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| '''Mitrofan Viktorovich Dovnar-Zapolskiy''' ({{lang-be|Мітрафан Віктаравіч Доўнар-Запольскі}}, {{lang-ru|Митрофан Викторович Довнар-Запольский}}; 1867-06-14, ]—1934-09-30, ]<ref>He died of ], and so, it's considered, "avoided" further political repressions already looming.</ref>) was a ] and ] of ] origin. Son of ] (<small>столоначальник уездного жандармского управления</small>). From the family of land-less smaller nobility. | '''Mitrofan Viktorovich Dovnar-Zapolskiy''' ({{lang-be|Мітрафан Віктаравіч Доўнар-Запольскі}}, {{lang-ru|Митрофан Викторович Довнар-Запольский}}; 1867-06-14, ]—1934-09-30, ]<ref>He died of ], and so, it's considered, "avoided" further political repressions already looming.</ref>) was a ] and ] of ] origin. Son of ] (<small>столоначальник уездного жандармского управления</small>). From the family of land-less smaller nobility. | ||
| Author of more than 150 works on history of ], ], 19<sup>th</sup> cent. Russia, ] and ], on the social-political movement, peasants' problem and ethnography of Belarus<ref>Including more than 30 works on ethography and ] of Belarus. Author of writings on ethnography (since 1883), head of extensive ethnographical expedition in ] and ] ]s (1890—1891).</ref>. Notably, majority of his works were of scientifical-analytical nature. Extensively sourced his works on the materials from more than 20 archives in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] etc. Many of his works, as of 2000s, remained unpublished. For his scientific work, awarded ] 4<sup>th</sup> grade (1916). | Author of more than 150 works on history of ], ], 19<sup>th</sup> cent. Russia, ] and ], on the social-political movement, peasants' problem and ethnography of Belarus<ref>Including more than 30 works on ethography and ] of Belarus. Author of writings on ethnography (since 1883), head of extensive ethnographical expedition in ] and ] ]s (1890—1891).</ref>. Notably, majority of his works were of scientifical-analytical nature. Extensively sourced his works on the materials from more than 20 archives in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] etc. Many of his works, as of 2000s, remained unpublished. For his scientific work, awarded ] 4<sup>th</sup> grade (1916). | ||
| He is recognized as being a 'moderate nationalist' by modern ].<ref name="nat">] and ] use the term "moderate nationalist" in their book ''"Stalinism: Russian and Western views at the turn of the millennium'', "]", 2005, ISBN 0415351081, )</ref> | |||
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Revision as of 19:59, 23 February 2007
Mitrofan Viktorovich Dovnar-Zapolskiy (Template:Lang-be, Template:Lang-ru; 1867-06-14, Rechytsa—1934-09-30, Moscow) was a historian and ethnographer of Belarusian origin. Son of Collegiate Secretary (столоначальник уездного жандармского управления). From the family of land-less smaller nobility.
Author of more than 150 works on history of Kievan Rus', Muscovy, 19 cent. Russia, History of Lithuania and History of Belarus, on the social-political movement, peasants' problem and ethnography of Belarus. Notably, majority of his works were of scientifical-analytical nature. Extensively sourced his works on the materials from more than 20 archives in Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Kiev, Vilna, Warsaw, Cracow, Lviv, Kostroma, Yaroslavl', Novgorod, Nyasvizh etc. Many of his works, as of 2000s, remained unpublished. For his scientific work, awarded Order of Saint Vladimir 4 grade (1916).
He is recognized as being a 'moderate nationalist' by modern historigraphy.
Alumni of historical-philological faculty of Kiev University (1893), magister dissertation on history (Fall 1901), doctor dissertation on history (1906). Professor in Moscow University (1899), professor of Russian history in the Kiev University (since 1902), organiser and director of the Higher Commercial Courses (Kiev Commercial Institute since 1909) (Kiev, 1906), head of the Experts Chamber, head of several popular-scientific circles and societies in Kiev.
After the conflict with students of Kiev Commercial Institute (1917) and the scandalous "Case of Stashevskiy" (1917), resigned from almost all professorial work. Professor of the Kharkiv Institute of People's Economy (since December 1919) and of the Kharkiv University (1920—1921), pro-rector of the Azerbaydzhan University and professor of the Baku Polytechnical Institute (1922—1925). Professor of the Belarusian history in the Belarusian State University (October 1925—Fall 1926), creator of the Archeographical Commission of Inbelkult (1925, together with Dovgyallo). After the forced move to Moscow (Fall 1926), frequently had to seek occupation beyond the field of science there. Professor of Timiryazev Academy (1930s). In 1920s—1930s, occupied several management positions in the system of management of the economy in Soviet Ukraine, Azerbaydzhan, Belarus and Russia.
