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{{Short description|None}} {{short description|Misplaced Pages list article}}
{{Multiple issues|
A '''multimedia franchise''' (or a '''transmedia franchise''') is a ] for which installments exist in multiple forms of ], such as ]s, ]s, ], ], ] and ]s. Multimedia franchises usually develop due to the popularization of an original creative work, and then its expansion to other media through ]s, with respect to ] in the franchise's characters and settings,<ref>See, e.g., Barry Langford, ''Post-classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945'', p. 207, {{ISBN|074863858X}}: "For the studios, a home-run is a film from which a multimedia 'franchise' can be generated; the colossally expensive creation of cross-media conglomerates predicated on synergistic rewards provides an obvious imperative to develop such products".</ref> although the trend later developed wherein franchises would be launched in multiple forms of media simultaneously.<ref name="Brown">Harry J. Brown, ''Videogames and Education'' (2008), p. 41, {{ISBN|0765629496}}:
{{Cleanup|reason=Contains numerous syntax errors.|date=June 2021}}
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}}
A '''multimedia franchise''' (or a '''transmedia franchise''') is a ] for which installments exist in multiple forms of ], such as ]s, ]s, ], ], and ]s. Multimedia franchises usually develop due to the popularization of an original creative work, and then its expansion to other media through ]s, with respect to ] in the franchise's characters and settings,<ref>See, e.g., Barry Langford, ''Post-classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945'', p. 207, {{ISBN|074863858X}}: "For the studios, a home-run is a film from which a multimedia 'franchise' can be generated; the colossally expensive creation of cross-media conglomerates predicated on synergistic rewards provides an obvious imperative to develop such products".</ref> although the trend later developed wherein franchises would be launched in multiple forms of media simultaneously.<ref name="Brown">Harry J. Brown, ''Videogames and Education'' (2008), p. 41, {{ISBN|0765629496}}:


{{blockquote|In one of the most celebrated ventures in media convergence, Larry and Andy Wachowski, creators of ''The Matrix'' trilogy, produced the game ''Enter the Matrix'' (2003) simultaneously with the last two films of the trilogy, shooting scenes for the game on the movie's sets with the movie s actors, and releasing the game on the same day as ''The Matrix: Reloaded''. Likewise, on September 21, 2004, Lucasfilm jointly released a new DVD box set of the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy with ''Star Wars: Battlefront'', a combat game in which players can reenact battles from all six ''Star Wars'' films. In 2005, Peter Jackson likewise produced his blockbuster film ''King Kong'' (2005) in tandem with a successful ''King Kong'' game designed by Michael Ancel and published by Ubisoft. In the last several years, numerous licensed videogame adaptations of major summer and holiday blockbusters were released a few days before or a few days after their respective films, including: all three ''Star Wars'' films (1999–2005); all five ''Harry Potter'' films (2001–2008); all three ''Spider-Man'' films (2002–2007); ''Hulk'' (2002); ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (2002); ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (2003); ''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'' (2005); ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest'' (2006); ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' (2007); and ''Transformers'' (2007). These multimedia franchises have made it more difficult to distinguish the production of films and videogames as separate enterprises.}}</ref> {{quote|In one of the most celebrated ventures in media convergence, Larry and Andy Wachowski, creators of ''The Matrix'' trilogy, produced the game ''Enter the Matrix'' (2003) simultaneously with the last two films of the trilogy, shooting scenes for the game on the movie's sets with the movie s actors, and releasing the game on the same day as ''The Matrix: Reloaded''. Likewise, on September 21, 2004, Lucasfilm jointly released a new DVD box set of the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy with ''Star Wars: Battlefront'', a combat game in which players can reenact battles from all six ''Star Wars'' films. In 2005, Peter Jackson likewise produced his blockbuster film ''King Kong'' (2005) in tandem with a successful ''King Kong'' game designed by Michael Ancel and published by Ubisoft. In the last several years, numerous licensed videogame adaptations of major summer and holiday blockbusters were released a few days before or a few days after their respective films, including: all three ''Star Wars'' films (1999–2005); all five ''Harry Potter'' films (2001–2008); all three ''Spider-Man'' films (2002–2007); ''Hulk'' (2002); ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (2002); ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (2003); ''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'' (2005); ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest'' (2006); ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' (2007); and ''Transformers'' (2007). These multimedia franchises have made it more difficult to distinguish the production of films and videogames as separate enterprises.}}</ref>


In order to qualify for these lists, a franchise must have works in at least '''three''' forms of media, and must have two or more separate works in at least '''two''' of those forms of media (a television series or comic book series is considered a single work for purposes of this list; multiple spin-off series or ] of a previously ended series are considered multiple works). For example, a television series that spawned one film and one novelization would not qualify; a television series that had a spin-off series, or was remade as a new series, and which spawned two films and one novelization does qualify. These lists do not include ], which do not involve licensing or other means by which an author or owner controls the franchise. A franchise may be included if it obtained multimedia franchise status prior to works within the collection entering the public domain. In order to qualify for this list, a franchise must have works in at least '''three''' forms of media, and must have two or more separate works in at least '''two''' of those forms of media (a television series or comic book series is considered a single work for purposes of this list; multiple spin-off series or ] of a previously ended series are considered multiple works). For example, a television series that spawned one film and one novelization would not qualify; a television series that had a spin-off series, or was remade as a new series, and which spawned two films and one novelization does qualify. This list does not include ], but which do not involve licensing or other means by which an author or owner controls the franchise. A franchise may be included if it obtained multimedia franchise status prior to works within the collection entering the public domain.


Note: In the following table, the initial media through which the franchise characters or settings became known is shown in boldface. Only works of fiction are only considered part of the series; a book or a documentary film ''about'' the franchise is not itself an installment in the franchise.
Following are lists of multimedia franchises, divided by media characteristics:


List of multimedia feature length original blockbuster franchises: ] ('']'', '']'' and '']''), ] ('']'', '']'' and '']''), ] ('']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''), ] ('']'' and '']''), ] and ] ('']'', '']'' and '']''), ] ('']'' and '']''), '']'' and '']'', ] ('']'') and many others.
==Multimedia franchises originating in print==
{{main|List of multimedia franchises originating in print}}
;Franchises originating in literary works
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;Franchises originating in comics and printed cartoons ==Franchises originating in literary works==
These franchises began as novels, short stories, and other forms of purely literary works.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
*]
! style="width:20%;"| '''Literature'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated films'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action films'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1996)<br>several sequels || ] || no || no || no || '']'' (2011-2019) || ], beginning in 2007 || board games, role-playing games
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1991)<br>''Budapesti skizo'' (1997) ||no || no || ] (2000) <br>'']'' (2002) || no || no || no || ]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1931)<br>various || no || '']'' (1986) <br> '']'' (1989) <br> '']'' (1999) || no || '']'' (1989-1991; 2000) <br> '']'' (2010-2014) <br> ] || '']'' (1968) || various || various
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1968)<br>] by another writer || several || no || '']''<br />(1982)<br />'']'' (2017)|| no ||no|| ]<br>] || -
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small> || ''''']''''' (1928)<br>several others || ] || no || '']'' (1979) || ] (1950–1951)<br>'']'' (1979–1981) || no || '']'' (1988)<br>several others ||
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small> || ''''']''''' (1997)<br>several sequels'<br>activity books|| in-universe graphic novel series, including '']'' || '']'' (2017) || no || ] (2018-2020) || no|| no || ? || ||
*]
|-
*]
|]<ref name="Brown"/><br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1950)<br>several sequels || no || '']'' (1979) || ] (2005–present) || no || '']'' (1967)<br>'']'' (1988– 1990) || ] || ]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''']''' (published from 1932–1936); various later publications|| ] || no || '']'' (1982), and several others || '']'' (1992–1993)<br>'']'' (1994)|| '']'' (1997–1998) || ], beginning with '']'' (1984) || -
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1941); numerous sequels || no || '']'' (2006); various || no || '']'' (2006); various || no || '']'' (2006 ) || -
*]
|-
*]/]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| '']'' (1966)<br>''''']''''' (1979) || yes || no || '']'' (1988)<br>'']'' (1992)<br>'']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (2007)<br>'']'' (2013) || no || no || ] ||
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1983); several sequels and spin-offs || ] || no || '']'' (2006)<br>'']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2010) || '']'' (1997)<br>'']'' (1998) || '']'' (upcoming) || ] || stage and radio plays<br>board games
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1965); numerous prequel and sequel novels || '']'' || no || '']'' (1984) || no || '']'' (2000)<br> '']'' (2003) || '']'' (1992); ] || '']'' board game (1979); other games, soundtracks
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1985)<br>several prequels, sequels, and spinoffs || ] || no || '']'' (2013) || no || no || no || ]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1957)<br>seven sequels || yes, two issues published in 1966|| '']'' (1972; made for TV) || '']'' (1965)<br>'']'' (1961)<br>'']'' (1963) || no || '']'' (1965)<br>'']'' (1986–1988) || no || Stage productions in 2000 and 2007
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1969)<br>several sequels || no || no || '']'' (1972)<br>'']'' (1974)<br>'']'' (1990) || no || ] (1977) || '']'' (1991)<br>'']'' (2006) <br>'']'' (2010) || -
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1981)<br>several sequels || no || no || '']'' (1986)<br>'']'' (1991)<br>'']'' (2001)<br>'']'' (2002)<br>'']'' (2007) || no || '']'' (2013-2015)<br>'']'' (2021-) || no || -
*]
|-
*]
|]<ref name="Brown"/><ref>Nick Hunter, ''Popular Culture: 2000 and Beyond'' (2012), page 11, {{ISBN|1410946266}}: "The Harry Potter series was another huge multimedia franchise that triumphed at the box office".</ref><br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1997)<br>several sequels || no || no || ] (eight films released between 2001 and 2011) || no || no || ] || ] theme parks<br>]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1920)<br>] || '']'' (2004–2005)<br>graphic novel adaptations || no || ] || '']'' (2004–2005) || '']'' (1989–2013) || '']'' (2006)<br>3 sequels || stage and radio plays
*]
|-
{{div col end}}
|]<br><small>(])</small>
|'''''Hotel Transylvania''''' (2001)
|no
|'']'' (2012)<br>'']'' (2015)<br>'']'' (2018)
|no
|'']''
|no
|]
]
]
]
|]
]
]
]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (2003)<br>several sequels || no || '']'' (2010)<br>'']'' (2014)<br>'']'' (2019)<br>5 short films || no || '']'' (2012–2018)<br>'']'' (2019-)|| no || ] || live stage show
|-
|]<ref>John Sutherland, ''Lives of the Novelists: A History of Fiction in 294 Lives'' (2012), p. 195, {{ISBN|0300182430}}: "It was the films, beginning with Dr No in 1962, which made Bond into a multimedia franchise which continues to turn over more money per annum than any other literary creation of the twentieth century, with the possible exception of the Harry Potter films".</ref><br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1953)<br>]<br>over 30 other novels and published stories by other authors || ] || no || ]<br>over 20 films || '']'' (1991–1992) || no || ] || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1980)<br>several sequels || no || no || '']'' (1988 TV movie), '']'' (2002), and ] || no || no || '']'' (2008) || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1981)<br>'']'' (2002) || no || no || '']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (2005)<br>'']'' (2017)<br>'']'' (2019)<br>|| ] (1996-1999) || no || ] ||
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1990)<br>'']'' (1995) || ] || no || '']'' (1993)<br>'']'' (1997)<br>'']'' (2001)<br>'']'' (2015)<br>'']'' (2018) || '']'' (2020-present) || no || ] || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1995); 15 prequel and sequel novels<br>'']'' series || no || no || '']'' (2000)<br>'']'' (2002)<br>'']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2014)<br>'']'' (2016) || no || no || '']'' || no
|-
|]
<small>(])</small>
|] (1982–1987)
|] (1986–2000)
|spinoffs to OVA series (1988–1993)


