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The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East; It is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyq. "Balıq" means city in Old Turkic language, so the meaning of Beshbalik/Beshbalyq is "Five cities". This city name appeared in ] record as both 五城(Wǔ Chéng, means 5 cities) or 别失八里(bié shī bā lǐ). It became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the ] attack on the Uyghur northern capital ] (''Khanbalyk''). |
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The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East; It is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyq. "Balıq" means city in Old Turkic language, so the meaning of Beshbalik/Beshbalyq is "Five cities". This city name appeared in ] record as both 五城(Wǔ Chéng, means 5 cities) or 别失八里(bié shī bā lǐ). It became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the ] attack on the Uyghur northern capital ] (''Khanbalyk''). |
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After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840,<ref>C. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 148, 159</ref> where they founded the ]. The Uyghurs submitted to ] in 1207. Beshbalik consisted of five parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his ] queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the ] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref></ref> ] were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called ] which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former ] and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).<ref name="Rossabi1983">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=alan+guard+mongols&pg=PA255|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04562-0|pages=255–}}</ref> Due to military struggles between the ] and the ] during the reign of ], the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century. The ] records the name as both Wu-ch'eng 五城 (5 cities) and Bie-shi-ba-li 别失八里.<ref>{{cite book|title=Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|year=1876|publisher=Trübner & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 |pages=5–6 |access-date=1 December 2014}}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10 |chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |year=1876|publisher=The Branch|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|access-date=1 December 2014}}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10|chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|author2=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |year=1876|publisher=Kelly & Walsh.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOA5NxDIbfYC&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> |
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After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840,<ref>C. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 148, 159</ref> where they founded the ]. The Uyghurs submitted to ] in 1207. Beshbalik consisted of five parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his ] queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the ] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref></ref> ] were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called ] which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former ] and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).<ref name="Rossabi1983">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=alan+guard+mongols&pg=PA255|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04562-0|pages=255–}}</ref> Due to military struggles between the ] and the Yuan dynasty during the reign of ], the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century. The '']'' records the name as both Wu-ch'eng 五城 (5 cities) and Bie-shi-ba-li 别失八里.<ref>{{cite book|title=Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|year=1876|publisher=Trübner & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 |pages=5–6 |access-date=1 December 2014}}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10 |chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |year=1876|publisher=The Branch|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|access-date=1 December 2014}}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10|chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|author2=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |year=1876|publisher=Kelly & Walsh.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOA5NxDIbfYC&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> |
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Jimsar city was established in the south of the ruins of Beshbalik.<ref>Paul Allan Mirecki, ], ''Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources,'' p. 106</ref> |
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Jimsar city was established in the south of the ruins of Beshbalik.<ref>Paul Allan Mirecki, ], ''Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources,'' p. 106</ref> |
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Location of Jimsar County (pink) in Changji Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang (light grey)