In politics
Participated in then illegal (democratic?) movements (1880s), was temporary banned to settle in Kiev. Later, sympathised with left movements.
Actively supported the Belarusian People's Republic (BPR), headed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kiev (1918). Prepared the project of the creation of the Belarusian University in Minsk (end March 1918). In May—October 1918, participated in work of the BPR's Diplomatic Mission in Kiev, which seeked the recognition of BPR with representatives of Soviet Russia, Ukraine, Don, Germany, Austro-Hungary.
By the request of BPR's authorities, prepared the notable informational "Memorandum" ("Foundations of statehood of Belarus"), published in Grodno and Vilna (1919), printed in Belarusian, Russian, Polish, German, French languages, also translated to English by P. Clark, which historically proved the necessity of creation of independent Belarusian state. This Memorandum was presented at the Versailles conference by the BPR's delegation, albeit without positive outcome.
His two sons perished in the ranks of Red Army during the Civil War in Russia.
His printed but then unpublished book "History of Belarus" caused uprage of the Belarusian political authorities (beg.1926), was denounced as a "Cathechesis of Belarusian National Democratism", and subsequently banned, manuscript confiscated. Consequently, Dovnar-Zapol'skiy was forced to move to Moscow, effectively exiled (Fall 1926), and never after returned to Belarus.
In 1930—1934, he was heavily criticised for the alleged "Neo-Narodnichestvo", attributed the authorship of the ideological basis of "National Democratism", equated to the "agents of fascism" by acad. V.K.Shcherbakov, politically denounced together with his scientific school by his former pupil prof. A.P.Ogloblin (Kiev, 1934).
In science
Pupil of professors Golubovskiy, Ikonnikov, and, esp., V.B.Antonovich. Seeked to emulate the combination of scientific and educational activities, as manifested by P.Shafarik, V.Karajic, N.I.Kostomarov.
Denounced view of Belarusians as devoid of nationality, was the decided promoter and supporter of Belarusian national revival in the beg.20 cent. Greeted the emergence of "strictly objective and scientific" trend in Belarusian historical and ethnographical research. Showed general sympathy with the Marxist theory, but wasn't awed by it.
Historical concepts
Promoted concept of primacy of history of people over the history of states. Considered ethnography and economics as highly important, if not chief factors in studying the history of socium.
In Belarusian history, postulated existence of Belarusian nationality with own history, distinct ethnographical features, rich folk culture, with Belarusian language being heir of talks of Krivichi and Dregovichs. Supported "colonisational theory" of emergence of state on Belarusian lands, considered lands of Krivichi and Dregovichs largely isolated from Ancient Rus' state and therefore evolving specifically. Postulated absence of ethnographical unity in Ancient Rus' state, with external political and military affairs being the only binding factors in it.
Viewed the creation of Great Duchy of Lithuania and Rus' in 13 cent. as a partly peaceful in creation, mutually beneficial union between princes of weakened Rus' and militant princes of Lithuania.
Considered both Lublin Union and Church Union a negative factors in Belarusian history, as an events promoting religious intolerance. Negatively viewed the incorporation of Belarusian lands into Russia after the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth partitions. Generally, he considered a "two evils" both influence of Polish "szlachta aristocratical republic" and influence of Russian "boyar oligarchy", as both excluded demos, being therefore perilous to the Belarusian people who are "highly democratic in their historical and folk traditions".
Later in 1920s, made an additional emphasis on the economical factor in history and the significance of class struggle in the history of Great Duchy.
Viewed by others
His person and works attracted all sorts of polar opinions. Up to 1930s, he was regarded generally positively by M.K.Lyubavskiy, V.I.Picheto, F.F.Turuk, D.I.Dovgyallo and others. In beg.1930s, he fell under stigmating critique and denounciation as a scientist by S.Ya.Vol'fson, V.M.Pertsev, V.K.Shcherbakov and others. In 1940s—1970s, comparatively "safe to touch" parts of his works (ethnographical, archeological, archeographical) were being explored and built upon by V.K.Bandarchyk, M.F.Pilipyenka, I.U.Chakvin, M.M.Ulashchyk, L.V.Alyaksyeyew). Historical part of his work remained visible as scarce references up to mid.1980s. Attempts of estimating him as a historian were made in monographies of U.M.Mikhnyuk, Z.Yu.Kapyski, V.U.Chapko. In 1990s, there appeared works researching the generalised scientific position of Dovnar-Zapol'skiy (S.I.Mikhal'chanka), the evolution of historical concept (Dz.U.Karaw, M.F.Shumyeyka).