''The Legend of the Galactic Heroes: Die Neue These Seiran'' trilogy (2019)
==Multimedia franchises originating in television series==
|no
{{main|List of multimedia franchises originating in television series}}
|''The Legend of the Galactic Heroes: Die Neue These Kaikō (2018)''
|no
|several
|] (1988–1997)
] (1988–1997)


Gaiden OVA spinoffs
;Franchises originating in animated television series
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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{{div col end}}


stage productions
;Franchises originating in live action television series
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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*]<ref>Not related to the Marvel franchise.</ref>
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{{div col end}}


board game
==Multimedia franchises originating in films==
|-
{{main|List of multimedia franchises originating in films}}
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (eight books; 1934-1988) || no || no || '']'' (1964)<br>'']'' (2018) || no || no || no || '']'' (musical)
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| '''''Digital Devil Story''''' (1986)<br>two sequels and video game adaptations || ] || '']'' (2013) || no || ] || no || ] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1945)<br>]||]<br>comic book|| '']'' (1993)<br>'']'' (2014)<br>two compilation movies || no || ] || ] || several || ] theme park<br>]<br>other merchandise
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1956)<br>'']'' (1967) || - || '']'' (1961)<br>'']'' (2003) || '']'' (1996)<br>'']'' (2000) || '']'' (1997–1998)<br>''101 Dalmatian Street'' (debuting 2019) || no || '']'' (1997) || '']'' (2009)
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1933); 81 other novels || no || no || no || no || '']'' (1957–1966)<br>'']'' (1973–1974)<br>] (1985–1995) || no || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>||''''']''''' (1963)<br>several sequels||]||no||'']'' (1968); numerous sequels, and a reboot series.||'']'' (1975)||'']'' (1974)||]||various
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1959) || ] (1992) || no || ] (1960)<br>Various sequels and remakes || no || '']'' (2013–2017) || ] (1988) || various
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1972)<br>various others || ] || no || '']'' (1982)<br>'']'' (1985)<br>'']'' (1988)<br>'']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2019) || '']'' (1986) || no || ] ||
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1939)<br>several sequels|| yes || '']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2001)|| no || various TV specials || no || no || '']'' (song, 1959)
|-
|]<br>(])
|''''']''''' (1990)
|]
|'']'' (2001)<br>'']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2007)<br>'']'' (2010)
|no
|various TV specials
|no
|]
|]
]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>||''''']''''' (1997)<br>'']'' (2010)<br>'']'' (2011) || no || no || '']'' <br> '']'' || no || '']'' <br> '']'' || no || no
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>||'''''Starship Troopers''''' (1959) || no || '']'' (2012) || '']'' (1997)<br>2 direct-to-DVD sequels || '']'' (1999–2000) || no || ] || several table-top games<br>]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>||]|| ] || '']'' (2017) || no || '']'' (2012)<br>'']'' (2014)<br>'']'' (2018 - ongoing) || no || yes || Figures
|-
| ]<ref name="Brown"/><br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1937)<br>'']'' (1954)<br>'']'' (1954) <br>'']'' (1954) <br>] || ] || '']'' (1977)<br>'']'' (1978)<br>'']'' (1980) || ] (2001−2003)<br>] (2012−2014) || no || no || ] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']''''' (1945–2011) || no || yes || ''''']''''' (2000) || ''''']''''' (1984–2021)<br>''''']''''' (2021–present) || ''''']''''' (1989–1995) || yes || Scale models
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>||''''']'''''<br> '']'' and '']''<br>Featured in two others || no || ] || '']'' (2018)<br>Outside of that film, not primarily. A bit of live-action was used in some of the animated films. || various || yes || various || Consisted of ], specials, songs and theme rides, etc. See also the ].
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''''']'''''<br>'']'' || ] || no || '']'' (2001)|| no || '']'' (2002) <br> '']'' (2019-present) || '']'' (2007)<br>'']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2014) || ]
|}


;Franchises originating in animated films ==Franchises originating in comics and printed cartoons==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
*]
! style="width:20%;"| '''Comics'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated films'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action films'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>||]||'''cartoons in '']''''' (1938–1988)<br>||'']'' (2019)||'']'' (1991)<br>'']'' (1993)||'']'' (1973–1975)<br>'']'' (1992–1993)||'']'' (1964–1966)<br>'']'' (1998–1999)||]||'']'', a Broadway musical
*]
|-
*]
|]<ref name="avp">Note: Alien vs. Predator is a crossover franchise established from the existing Alien and Predator franchises</ref><br><small>(]) </small>|| ] || ] (beginning 1989) || no || '']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2007) || no || no || ] || -
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ''''']''''', various series, beginning in 1941 || The Archies in Jugman (TV Movie)|| '']'' (TV movie) || '']'' (1968–1969) <br>'']'' (1999–2000) and many others|| ] (2017), '']'' (2020)|| no || Radio show
*]
|-
*]
|]
*]
<small>(] and ])</small>
*]
|no
*]
|''''']''' (1968–1973)''
*]
|''] (1980)''
*]
''] (1981)''
*]
|''Ashita no Joe (1970)''
*]
''Ashita no Joe (2011)''
*]
|'']'' (1970–1971)
*]
'']'' (1980–1981)
{{div col end}}


'']'' (2018)
;Franchises originating in live-action films
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
{{div col end}}


] (2021''–'')
==Multimedia franchises originating in games, toys, and merchandise==
|no
{{main|List of multimedia franchises originating in games, toys, and merchandise}}
|yes
|'']'' (2003)
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ''''']''''' (serialized in '']'' 1959-1960, collected volume published in 1961)<br>37 more volumes|| ] || ] || no || no || ] || ] theme park<br>board games and gamebooks
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ''''']''''' (2009 - ongoing) || yes || ] || '']'' (2013 - ongoing) || no || ] || Theme park<br>Action Figures and Toys
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || '']'' (2006)<br> '']'' (2007)<br>'']'' (2008)<br> '']'' (2010) || '']'' || '']'' (2004–2012)|| no || ] || musicals<br>]
|-
|]<ref>"Media crossovers have us asking, 'who's ripping off who?'", '']'' (July 14, 2000), p. E3: "Marvel Comics is already reaping an "X-cellent" multimedia bounty on the backs of the special effects-laden feature..."</ref><br><small>(], ], ], ], ], ], et al.)</small><br>(includes ],<ref>Ian Gordon, Mark Jancovich, Matthew P. McAllister, ''Film and Comic Books'' (2007), p. 161, {{ISBN|160473809X}}: "hen considering Superman as a multimedia franchise, and critical interpretations of him, it would seem that development and variety have been central to his longevity".</ref> ], ], and many others) || yes || ''']''' || yes || '']'' (1951) and ] || yes || yes || yes || ]. ('']'', '']'', etc.) Imprint of DC. Has connections to the universe sometimes.
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>||]||''''']''''' (2003-2006)||no||'']'' (2006); several others||]||yes||]|| -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ''''']''''' || 18 ] || no || ]<br>] || yes || ] || Trade cards
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no|| ] <br>'']''<br>'']'' || ] || no || '']'' (1973)<br>'']'' (1979−2005)<br>'']'' (2005−ongoing) || no || ] || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| '']'' (2007)<br>several sequels<br>spin-off series || '''''Diary of a Wimpy Kid'' webcomic''' (2004-2005)|| yes || '']'' (2010)<br>'']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2012)<br>'']'' (2017) || no || no || Poptropica tie-ins || Toys<br>Action figures
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || ] || '']'' (2009); several others || '']'' (1986−1989)<br>'']'' (1989−1996)<br>'']'' (1996−1997)<br>'']'' (2015−2018)<br>'']'' (2018 - ongoing) || no || ] || Toys<br>Action figures<br>Collectible Card Game
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || '''Serialized in Pilipino Komiks''' (1952–53) || no || ] (1953, 1964, 1973, 1978, 1990, and 1996) || no || '']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2014) || no ||
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || '']'' (2012)<br>'']'' (2017) || ] || '']'' '']'' (2003−2004) || no || yes ||-
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ] (syndicated in 1978) || yes || '']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2006) || '']'' (1988–1994) '']'' (2009–2016) || no || yes || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ''''']''''' (1989–1990) || '']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (2004) || '']'' (2017) || '']'' (2002–2003) || no || '']'' (1997)<br>'']'' (2004) || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] (1993−present) || '']'' (2006)<br>'']'' (2007) || '']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2008)<br> ] (2019) || no || no || ] || -
|-
|]
<small>(])</small>
|no
|] (1995−2013)
|] (2001)
'']''
|] (2005)
|]
|no
|Several including ]
|toys
model kits


