by Arthur Smith Woodward (1921) to classify Kabwe 1 (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), a Middle Stone Age fossil recovered from a cave at Broken Hill, or Kabwe, Northern Rhodesia (formerly Zambia).. In 2020, the skull was dated to 324,000 to 274,000 years ago. Other similar older specimens also exist.
Homo rhodesiensis s.s. appears to have diverged earlier than H. heidelbergensis s.s. (Mauer). H. rhodesiensis s.l. is now mostly considered a synonym of H. heidelbergensis s.l, or perhaps then slightly larger. Other designations such as Homo sapiens arcaicus and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have also been proposed.
Fossils
Main article: Homo heidelbergensis § Africa.jpg)
A number of morphologically comparable fossil remains came to light in East Africa (Bodo, Ndutu, Eyasi, Ileret) and North Africa (Salé, Rabat, Dar-es-Soltane, Djbel Irhoud, Sidi Aberrahaman, Tighenif) during the 20th century.
- Kabwe 1, also called the Broken Hill skull, or "Rhodesian Man", was assigned by Arthur Smith Woodward in 1921 as the type specimen for Homo rhodesiensis; most contemporary scientists forego the taxon "rhodesiensis" altogether and assign it to Homo heidelbergensis. The cranium was discovered in Mutwe Wa Nsofu Area in a lead and zinc mine in Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia on June 17, 1921 by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss miner. In addition to the cranium, an upper jaw from another individual, a sacrum, a tibia, and two femur fragments were also found.
- Bodo cranium: The 600,000 year old fossil was found in 1976 by members of an expedition led by Jon Kalb at Bodo D'ar in the Awash River valley of Ethiopia. Although the skull is most similar to those of Kabwe, Woodward's nomenclature was discontinued and its discoverers attributed it to H. heidelbergensis. It has features that represent a transition between Homo ergaster/erectus and Homo sapiens.
- Ndutu cranium, "the hominid from Lake Ndutu" in northern Tanzania, around 600-500,000 years old or 400,000 years old. In 1976 R.J.Clarke classified it as Homo erectus and it has generally been viewed that way, although points of similarity to H. sapiens have also been recognized. After comparative studies with similar finds in Africa allocation to an African subspecies of H. sapiens was considered most appropriate by Phillip Rightmire. An indirect cranial capacity estimate suggests 1100 ml. Its supratoral sulcus morphology and the presence of protuberance as suggested by Rightmire "give the Nudutu occiput an appearance which is also unlike that of Homo erectus". And in a 1989 publication Clarke concluded: "It is assigned to archaic Homo sapiens on the basis of its expanded parietal and occipital regions of the brain". But Stinger (1986) pointed out that a thickened iliac pillar is typical for Homo erectus. In 2016, Chris Stringer classified the cranium as belonging to Homo heidelbergensis/Homo rhodesiensis (a species considered to be intermediate between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens) rather than as early H. sapiens, but considers it to display a "more sapiens-like zygomaxillary morphology" than certain other examples of Homo rhodesiensis.
- The Saldanha cranium found in 1953 in South Africa, and estimated at around 500,000 years old, was subject to at least three taxonomic revisions from 1955 to 1996.
See also
References
- "GBIF 787018738 Fossil of Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921". GBIF org. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- Grün, Rainer; Pike, Alistair; McDermott, Frank; Eggins, Stephen; Mortimer, Graham; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Lesley; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Rumsey, Michael; Denys, Christiane; Brink, James; Clark, Tara; Stringer, Chris (2020-04-01). "Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Rhodesia, and its position in human evolution" (PDF). Nature. 580 (7803): 372–375. Bibcode:2020Natur.580..372G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32296179. S2CID 214736650.
- Ni, Xijun; Ji, Qiang; Wu, Wensheng; Shao, Qingfeng; Ji, Yannan; Zhang, Chi; Liang, Lei; Ge, Junyi; Guo, Zhen; Li, Jinhua; Li, Qiang; Grün, Rainer; Stringer, Chris (2021-08-28). "Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage". The Innovation. 2 (3): 100130. Bibcode:2021Innov...200130N. doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130. ISSN 2666-6758. PMC 8454562. PMID 34557770.
- H. James Birx (10 June 2010). 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4522-6630-5.
- Bernard Wood (31 March 2011). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 761–762. ISBN 978-1-4443-4247-5.
- "The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo" (PDF). Department of Anthropology, Harvard University. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: R. David Begun (ed.), A Companion to Paleoanthropology, John Wiley, pp. 517-537 (p. 523).
- "Rhodesia resolute on recovering Broken Hill Man from Britain – Rhodesia Daily Mail". Daily-mail.co.zm. 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
- "Bodo – Paleoanthropology site information". Fossilized org. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- "Bodo Skull and Jaw". Skulls Unlimited. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- "Bodo fossil". Britannica Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- "Meet Bodo and Herto There is some discussion around the species assigned to Bodo". Nutcracker Man. April 7, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- Rightmire, G. Philip (2005). "The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 61 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330610214. PMID 6410925.
- Mturi, A A (August 1976). “New hominid from Lake Ndutu, Tanzania”. Nature 262: 484-485.
- Rightmire GP (June 3, 1983). "The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 61 (2): 245–54. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330610214. PMID 6410925.
- "The Ndutu cranium and the origin of Homo sapiens – R. J. Clarke" (PDF). American Museum of Natural History. November 27, 1989. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
- The Evolution of Homo erectus: Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species By G. Philip Rightmire Published by Cambridge University Press, 1993 ISBN 0-521-44998-7, ISBN 978-0-521-44998-4
- Stringer, C. (2016). "The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 371 (1698): 20150237. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237. PMC 4920294. PMID 27298468.
- Wood, Bernard (31 March 2011). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set. ISBN 9781444342475. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Literature
- Woodward, Arthur Smith (1921). "A New Cave Man from Rhodesia, South Africa". Nature. 108 (2716): 371–372. Bibcode:1921Natur.108..371W. doi:10.1038/108371a0.
- Singer Robert R. and J. Wymer (1968). "Archaeological Investigation at the Saldanha Skull Site in South Africa". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 23 (3). The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 91: 63–73. doi:10.2307/3888485. JSTOR 3888485.
- Murrill, Rupert I. (1975). "A comparison of the Rhodesian and Petralona upper jaws in relation to other Pleistocene hominids". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. 66 (2): 176–187. doi:10.1127/zma/66/1975/176. PMID 806185. S2CID 3097781..
- Murrill, Rupert Ivan (1981). Ed. Charles C. Thomas (ed.). Petralona Man. A Descriptive and Comparative Study, with New Information on Rhodesian Man. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas. ISBN 0-398-04550-X.
- Rightmire, G. Philip (2005). "The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 61 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330610214. PMID 6410925..
- Asfaw, Berhane (2005). "A new hominid parietal from Bodo, middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 61 (3): 367–371. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330610311. PMID 6412559..
External links
Media related to Homo rhodesiensis at Wikimedia Commons- "Kabwe 1". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origin Program. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
| Homo heidelbergensis | |||||
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| Archaeology |
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| Transitional fossils with H. heidelbergensis traits |
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| Taxon identifiers | |
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| Homo rhodesiensis | |