Scientific works
History, economy and statistics of Belarus
- Sketch of history of lands of Krivichi and Dregovichi up to the end of XII century, Kiev, 1891.
- West Russian rural commune in XVI century, Saint-Petersburg, 1897.
- State economy of Great Duchy of Lithuania under Jagellons. Magister dissertation, Kiev, 1901.
- Sketches on organisation of West Russian peasantry. Doctor dissertation in XVI century, Kiev, 1906.
- History of Russian people's economy, Kiev, 1911.
- History of Belarus, preliminary completion in 1919, expanded and printed in 1925, banned, re-published from incomplete manuscript in 1994 and 2005.
- Sketch on social-economical structure of Belarus in XVI—XVIII cent., Myensk, 1925.
- People's economy of Belarus in 1861—1914, Myensk, 1926.
- USSR by region. Western region (Belarusian SSR and Western part of RSFSR), Moscow—Leningrad, 1928.
Ethnography and folklore of Belarus
- Belarusian marriage and marriage songs, Kiev, 1888.
- Belarusian marriage in cultural-religious survivals, Kiev, 1893.
- Belarusian Polesie. Collection of ethnographical materials by M.V.Dovnar-Zapol'skiy. Songs of Pinchuki, Kiev, 1895.
- Research and articles. Collection in 2 vol., Kiev, 1909.
Political history of Rus' and Russia
- Political setup of Ancient Rus', Moscow, 1906.
- Political ideals of M. M. Speranskiy, Moscow, 1906.
- Emerging of Ministries in Russia, Moscow, 1906.
- From history of social movements in Russia. Articles, Kiev, 1905.
Works on Decembrists movement
- Secret society of Decembrists, Moscow, 1906.
- Memoirs of Decembrists, Kiev, 1906.
- Ideals of Decembrists, Moscow, 1907.
Documental works
- Documents of Moscow archive of Ministry of Justice, Moscow, 1897.
- Barkulab Charter, 1897.
- Acts of Lithuanian-Russian state. Issue 1, 1390—1529, Moscow, 1898.
- Lithuanian memorabilia to Tartar hordes, Simferopol', 1898.
- Collection of materials on history of people of Volyn voidvodship in 17—18 cent., 1914 (unpublished).
- He died of stenocardia, and so, it's considered, "avoided" further political repressions already looming.
- Including more than 30 works on ethography and folklore of Belarus. Author of writings on ethnography (since 1883), head of extensive ethnographical expedition in Minsk and Grodno gubernias (1890—1891).
- John Leslie Howard Keep and Alter L. Litvin use the term "moderate nationalist" in their book "Stalinism: Russian and Western views at the turn of the millennium, "Routledge", 2005, ISBN 0415351081, p.162)
- Stashevskiy was his pupil and was involved in stealing of archive documents.
- It's believed that it was this former pupil memorandum that provoked the fatal stenocardia attack.
- Karaw 1994, p.5.
- Here Pinchuki is the Belarusian for Pinsk region dwellers.
References
- Бандарчык В. К. (Bandarchyk 1964) Гісторыя беларускай этнаграфіі XIX ст. — Мн.: Навука і тэхніка, 1964. — 282 с. pp.201—215.
- Караў Дз. У. (Karaw 1994) Прадмова // Доўнар-Запольскі М. В. Гісторыя Беларусі / Беларус. Энцыкл., Нац. арх. Рэсп. Беларусь.; Пер. з рус. Т. М. Бутэвіч, Т. М. Кароткая, Е. П. Фешчанка. — Мн.: БелЭн, 1994. — 510 с.: 1л. ISBN 5-85700-151-X. pp.5—15.
- Лебедева В.М., Скалабан В.В., Шумейко М.Ф. М. В. Довнар-Запольский и его наследие // Довнар-Запольский М. В. История Белорусии / М. В. Довнар-Запольский. — 2-е изд. — Мн.: Беларусь, 2005. — 680 с. ISBN 985-01-0550-X. pp.3—14.