]
;Franchises originating in video games including film and/or television works
|-
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] (1977−present) || no || '']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (2012)|| no || no || ] || -
*]
|-
*]
| ]<br><small>(])</small>||no ||''''']'' comics''' (1946 – ongoing)<br>''Rantanplan'' (1987 - 2011)<br>''Kid Lucky'' (1995 - 1997, 2011 - ongoing) ||'']'' (1971)<br>'']'' (1978)<br>''Les Dalton en cavale'' (1983)<br>'']'' (2017)||'']'' (1991)<br>'']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2009) ||'']'' (1983)<br>''Lucky Luke'' (1991)<br>'']'' (2001 - 2003)<br>''Rintindumb'' (2006)<br>||'']'' (1992)<br>'']'' (2010)||several||
*]
|-
*]
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| No || ] (1977−present) || ], ], ], ], ]: ( ''see'' ]) || '']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2008)<br> ] (2019) || ] || ] || ] || Two stage Musicals, Music Soundtrack. Board game
*]
|-
*]
| ]<br><small>(])</small>||several ''Bibliothèque Rose'' books ||'''''Marsupilami'' comic albums''' (1987 - ongoing)<br>Comics in '']'' magazine (1993 - 1994) || no ||'']'' (2012) ||'']'' shorts (1992) <br>'']'' (1993) <br>'']'' (2000-)||no ||'']'' (1995) ||
*]
|-
*]
| ]<ref>Gilbert A. Blouchard, "Mining comic books for movie gold is old hat", '']'' (July 14, 2000), p. E3: "Marvel Comics is already reaping an "X-cellent" multimedia bounty on the backs of the special effects-laden feature..."</ref><br><small>(], ], ], et al.)</small><br>(includes ],<ref name="Brown"/> ],<ref name="Brown"/> ], ], and many others) || yes || ''']''' || yes || '']'' (1944); '']'' (2000); '']'' (2002); ]<br> See also ] || '']'' (1966), ] || '']'' (1977–1979); '']'' (1977–1982)<br>] || '']'' (1982) and ] || '']'' (Broadway musical)
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ] || no || ] || '']'' || no || ] || '']''
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || '']'' (2018) || no || '']'' (2016 – ongoing) || no || yes || ]<br>Toys<br>Action figures
*]
|-
*]
|]/]<br><small>(], ], Ukyō Kodachi)</small> || ] || ] || ] || no || '']'' (2002–2007)<br>'']'' (2007 – 2017)<br> '']'' (2012–2013) <br> '']'' (2017 – ongoing)|| no || ] || ]<br>]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] (1997 - ongoing) || ] || no || '']'' (1999 - ongoing)|| no || ] || ]<br>]<br>]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>||several||''''']''''' (1950–2000); numerous compilation books; comic books by ] and ]; graphic novels by ]||'']'' (1969)<br>'']'' (1972)<br>'']'' (1977)<br> '']'' (1980)<br>'']'' (2015)||no||several TV spiecials from 1965 to 2011, starting with '']''<br>'']'' (1983–1986)<br>'']'' (1988–1989)<br>'']'' (2014)<br>'']'' (2019–present)<br>'']'' (2021-present)||no||]||'']'' (1965 album) and several other albums<br>]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || '''''Ranma ½''''' (1987–1996) || ] || ] (2011) || ] || no || ] || ]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || '''''Thimble Theatre''''' comic strips;<br>] || ] || '']'' (1980) || numerous || no || yes || -
*]
|-
*]
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ] (1993–1997) || '']'' (1993)<br>'']'' (1994)<br>'']'' (1995) || no || '']'' (1992–1996)<br>'']'' (2014–2016)|| '']'' (2003–2004)|| ] || ]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ]<br>] || ] || no || '']'' (1986−1989)<br>'']'' (2012−2014) || no || ] || ]<br>]<br>]<br>]
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small> || several guide books || ] (1999–present)<br>various tie-ins and spinoffs || '']'' (2006); four other films || no || ]/''Sergeant Keroro'' (2004-2011)<br>''Keroro'' (2014) || no || several || music CDs<br>'']'' magazine<br> '']'' magazine
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ''''']''''' (1947—2001)<br>] (1958—1992) || '']'' (1965)<br>'']'' (1976) <br>'']'' (2017)|| '']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2013)|| '']'' (1981–89) || no || yes || yes
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ''''']''''' (1992–present)<br>'']'' (1998–1999) various spin-offs,one-shots,crossovers,mini series,and ongoing series|| no || '']'' (1997) || '']'' (1997–1999) || no || ] || '']'' (1996)
*]
|-
*]
|Spirou/]<br><small>(])</small>||yes||'''Comics in '']'' magazine''' (1938–ongoing)<br>] (1948–ongoing)<br>'']'' (1990–ongoing) (spin-off)||no||''Les aventures de Spirou et Fantasio'' (2018)<br>''Le Petit Spirou'' (2017) (spin-off adaption)||''Spirou'' (1993–1994)<br>'']'' (2006–2009)<br>''Spirou and co'' (series of animated shorts)<br>''Le Petit Spirou'' (2012–ongoing) (spin-off adaption)||no||''Spirou'' (1995)<br>''Spirou: The Robot Invasion'' (2000)||Parc Spirou theme park<br>audio plays
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| no || ''''']''''' (1984–2009)<br>various || yes || yes || yes || '']'' (1997–1998) || yes || -
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || '''cartoons in '']''''' (1929–1939)<br>'']'' series || ] || '']'' (1961)<br>'']'' (1964) || '']''<br>'']'' || no || ] || ]<br>musical<br>stage play
*]
|-
*]
|]<br><small>(Rex Maxon)</small>|| 4 novels || '''''Turok: Son of Stone''''' (1956–1982; 2010–2011)<br>''Turok: Dinosaur Hunter'' (1993–1996; 2014-)<br>''Turok'' (1998) || yes || no || no || no || ] || -
*]
|-
*]
| ]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| ] || ''''']''''' (2003 – present) || ] || no || no || ] (2010 – present) || '']'' (2012)<br>'']'' (2013) || -
*]
|-
*]
*] |]
<small>(])</small>
*]
|no
*]
|''''']''''' (1990 – 2008)
*]
''Wangan Midnight: C1 Runner (2009 – 2012)''
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
{{div col end}}


''Ginkai no Speed Star (2014 – 2015)''
;Franchises originating in video games not including film and/or television works
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
{{div col end}}


''Shutoko SPL - Ginkai no Speedster (2016 – present)''
;Franchises originating in board games, card games, tabletop games and role-playing games
|no
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
|12 direct-to-video movies (1991 – 2001)
*]
] (2009)
*]
|] (2007 – 2008)
*]
|no
*]
|''Wangan Midnight'' (2001)
*]
''Wangan Midnight R'' (2001)
*]
*]
*]
*]
{{div col end}}


] (2007)
;Franchises originating in toys, attractions and other media

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{Interlanguage link|Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune|lt=''Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune'' series|ja|湾岸ミッドナイト MAXIMUM TUNEシリーズ|zh|WD=灣岸Mid-Night Maximum Tune系列}} (2004 – present)
*]
|toys
*]
model kits
*]
|-
*]
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ''''']''''' (1996–2004)<br>'']'' (2004–2008)<br>] || '']'' (1999)<br>'']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2010)<br>'']'' (2016) || no || '']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2000–2004)<br>'']'' (2004–2008)<br>] || no || ] || ]
*]
|-
*]
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ] (1990–1994) || '']'' (1993)<br>'']'' (1994) || no || '']'' (1992–1995) || no || ] || ]<br>]<br>]
*]
|}
*]

*]
==Franchises originating in television series==
*]
===Franchises originating in animated television series===
*]
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated films'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action films'''
*]
! style="width:15%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
*]
! style="width:15%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
*]
! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
{{div col end}}
|-
|'']''
<small>(])</small>
|yes
|yes
|]
|no
|''''']''''' (2011-2019)
'']'' (2019)

'']'' (2020-2021)
|no
|yes
|Toys
Music

Theme Park Ride
|-
|'']''<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| ] ||] || no ||'']''|| ''''']'''''<br>'']''|| '']'' (2021-)||] || ]<br>]<br>]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || yes || yes || yes || ''''']''''' (2005–2008)<br>'']'' (2008–2010)<br>'']'' (2010–2012)<br>'']'' (2012–2014)<br>] (2016-2021) || no || yes || Action figures<br>Toys
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || no || various feature-length TV specials|| no || ''''']''''' (1998-2004)<br>'']'' (2005-2008)<br>'']'' (2010–2012)<br>'']'' (2015-2018)|| no || yes || several children's songs including the ]<br>various toys<br>theme park attractions<br>live stage show
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ] || '']'' (1966)<br>'']'' (2015)<br>several TV specials and movies || '']'' (1994)<br>'']'' (2000) || '''''The Flintstones''''' (1960–1966)<br>several other animated series || no || ] || 2 theme parks<br>live stage show
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| numerous || ] || Over 6 depending on criteria || '']'' (2000) || ''''']''''' (1979–1982), and 15 additional series || no || ] || Hundreds of ], traditional merchandise and exotic specials including a car.
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| numerous || various graphic novels || ''The Loud House Movie'' (2021) || no || ''''']''''' (2016-)<br>'']'' (2019-) || no || The Loud House: Outta Control || various toys
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || no || ] (1994–2013) || ]|| no || ''''']''''' (1995–1996)|| no || ] || '']''<br>]<br>]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || no || yes || no || no || ''''']''''' (2013-) || no || various || various stage shows
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || '']'' (2020);<br>various others || '']'' (2002), '']'' (2004) || ''''']''''' (1969–1970), 11 others || no || yes || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || '']'' (2007) || no ||''']''' from '']'' (1987–1989)<br>'']'' (1989-) || no || yes ||]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || no || '']'' manga (1974–1975)<br>'']'' manga (2000–2001) || '']'' (1977)<br>and various sequels (1978–2002) || '']'' (2010) || ''''']''''' (1974–1980)<br>'']'' (1979–1984)<br>'']'' (2013) || no || '']'' (1999) and sequels || Toys<br>Action figures<br>pre-fabricated kits<br>Music
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || yes || yes || '']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2020) || '']'' (2015) || ''']''' (1997)<br>''''']''''' (1999–)<br>'']'' (2021-)|| several scenes || yes || Toys<br>Action figures<br>Music
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || yes || yes || ] (2019) || no || ''''']''''' (2013-2019)<br> '']'' (2019-2020) || no || yes || Action figures
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || no || ] || '']'' (1986) || no || ''''']''''' (1984–1985)<br>'']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2010) || no || '']'' (2011)|| ]<br>]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || yes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/|title=Online Bookstore: Books, NOOK ebooks, Music, Movies & Toys|first=Barnes &|last=Noble|website=Barnes & Noble}}</ref>|| yes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comicvine.com/winx-club-magazine/4050-34733/|title=Winx Club Magazine (Volume) - Comic Vine|work=comicvine.com}}</ref>|| '']'' (2007)<br>'']'' (2010)<br>'']'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3885932/|title=Winx Club: The Mystery of the Abyss|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>|| no || ''''']''''' (2004–Present)<br> '']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2016-2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/09/winx-club-wow-spinoff-series-netflix-841008/|title=Netflix Orders 'Winx Club' Spinoff Series|publisher=Deadline|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=September 25, 2014}}</ref>|| '']'' (2021–Present) || ] || ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/bhp/winx-club-dolls-mattel|title=Winx Club Dolls Mattel - eBay|work=eBay}}</ref><br>]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebay.co.uk/bhp/winx-club-cd |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321071229/http://www.ebay.co.uk/bhp/winx-club-cd |archivedate=2014-03-21 }}</ref><br>] (2008–2010)
|-
| ]<br><small>(], ], and ])</small> || yes || ] || ] ]|| '']'' (2010) || ''''']''''' and many other series || no || many || Merchandise, ] restaurant chain, Jellystone Park
|}

===Franchises originating in live-action television series===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action films'''
! style="width:15%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
! style="width:15%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || no || no || no || ''''']''''' (102 episodes, 1994–1998)<br>'']'' (1999) and six TV films (1998–2007)|| no || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || no || no || no || ''''']''''' (1978–1979)<br>'']'' (2004–2009) || yes || -
|-
|'']''<br><small>(])</small>|| no || no || no || '']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (1996)<br>'']'' (2002) || '']'' (1972–1974) || ''''']''''' (1969–1974)<br>'']'' (1981)|| no || ]<br>'']''
|-
|'']''<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| no || ] (1979; 2019) || no || '']'' (2000)<br>'']'' (2003)<br>'']'' (2019) || no || ''''']''''' (1976–1981)<br>'']'' (2011)|| ] (2003; 2008; 2019) || '']'' (2003)
|-
|]<ref>Miles Booy, ''Love and Monsters: The Doctor Who Experience, 1979 to the Present'' (2012), p. 155, {{ISBN|184885479X}}: "If treating the programme as a multimedia franchise – and at this point it becomes hard to think of it as anything else – is a good thing, then this was the point where the BBC began to connect the dots".</ref><br><small>(], ], and ])</small>|| ] (1965–2012)<br>] || ] || no || '']'' (1965)<br> '']'' (1966) || '']'' (2007)<br> '']'' (2009) || ''''']''''' (26 seasons from 1963–1989, new series 2005–present); one TV film and ] || ] || ]<br>]<br>]
|-
|]<br><small>(Michael Sloan and Richard Lindheim)</small>|| ] || no || no || '']'' (2014)<br>'']'' (2018) || no || ''''']''''' (1985–1989)<br>'']'' (2021–)|| - || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || no || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1966–1973, 1988–1990) || yes || -
|-
|] || ] || no || ] || ] || no || ''''']'''''<br>several TV specials || ] || ]
|-
|]<br>(<small>] and ]</small>) || various || no || no || '']''<br>'']'' || '']'' || ''''']''''' (1990-1995)<br>Comic Relief sketches || no || Facebook videos<br>TV commercial appearances
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ]<br>] || no || '']'' (1979), and seven additional films || '']'' (1984–1991)<br>'']'' (2018–ongoing)
|| '']'' (1955-1961)<br>''''']''''' (1976–1981)<br>'']'' (1996–1998)<br>'']'' (2020-present)|| yes || ], live shows
|-
|]/]<br><small>(] and ]/])</small> || no || yes || no || ]<br>'']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (1997) || no || ''''']''''' (1975–1977)<br>]<br>''''']''''' (1993–1996)<br>] || various || ]<br>various stage shows
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| various || ] || no || '']'' (1985)<br>'']'' (1999) || Mecha Builders (upcoming)|| ''''']''''' (1969-)<br>'']'' (2020-)<br>various TV specials || various || -
|-
|]<ref>Mark Clark, ''Star Trek FAQ: Everything Left to Know about the First Voyages of the Starship Enterprise'' (2012), p. 1, {{ISBN|1557839638}}: "Star Trek, which once struggled to survive from one season to the next, has become immortal—and, beyond that, inescapable. The series, and the multimedia franchise that grew from it, is now woven inextricably into the fabric of America and the world".</ref><br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || no || ] (beginning in 1979) || '']'' (1973–74)<br>'']'' (2020-) || ''''']''''' (1966–69)<br>'']'' (1987–1994)<br>'']'' (1993–99)<br>'']'' (1995–2001)<br>'']'' (2001–05)<br>'']'' (2017–)<br>'']'' (2020-) || ] || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || no || ] || no || '']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2008) || no || ''''']''''' (1993–2002; 2016–2018)<br>'']''(1996–1999)<br>'']'' (2001) || yes ||
|}

==Franchises originating in films==
===Franchises originating in animated films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
! style="width:15%;"| '''Animated films'''
! style="width:15%;"| '''Live action films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
|-
|]<br><small>(], ], ])</small> || various || no ||''''']''''' (1986)<br>'']'' (1991)<br>'']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (1999)|| no || '']'' (1992)|| no || various || |] ||
|-
|]<br><small>(] and various)</small> || various || various ||''''']''''' (2006)<br>'']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2017)<br>'']'' (2013)<br>'']'' (2014)|| no || no || no || various || toy line<br>'']''||
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || children's novels || ''Minions'' ]|| {{unbulleted list|''''']''''' (2010)|'']'' (2013)|'']'' (2015)|'']'' (2017)}}|| no || Minions Holiday Special (2020) || no || {{unbulleted list|'']''|''Minion Mayhem''|''Minion Rush''|''Minion Paradise}} || '']''||
|-
|'']''<br><small>(] and ])</small> || ''Felix the Cat'' comic strip|| various ||'''''Theatrical Shorts series'''''<br><small>(beginning in 1919 to 1930)</small><br>sound and color revival shorts from ] (1936)<br>'']'' (1988)<br>''Felix the Cat Saves Christmas'' (2004)|| no || '']'' (1958-1960)<br>'']'' (1995-1997)<br>'']'' (2000-2001) || no || ] || various merchandise ||
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || yes || yes || ''']''' (2003)<br>'']'' (2016) || no || no || no || yes || Finding Nemo the Musical<br>]||
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small> || numerous|| Yes || ''''']''''' (2013)<br>'']'' (2019)||| no || LEGO Frozen Northern (2016) || Once upon a time (season 4) (2014) ||numerous||], ] and more
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || no || ''''']''''' (2002), '']'' (2006), '']'' (2009), '']'' (2012), '']'' (2016)<br>'']'' (2002)<br>'']'' (2006)|| no || no || no || various || ''Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure'' (live arena ice show)
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || yes || ''''']''''' (2008)<br>'']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2016) || no ||'']'' (2011–2016)<br>'']'' (2018–) || no || ] || numerous
|-
|] <br><small>(] and ])</small> ||children's novels || '']: Lilo & Stitch''<br>''Tono & Stitch'' (2020) || ''''']''''' (2002)<br>'']'' (2003)<br>'']'' (2005)<br>'']'' (2006) || Upcoming live-action remake || '']'' (2003–2006)<br>'']'' (2008–2015)<br>'']'' (2017)||no ||'']'' (]; 2002)<br>'']'' (2002)<br>'']'' (2002)<br>] ||] and additional merchandise
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small> || no || ] || '''Theatrical ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'' short films'''<br><small>(beginning in 1930 to 1969 with rival shorts released in the 1990s and 2010s)</small><br>various feature films || '']'' (1989)<small>(cameo only)</small>'']'' (1996)<br>'']'' (2003) || numerous || no || ] || Music albums, theme park rides
|-
|]<br><small>(], ])</small> || various || various ||''']''' (2005)<br>'']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2012)<br>'']'' (2014) and two shorts films || no || various || no || various || musical and Live, Theme Parks ||
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small> || children's books || ]<br>] || '''Theatrical short films'''<small>(beginning in 1928)</small><br>'']'' (1940)<br>'']'' (1942)<br>'']'' (1944)<br>'']'' (1999)|| '']'' (1989)<small>(cameo only)</small> the films featured in Animaited films feature live-action scenes || numerous || ] || ] || numerous
|-
|]<br><small>(] and various)</small> || various || ''Monsters, Inc.: Laugh Factory'' || ''''']'' (2001)<br>'']'' (2013)|| no || ] (2021-) || no || various || numerous
|-
|]<br><small>(] & ])</small>|| various || various || ''']''' (2010)<br>'']'' (2012)<br>'']'' (2017) || no || '']''|| no || no ||
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || yes || yes || ''']''' (2004)<br>'']'' (2018)|| no || no ||no || various || '']'' ||
|-
|]<br><small>(], ], Judy Freudburg & ])</small>|| various || no ||''''']''''' (1988)<br>] || no || '']'' (2007–08) || no || ] || no
|-
| ]<br><small>(] & ])</small>|| adaption || various|| ''''']''''' (1994)<br>'']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2019) || no (though the 2019 remake was advertised as a live-action film)|| '']'' (1995–1999)<br>'']'' (2015–2019)|| no || ] || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(]<br>]<br>Ken Daurio)</small>|| yes || yes || ] (2016)<br>] (2019) || no || no || no || The Secret Life of Pets: Unleashed || The Secret Life of Pets: Off the Leash!
|-
| ]<br><small>(] & ])</small> || yes || ] || '''Theatrical short films''', <small>(beginning in 1940 to 1967 and 2005)<br></small>'']''<br> various DTV animated films|| '']''|| numerous || no ||] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(], and various)</small>|| yes || ] || ''''']''''' (1995)<br>'']'' (1999)<br>'']'' (2010)<br>] (2019)<br>'']''(2011-2012)<br>'']'' (2020)|| no || '']'' (1996)<br>'']'' (2000-2001)<br>'']'' (2019-)<br>two TV shorts|| no || ] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || various|| ''''']''''' (1989)<br>'']'' (1993)<br>'']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (2002)<br> ] (2005)<br>'']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2015)<br>'']'' (2019)<br>two Shaun the Sheep specials|| no || '']'' (2007-)<br>'']'' (2009-2012)<br>'']'' (2010)|| no || ] || ]
|-
| ]/]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || yes || Theatrical ''Andy Panda'' short series <small>(starting in 1939 to 1952, with the short '']'' debuting the character of Woody Woodpecker)</small><br> Theatrical Woody Woodpecker shorts <small>(starting in 1940 to 1971) </small>|| '']'' (1989) <small>(cameo only)</small>'']'' (2017) || '']'' (1957-1958)<br>'']'' (1999-2001)<br>'']'' (2018)|| live action segments in '']'' || various || theme park attractions<br>'']''
|}

===Franchises originating in live-action films===

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
! style="width:15%;"| '''Animated films'''
! style="width:15%;"| '''Live action films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
|-
|]<ref name="avp"/><br><small>(] and ])</small>|| ] || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1979)<br>'']'' (1986)<br>'']'' (1992)<br>'']'' (1997) || no || no || ] || -
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| ] || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1985)<br>'']'' (1989)<br>'']'' (1990) || '']'' (1991-92) || no || yes || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| yes || ] || no ||''''']''''' (1989)<br>'']'' (1991)<br>'']'' (2020) || '']'' (1990-1991) || '']'' (1992)|| various || ]<br>musical
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1992) || ] || '']'' (1997–2003)<br>'']'' (1999–2004) || ] || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || no || '']'' (2004) || ''''']''''' (2000)<br>'']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2013) || no || no || ] || -
|-
|]
<small>(])</small>
|]
|]
|no
|''''']''''' (2013)<br>]
|no
|]
|]
| -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || no || '']'' comic book<br>various || no || {{unbulleted list|''''']''''' (1981)|'']'' (1987)|'']'' (1992)|'']'' (2013); reboot}} || no || '']'' || ] || '']''
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || numerous novels || ''Final Destination: Sacrifice'' (2006)<br /> ''Final Destination: Spring Break'' (2006) || no || {{unbulleted list|''''']''''' (2000)|'']'' (2003)|'']'' (2006)|'']'' (2009)|'']'' (2011)}} || no || no || no || -
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| no || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1984)<br>'']'' (1989)<br />'']'' (2016) || yes || no<ref>Note: The Ghostbusters franchise beginning with the 1984 film is unrelated to the 1975 TV series, '']'', and its spin-off, the 1986 '']'' animated series.</ref>|| yes || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| Novels by Marc Cerasini || ] || '']'' || ''''']''''' (1954)<br>] || yes || yes || yes || -
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small> || ] || ] || no || ''''']'''''<br>] || no || no || '']'' || -
|-
|] <br><small>(Gordon Buford and ])</small> ||''Car, Boy, Girl'' (1961, unpublished)<br>film novelizations || three '']'' under the ''Walt Disney Showcase'' || no || ''''']''''' (1968)<br>'']'' (1974)<br>'']'' (1977)<br>'']'' (1980)<br>'']'' (2005) || no || '']'' || '']'' (2005)<br>''Herbie Rescue Rally'' (2007) || -
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>||]||]||'']'' (2007)||''''']''''' (1986)<br>'']''<br>'']''<br>'']''<br>'']'' (2007)||'']''||'']''<br>'']''||] (1986)<br>'']'' (1995)||'']''
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ])</small>|| yes || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1981)<br>'']'' (1984)<br>'']'' (1989)<br>'']'' (2008) || no || '']'' || ] || '']'' by TSR and '']'' by West End Games
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || no || no || ''''']''''' (1984)<br>'']'' (1986)<br>'']'' (1989)<br>'']'' (1994)<br>'']'' (2010) || '']'' (1989) || '']'' (2018–) || '']'' (1986)<br>'']'' (1987)<br>'']''||
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>||no||]||no|| ''''']''''' (1933); numerous others||'']'' (1966–1969)<br>'']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2000)|| no || ]||'']'' (2013); amusement park rides
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>
|]
|]
|no
|'']'' (2008)<br>]
|'']'' (2021)
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]<ref name="Brown"/><ref>Lincoln Geraghty, ''American Science Fiction Film and Television'' (2009), p. 94, {{ISBN|1845207963}}: Multiple readings of the film are plentiful and highlight the polysemic nature of the text and subsequent multimedia franchise".</ref><br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || '']'' (2003) || ''''']''''' (1999)<br>'']'' (2003)<br>'']'' (2003) || no || no || '']'' (2003)<br>several others || -
|-
|]<br><small>(] and ]) </small>|| yes || ] || '']'' (1964)<br>] || ''''']''''' (1963); sequels and reboots || ] || no || ] || -
|-
|]<ref name="avp"/><br><small>(] and ])</small>|| ] || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1987)<br>'']'' (1990)<br>'']'' (2010) || no || no || ] || -
|-
| ]<br><small>(] and Michael Miner)</small> || RoboCop 2: A Novel || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1987)<br>'']'' (1990)<br>'']'' (1993)<br>'']'' (2014) || '']'' (1988)<br>'']'' (1998−1999) || '']'' (1994)<br>'']'' (2001) || ] || ''RoboCop the Ride''
|-
|]<br><small>(] & ])</small>|| no || yes || no || ''''']''''' (2004); ] || no || no || '']'' (2009)<br />'']'' (2010)|| various theme parks, attractions and additional merchandise
|-
|]<br><small>(] & ])</small> || yes || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1994) || '']'' || '']''<br>'']''<br>'']'' || '']'' || -
|-
|] (includes ] and many others)<ref name="Brown"/><br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || '']'' (2008) || ''''']''''' (1977)<br>]|| numerous || '']'' (1984)<br> '']'' (2020-)<br>Various others || ] || numerous
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1984)<br>] || no || '']'' (2008–2009) || ] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || no || ''''']''''' (1982)<br>'']'' (2010) || '']'' || no || ] ||
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || no || no || ''''']''''' (1976)<br>Numerous sequels and spin-offs || no || no || Various || ]
|}

==Franchises originating in video games==

===Including film and/or television works===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
! style="width:20%;"| '''Video games'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || yes || yes || '']'' (2016)<br>'']'' (2019) || no || '']'' (2013-)<br>'']'' (2014) || no || ''''']''''' (2009)<br>] || theme parks, toys, food products
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || ]<br> || ] || ] || '']'' (2009) <small>(short)</small><br>'']'' (2016) || no || no || ''''']''''' (2007)<br>] ||
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || ] || ] || '']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2011) || no || no || no ||''''']''''' (2008)<br>] ||-
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || ] || ]<br>] || no || no || '']'' (2007) || no || ''''']''''' (2001)<br>several sequels || -
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || ] || Doom (1996) || no || '']'' (2005) <br> ] (2019) || no || no || ''''']''''' (1993)<br>] || '']''
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || '']'' (2012) || no || no || '']'' (2011) || ''''']''''' (2009)<br>] || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || '']'' (1994)<br>'']'' (2001)<br>'']'' (2005)<br>'']'' (2005) || no || yes || no || ''''']''''' (1987)<br>] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || ] || ] || '']'' (2010)|| no || no || '']'' (2012)<br>] || ''''']''''' (2001)<br>] || ], board game, action figures ]

|-
|]<br><small>(Kemono Friends Project, ])</small>||various guide books||''Kemono Friends: Welcome to Japari Park!'' (2015-2017)<br>''Kemono Friends à la carte''<br>''Kemono Friends 2'' || no || no || ''Kemono Friends'' (2017)<br>''Kemono Friends 2'' (2019) ||no|| '''''Kemono Friends''''' (2015-2016 ])<br>various other mobile games, ] game, arcade game || ''Welcome to Japari Park'' (2018–present, ])<br> two stage musicals, various music CDs, audio plays, '']'' ] cards

|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || no || ] || no || '']'' (2010)|| '']'' (2005–2006)<br>'']'' (2017) || no || ''''']''''' (1994)<br>] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || no || '']'' (manga 1995-2006)<br>Various (manga) || no || no || '']'' (2001-2003) || no || ''''']''''' (1992)<br>] || ],<br>clothes, toys
|-
| ]<br><small>(], ])</small>|| ] || ] || no || no || '']'' (1989) || no || ''''']''''' (1986)<br>] || ]
|-
|]<ref>Roger Parry, ''The Ascent of Media: From Gilgamesh to Google Via Gutenberg'' (2011), p. 317, {{ISBN|1857885708}}: "Along with associated feature films, comic books, and character merchandise, Mario has become a hugely valuable global multimedia franchise".</ref><br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ]<br>] (comics)<br>] (manga) || '']'' (1986) || '']'' (1993) || ] || '']'' || ''''']''''' (1981)<br>numerous sequels and spin-offs || ]
|-
|] || '']'' (2007)<br>several sequels || ] || '']'' (2012) || no || no || no || ''''']''''' (2007)<br>] || ]
|-
|] || '']'' || ] || no || no || '']'' (1994–1995)<br>'']'' (2002–2003)<br>'']'' (2006–2007) || no || ''''']''''' (1987)<br>] || -
|-
|]<br><small>(], ])</small>|| yes || ] || '']'' (2020) || '']'' (1995)<br>'']'' (1997)<br>'']'' (2021) || '']'' (1996) || '']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2011) || ''''']''''' (1992),<br>numerous sequels || collectible card game, live show, action figures
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || yes || no || no || ] (1982–1983) || no || ''''']''''' (1980),<br>numerous sequels || collectible card game, live show, action figures
|-
|]<br><small>(], ])</small>|| yes || ] || ] || '']'' (2019) || ] || no || ''''']''''', various series beginning in 1996 || ], ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ] (2004–2008)<br>] (2010–2011) || '']'' (2016) || no || no || no || ''''']''''' (2002)<br>] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(], ])</small>|| no || yes || no || no || '']'' (1999–2000) || no || ''''']''''' (1995)<br>] || Toy
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || '']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2012) || ] || no || no || ''''']''''' (1996)<br>] || ]
|-
|] <br><small>(])</small> || yes || ] || no || '']'' (2006)<br /> '']'' (2012) || no || no || ''''']''''' (1999)<br />numerous sequels || ]
|-
|] || yes || ] || no || '']'' (2020) || yes || no || ''''']''''' (1991)<br>] || ]
|-
|] || yes || '']'' (1993)<br>'']'' (2003–2018, numerous manga) || yes || '']'' (1994)<br>'']'' (2009) || yes || '']'' (2014–Present) || ''''']''''' (1987)<br>] || Card game.
|-
|] || no || ] (manga) || '']'' (1998)<br>'']'' (2011) || '']'' (2010) || no || no || ''''']''''' (1994)<br>] ||-
|-
|] || ] || ] || no || '']'' (2001)<br>'']'' (2003)<br>'']'' (2018) || '']'' (2007) || no || ''''']''''' (1996)<br>] || ], ]
|-
| ] || ] || ] || no || '']'' (2016) || no || no || ''''']''''' (1994)<br>] || ]
|-
| ]<br><small>(])</small> || ] || no || no || '']'' (1999) || '']'' (1996) || no || ''''']''''' (1990)<br>] || ]
|}

===Not including film and/or television works===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:60%; margin:auto;" align="left"
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>!! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature''' !! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics''' !! style="width:20%;"| '''Video games''' !! style="width:10%;"| '''Other media'''
|-
|] || ] || ] || ''''']''''' (1996)<br>'']'' (2000)<br>'']'' (2012) ||-
|-
| ] || '']'' (2008)<br>several sequels || ] || ''''']''''' (2006)<br>'']'' (2008)<br>'']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2013) || ]
|-
| ] || ] || ] || '']'' (2005)<br>] || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || ] || ''''']''''' (1987)<br>] || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || trilogy graphic novels based on novels trilogy || ''''']''''' (2014)<br>] || merchandise
|-
|-
|] || ] || ] || ''''']''''' (1998 and later expansions)<br>'']'' (2010 and later expansions)<br> || tabletop games
|}
{{Clear|left}}

==Franchises originating in board games, card games, table-top games, and role-playing games==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
! style="width:20%;"| '''Other media'''
|-
|]<br><small>(], ])</small>|| ] || ] || no || no || '']'' (1994) || no || yes ||''''']'' wargame'''<br>several other table-top games
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| 3 novels || yes || no || no || no || no || '']'' ||'''''Car Wars'' table-top game'''<br>other table-top games
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || ] || '']'' (2008) || '']'' (2000)<br>two sequels || '']'' (1983–1985) || no || ] || '''''Dungeons & Dragons'' role-playing game'''<br>board games
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| several || several || no || no || no || no || several || '''''Magic: The Gathering'' trading card game'''
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| 3 novels || yes || no || '']'' (2008) || no || no || '']'' (1995) || '''''Mutant Chronicles'' role-playing game'''<br>several table-top games<br>
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || no || no || no || no || no || ] || '''''Shadowrun'' role-playing game'''<br>several other table-top games
|-
| ] <small>(])</small> || ]<br>] || ]<br>] || '']'' (2010) || no || no || no || ] || '''''] miniature wargame'''''<br>several other table-top games
|-
| ] <small>(])</small> || several || yes || no || no || no || '']'' (1996) || yes || '''''] role-playing game'''''<br>several other table-top games
|}

==Franchises originating in toys, attractions and other media==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! style="width:10%;"| '''Franchise'''<br><small>(Creator)</small>
! style="width:10%;"| '''Literature'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Comics'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action films'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Animated TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Live action TV series'''
! style="width:10%;"| '''Video games'''
! style="width:20%;"| '''Toys, attractions and other media'''
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || yes || '']'' (1987)<br>'']'' (1999)<br>'']'' (2000)<br>several TV specials || '']'' (2004)<br>'']'' (2007)<br>'']'' (2009)<br>'']'' (2011)<br>'']'' (2015) || '']'' (1961–1962)<br>'']'' (1983–1990)<br>'']'' (2010) || no || yes || ''''']'''''; ]<br>live stage show
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ''Year of the Black Rainbow'' (2010) || ] || no || upcoming || no || no || yes || ''']''' by ]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| numerous || no || no ||] || no|| no || ] || ''']''' dolls
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| numerous || yes || ] direct to video || no || '']'' (2012–)|| no || ] || ''']''' fashion dolls
|-
|]
(])
|''BanG_Dream! Star Beat'' (2016)
|]
|''BanG Dream! Film Live'' (2019)
''BanG Dream! Episode of Roselia (2021)''
|no
|'''''BanG Dream!''''' (2017-2020)
''BanG Dream! Girls Band Party! Pico'' (2018–2020)
|no
|''''']''''' (2017)
|'''Live Concerts, ]''' and various merchandise
|-
|]<br><small>(Carter Bryant)</small>|| several || no || ] direct to video || '']'' (2007)|| '']'' (2005–2006)|| '']'' (2008) || ] ||''']''' fashion dolls<br>]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| numerous || several ||yes ||] and several others|| no || yes || ] ||'''] ''' Stage plays
|-
|]<br><small>(], ])</small>|| ] || ] || several || no || several || no || ] ||''']''' greeting cards<br>various merchandise
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| '']'' Light Novel (2001) || ] || ] || no || ] || no || ] || ''']'''<br>]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || ] || '']'' (1987) || '']'' (2009)<br>'']'' (2013) || Various productions, beginning with '']'' (1985–1987) || no || ] || ]
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] (1979–1992)<br>'']'' (2006) || ] || no || '']'' (2005) || no || '']'' (1981) || ] || ] (1978–1980)<br>stage play
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| ] || no || '']'' franchise; ] || no || no|| no || ] || ''']''' building blocks; ] theme park
|-
|]<br><small>(] or ])</small>|| '']'' (1936), and numerous others || '']''| || no || '']'' (1938 film serial); || '']'' (1966–1968) || '']'' (1949–1957); ] || '']'' (1991) || '''''The Lone Ranger''''' (1933 radio show)
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small> || '']'' (2006) || no || '']'' || numerous || no || '']'' || no || ''''']''''' (1999)<br>Numerous other stage plays
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || yes<!-- There were the ones existed before the 2012 FIM comics. --> || '']'' (1986)<br>Various direct-to-video films produced in 2000s<!-- Hasbro isn't officially using terms like "Generation 3" for MLP, unlike Transformers Generation 1. --><br>'']'' (2013) and two sequels<br>'' ]'' (2017) || no || '']'' (1984 TV special)<!-- It's titled "My Little Pony" onscreen. "Rescue at Midnight Castle" is the title of 2-part edit. Will rename the article later. --><br>''My Little Pony: Escape from Catrina'' (1985 TV special)<br>'']'' (1986, part of ''My Little Pony {{'}}n Friends'' ])<br>'']'' (1992)<br>'']'' (2010) || no || yes || '''My Little Pony''' (toy line)
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| no || no || no || '']'' (1968)<br>'']'' (1998) || '']'' (1975–1977) || '']'' (1970–1975)<br>'']'' (1982–1983)<br>'']'' (2015) || no || ''''']''''' (1965 stage play)
|-
|]
<small>(])</small>
|yes
|''Mobile Police Patlabor'' (1988−1994)
|'']'' (1989)
'']'' (1993)

'']'' (2002)
|] (2015)
|] (1989−1990)
|'']'' (2014–2015)
|yes
|'''''Patlabor: Early Days''''' (1988–1989 ])
'']'' (1990–1992 ])

''Patlabor Concert Tour '92: Project Tokyo''

soundtracks

toys

model kits
|-
|]<ref name="Brown"/><br><small>(])</small>|| '']'' (12 books)<br>'']'' (5 books)<br>'']'' || no || no || ] (2003–2017) || no || no || ] || ''']''', beginning in 1967
|-
|]<br><small>(])</small>|| yes || yes || several || no || several || no || ] || ''']''' greeting cards<br>various merchandise
|-
|]<ref name="Brown"/><ref>Marc DiPaolo, ''War, Politics and Superheroes: Ethics and Propaganda in Comics and Film'' (2011), p. 39, {{ISBN|0786485795}}: "The multimedia franchise is bolstered by the imaginations of the Transformers fans that imbue the flimsy material with their own potent fantasies of family cars and household devices turning into robots".</ref><br><small>(], based on two existing toy lines created by ])</small>|| ] || ] || '']'' (1986) || ] (2007-) || '']'' (1982–1987); various series || no || ] || ]
|-
|}
'''etc.'''


==See also== ==See also==
Line 402: Line 773:


{{Media series}} {{Media series}}
{{List of lists|mass media}}


] ]
]

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A multimedia franchise (or a transmedia franchise) is a media franchise for which installments exist in multiple forms of media, such as books, comics, films, television series, and video games. Multimedia franchises usually develop due to the popularization of an original creative work, and then its expansion to other media through licensing agreements, with respect to intellectual property in the franchise's characters and settings, although the trend later developed wherein franchises would be launched in multiple forms of media simultaneously.

In order to qualify for this list, a franchise must have works in at least three forms of media, and must have two or more separate works in at least two of those forms of media (a television series or comic book series is considered a single work for purposes of this list; multiple spin-off series or reboots of a previously ended series are considered multiple works). For example, a television series that spawned one film and one novelization would not qualify; a television series that had a spin-off series, or was remade as a new series, and which spawned two films and one novelization does qualify. This list does not include public domain works from which adaptations have been made in multiple media, but which do not involve licensing or other means by which an author or owner controls the franchise. A franchise may be included if it obtained multimedia franchise status prior to works within the collection entering the public domain.

Note: In the following table, the initial media through which the franchise characters or settings became known is shown in boldface. Only works of fiction are only considered part of the series; a book or a documentary film about the franchise is not itself an installment in the franchise.

List of multimedia feature length original blockbuster franchises: DC Comics (Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman), Marvel Comics (Spider-Man, Hulk and X-Men), Disney (Mickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, The Little Mermaid, The Lion King, Frozen and Lilo & Stitch), Pixar (Toy Story and Cars), Warner Bros. and Hanna-Barbera (Looney Tunes, Scooby-Doo and Tom and Jerry), Lucasfilm (Star Wars and Indiana Jones), The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends, Nickelodeon (SpongeBob SquarePants) and many others.

Franchises originating in literary works

These franchises began as novels, short stories, and other forms of purely literary works.

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
A Song of Ice and Fire
(George R. R. Martin)		 A Game of Thrones (1996)
several sequels		 A Game of Thrones (comics) no no no Game of Thrones (2011-2019) several, beginning in 2007 board games, role-playing games
American Psycho
(Bret Easton Ellis)		 American Psycho (1991)
Budapesti skizo (1997)		 no no American Psycho (2000)
American Psycho 2 (2002)		 no no no musical
Babar
(Jean de Brunhoff)		 The Story of Babar (1931)
various		 no Babar and Father Christmas (1986)
Babar: The Movie (1989)
Babar: King of the Elephants (1999)		 no Babar (1989-1991; 2000)
Babar and the Adventures of Badou (2010-2014)
2 TV specials		 Les Aventures de Babar (1968) various various
Blade Runner
(Philip K. Dick)		 Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)
three sequels by another writer		 several no Blade Runner
(1982)
Blade Runner 2049 (2017)		 no no Blade Runner (1985)
Blade Runner (1997)		 -
Buck Rogers
(Philip Francis Nowlan)		 Armageddon 2419 A.D. (1928)
several others		 yes no Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979) ABC television series (1950–1951)
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979–1981)		 no Buck Rogers XXVC (1988)
several others
Captain Underpants
(Dav Pilkey)		 The Adventures of Captain Underpants (1997)
several sequels'
activity books		 in-universe graphic novel series, including Dog Man Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017) no The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants (2018-2020) no no ?
The Chronicles of Narnia
(C. S. Lewis)		 The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
several sequels		 no The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1979) The Chronicles of Narnia film series (2005–present) no The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1967)
The Chronicles of Narnia (1988– 1990)		 various radio dramatisation, audiobooks
Conan the Barbarian
(Robert E. Howard)		 Original Robert E. Howard Conan stories (published from 1932–1936); various later publications Conan the Barbarian (comics) no Conan the Barbarian (1982), and several others Conan the Adventurer (1992–1993)
Conan and the Young Warriors (1994)		 Conan The Adventurer (1997–1998) several, beginning with Conan: Hall of Volta (1984) -
Curious George
(Hans Augusto Rey and Margret Rey)		 Curious George (1941); numerous sequels no Curious George (2006); various no Curious George TV series (2006); various no Curious George video game (2006 ) -
Die Hard
(Roderick Thorp)		 The Detective (1966)
Nothing Lasts Forever (1979)		 yes no Die Hard (1988)
Die Hard 2 (1992)
Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995)
Live Free or Die Hard (2007)
A Good Day to Die Hard (2013)		 no no several
Discworld
(Terry Pratchett)		 The Colour of Magic (1983); several sequels and spin-offs yes no Hogfather (2006)
The Colour of Magic (2008)
Going Postal (2010)		 Soul Music (1997)
Wyrd Sisters (1998)		 The Watch (upcoming) several stage and radio plays
board games
Dune
(Frank Herbert)		 Dune (1965); numerous prequel and sequel novels Dune: The Official Comic Book no Dune (1984) no Frank Herbert's Dune (2000)
Frank Herbert's Children of Dune (2003)		 Dune (1992); several others Dune board game (1979); other games, soundtracks
Ender's Game
(Orson Scott Card)		 Ender's Game (1985)
several prequels, sequels, and spinoffs		 several no Ender's Game (2013) no no no audioplay
Gidget
(Frederick Kohner)		 Gidget, the Little Girl with Big Ideas (1957)
seven sequels		 yes, two issues published in 1966 Gidget Makes the Wrong Connection (1972; made for TV) Gidget (1965)
Gidget Goes Hawaiian (1961)
Gidget Goes to Rome (1963)		 no Gidget (1965)
The New Gidget (1986–1988)		 no Stage productions in 2000 and 2007
The Godfather
(Mario Puzo)		 The Godfather (1969)
several sequels		 no no The Godfather (1972)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
The Godfather Part III (1990)		 no The Godfather Saga (1977) The Godfather (1991)
The Godfather (2006)
The Godfather II (2010)		 -
Hannibal Lecter
(Thomas Harris)		 Red Dragon (1981)
several sequels		 no no Manhunter (1986)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Hannibal (2001)
Red Dragon (2002)
Hannibal Rising (2007)		 no Hannibal (2013-2015)
Clarice (2021-)		 no -
Harry Potter
(J.K. Rowling)		 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997)
several sequels		 no no Harry Potter (film series) (eight films released between 2001 and 2011) no no yes The Wizarding World of Harry Potter theme parks
Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter
Hercule Poirot
(Agatha Christie)		 The Mysterious Affair at Styles (1920)
several other novels and short stories		 Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (2004–2005)
graphic novel adaptations		 no yes Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (2004–2005) Poirot (1989–2013) Murder on the Orient Express (2006)
3 sequels		 stage and radio plays
Hotel Transylvania
(Todd Durham) 		Hotel Transylvania (2001) no Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018) 		no Hotel Transylvania: The Series no Hotel Transylvania

Hotel Transylvania Dash Hotel Transylvania Social Game Hotel Transylvania BooClips Deluxe App

theme park attractions

Hotel Transylvania soundtrack Hotel Transylania 2 soundtrack Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation soundtrack

How to Train Your Dragon
(Cressida Cowell)		 How to Train Your Dragon (2003)
several sequels		 no How to Train Your Dragon (2010)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)
5 short films		 no DreamWorks Dragons (2012–2018)
DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders (2019-)		 no yes live stage show
James Bond
(Ian Fleming)		 Casino Royale (1953)
13 additional novels
over 30 other novels and published stories by other authors		 various no James Bond in film
over 20 films		 James Bond Jr. (1991–1992) no James Bond in video games -
Bourne
(Robert Ludlum)		 The Bourne Identity (1980)
several sequels		 no no The Bourne Identity (1988 TV movie), The Bourne Identity (2002), and several sequels no no Robert Ludlum's The Bourne Conspiracy (2008) -
Jumanji
(Chris Van Allsburg)		 Jumanji (1981)
Zathura (2002)		 no no Jumanji (1995)
Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005)
Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017)
Jumanji: The Next Level (2019)
 Jumanji (TV series) (1996-1999) no various
Jurassic Park
(Michael Crichton)		 Jurassic Park (1990)
The Lost World (1995)		 various no Jurassic Park (1993)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Jurassic Park III (2001)
Jurassic World (2015)
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018)		 Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous (2020-present) no Jurassic Park video games List of Jurassic Park water rides
Left Behind
(Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins)		 Left Behind (1995); 15 prequel and sequel novels
Left Behind: The Kids series		 no no Left Behind: The Movie (2000)
Left Behind II: Tribulation Force (2002)
Left Behind: World at War (2004)
Left Behind (2014)
Vanished – Left Behind: Next Generation (2016)		 no no Left Behind: Eternal Forces no
Legend of the Galactic Heroes

(Yoshiki Tanaka)

Legend of the Galactic Heroes (1982–1987) Legend of the Galactic Heroes (1986–2000) spinoffs to OVA series (1988–1993)

The Legend of the Galactic Heroes: Die Neue These Seiran trilogy (2019)

no The Legend of the Galactic Heroes: Die Neue These Kaikō (2018) no several Legend of the Galactic Heroes OVA series (1988–1997)

Legend of the Galactic Heroes Gaiden OVA series (1988–1997)

Gaiden OVA spinoffs

stage productions

board game

Mary Poppins
(P. L. Travers)		 Mary Poppins (eight books; 1934-1988) no no Mary Poppins (1964)
Mary Poppins Returns (2018)		 no no no Mary Poppins (musical)
Megami Tensei
(Aya Nishitani)		 Digital Devil Story (1986)
two sequels and video game adaptations		 List of Megami Tensei manga Persona 3 The Movie: Chapter 1, Spring of Birth (2013) no List of Megami Tensei anime no List of Megami Tensei video games various media
Moomin
(Tove Jansson)		 The Moomins and the Great Flood (1945)
several sequels and other books		 Moomin comic strips
comic book		 Comet in Moominland (1993)
Moomins on the Riviera (2014)
two compilation movies		 no several several several Moomin World theme park
Moomin Museum
other merchandise
One Hundred and One Dalmatians
(Dodie Smith)		 The Hundred and One Dalmatians (1956)
The Starlight Barking (1967)		 - One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)		 101 Dalmatians (1996)
102 Dalmatians (2000)		 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998)
101 Dalmatian Street (debuting 2019)		 no 101 Dalmatians: Escape from DeVil Manor (1997) The 101 Dalmatians Musical (2009)
Perry Mason
(Erle Stanley Gardner)		 The Case of the Velvet Claws (1933); 81 other novels no no no no Perry Mason (1957–1966)
The New Perry Mason (1973–1974)
Perry Mason TV movies (1985–1995)		 no Perry Mason radio show
Planet of the Apes
(Pierre Boulle)		 La Planète des singes (1963)
several sequels		 Planet of the Apes (comics) no Planet of the Apes (1968); numerous sequels, and a reboot series. Return to the Planet of the Apes (1975) Planet of the Apes (1974) yes various
Psycho
(Robert Bloch)		 Psycho (1959) graphic novels (1992) no American Psycho (1960)
Various sequels and remakes		 no Bates Motel (2013–2017) video game (1988) various
Rambo
(David Morrell)		 First Blood (1972)
various others		 several no First Blood (1982)
Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985)
Rambo III (1988)
Rambo (2008)
Rambo: Last Blood (2019)		 Rambo: The Force of Freedom (1986) no various
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
(Robert L. May)		 Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1939)
several sequels		 yes Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001)		 no various TV specials no no Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song, 1959)
Shrek
(William Steig) 		Shrek! (1990) yes Shrek (2001)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Shrek the Third (2007)
Shrek Forever After (2010) 		no various TV specials no yes musical

theme park attraction

Sex and the City
(Candace Bushnell)		 Sex and the City (1997)
The Carrie Diaries (2010)
Summer and the City (2011)		 no no Sex and the City
Sex and the City 2		 no Sex and the City
The Carrie Diaries		 no no
Starship Troopers
(Robert A. Heinlein)		 Starship Troopers (1959) no Starship Troopers: Invasion (2012) Starship Troopers (1997)
2 direct-to-DVD sequels		 Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles (1999–2000) no yes several table-top games
original video animation
Sword Art Online
(Reki Kawahara)		 List of Sword Art Online light novels List of Sword Art Online manga volumes Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale (2017) no Sword Art Online (2012)
Sword Art Online II (2014)
Sword Art Online: Alicization (2018 - ongoing)		 no yes Figures
Middle-earth
(J. R. R. Tolkien)		 The Hobbit (1937)
The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
The Two Towers (1954)
The Return of the King (1954)
other literature		 various The Hobbit (1977)
The Lord of the Rings (1978)
The Return of the King (1980)		 The Lord of the Rings film series (2001−2003)
The Hobbit film series (2012−2014)		 no no Middle-earth in video games various media
Thomas & Friends
(Rev W. Awdry)		 The Railway Series (1945–2011) no yes Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000) Thomas & Friends (1984–2021)
Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go (2021–present)		 Shining Time Station (1989–1995) yes Scale models
Winnie-the-Pooh
(A. A. Milne)		 When We Were Very Young
Winnie the Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner
Featured in two others		 no various Christopher Robin (2018)
Outside of that film, not primarily. A bit of live-action was used in some of the animated films.		 various yes various Consisted of audio stories, specials, songs and theme rides, etc. See also the Disney franchise.
The Witcher
(Andrzej Sapkowski)		 The Witcher Stories
The Saga novels		 various no The Hexer (2001) no The Hexer (2002)
The Witcher (TV series) (2019-present)		 The Witcher (2007)
The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings (2011)
The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2014)		 board and card games

Franchises originating in comics and printed cartoons

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
The Addams Family
(Charles Addams)		 several cartoons in The New Yorker (1938–1988)
 The Addams Family (2019) The Addams Family (1991)
Addams Family Values (1993)		 The Addams Family (1973–1975)
The Addams Family: The Animated Series (1992–1993)		 The Addams Family (1964–1966)
The New Addams Family (1998–1999)		 The Addams Family (video game series) The Addams Family, a Broadway musical
Alien vs. Predator
(see Aliens and Predator sections below) 		Aliens vs. Predator novel series Aliens vs. Predator comics (beginning 1989) no Alien vs. Predator (2004)
Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007)		 no no various -
Archie Comics
(John L. Goldwater)		 no Archie Comics, various series, beginning in 1941 The Archies in Jugman (TV Movie) Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again (TV movie) The Archie Show (1968–1969)
Archie's Weird Mysteries (1999–2000) and many others		 Riverdale (2017), Katy Keene (2020) no Radio show
Ashita no Joe

(Asao Takamori and Tetsuya Chiba)

no Ashita no Joe (1968–1973) Ashita no Joe (1980)

Ashita no Joe 2 (1981)

Ashita no Joe (1970)

Ashita no Joe (2011)

Ashita no Joe (1970–1971)

Ashita no Joe 2 (1980–1981)

Megalo Box (2018)

Megalo Box 2: Nomad (2021–)

no yes Joe vs. Joe (2003)
Asterix
(René Goscinny)		 no Asterix the Gaul (serialized in Pilote 1959-1960, collected volume published in 1961)
37 more volumes		 List of Asterix films Asterix films (live action) no no yes Parc Astérix theme park
board games and gamebooks
Attack on Titan
(Hajime Isayama)		 yes Attack on Titan (2009 - ongoing) yes yes Attack on Titan (2013 - ongoing) no yes Theme park
Action Figures and Toys
Bleach
(Tite Kubo)		 2 light novels List of Bleach volumes Bleach: Memories of Nobody (2006)
Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion (2007)
Bleach: Fade to Black (2008)
Bleach: Hell Verse (2010)		 Bleach Bleach (2004–2012) no several musicals
Bleach Trading Card Game
DC Universe
(Joe Shuster, Jerry Siegel, Bob Kane, Bill Finger, H.G. Peter, William Moulton Marston, et al.)
(includes Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and many others)		 yes DC Comics yes Superman and the Mole Men (1951) and numerous others yes yes yes Vertigo. (Sandman, Hellblazer, etc.) Imprint of DC. Has connections to the universe sometimes.
Death Note
(Tsugumi Ohba)		 several light novels Death Note (2003-2006) no Death Note (2006); several others yes yes several -
Detective Conan
(Gosho Aoyama)		 no volumes 18 films no seasons 1-15
seasons 16-present		 yes yes Trade cards
Doraemon
(Fujiko Fujio)		 no List of Doraemon chapters
The Doraemons
Dorabase		 several no Doraemon (1973)
Doraemon (1979−2005)
Doremon (2005−ongoing)		 no various musical
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
(Jeff Kinney)		 Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2007)
several sequels
spin-off series		 Diary of a Wimpy Kid webcomic (2004-2005) yes Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2011)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)		 no no Poptropica tie-ins Toys
Action figures
Dragon Ball
(Akira Toriyama)		 yes List of Dragon Ball manga volumes yes Dragonball Evolution (2009); several others Dragon Ball (1986−1989)
Dragon Ball Z (1989−1996)
Dragon Ball GT (1996−1997)
Dragon Ball Super (2015−2018)
Dragon Ball Heroes (2018 - ongoing)		 no List of Dragon Ball video games Toys
Action figures
Collectible Card Game
Dyesebel
(Mars Ravelo)		 no Serialized in Pilipino Komiks (1952–53) no several (1953, 1964, 1973, 1978, 1990, and 1996) no Dyesebel (2008)
Dyesebel (2014)		 no
Full Metal Alchemist
(Hiromu Arakawa)		 yes List of Fullmetal Alchemist chapters Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa (2012)
Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos (2017)		 Fullmetal Alchemist (film) Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood Fullmetal Alchemist (TV series) (2003−2004) no yes -
Garfield
(Jim Davis)		 no Garfield (comic strip) (syndicated in 1978) yes Garfield: The Movie (2004)
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006)		 Garfield and Friends (1988–1994) The Garfield Show (2009–2016) no yes -
Ghost in the Shell
(Masamune Shirow)		 no Ghost in the Shell (1989–1990) Ghost in the Shell (1995)
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004)		 Ghost in the Shell (2017) Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002–2003) no Ghost in the Shell (1997)
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (PS2) (2004)		 original video animation
Hellboy
(Mike Mignola)		 various List of Hellboy comics (1993−present) Hellboy: Sword of Storms (2006)
Hellboy: Blood and Iron (2007)		 Hellboy (2004)
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008)
Hellboy (2019)		 no no various -
Initial D

(Shuichi Shigeno)

no List of Initial D chapters (1995−2013) Initial D Third Stage (2001)

New Initial D the Movie

Initial D (2005) List of Initial D episodes no Several including Initial D Arcade Stage series toys

model kits

soundtrack albums

Judge Dredd
(John Wagner)		 29 Novels List of Judge Dredd Comic Stories (1977−present) no Judge Dredd (film) (1995)
Dredd (2012)		 no no various -
Lucky Luke
(Morris)		 no Lucky Luke comics (1946 – ongoing)
Rantanplan (1987 - 2011)
Kid Lucky (1995 - 1997, 2011 - ongoing)		 Daisy Town (1971)
La Ballade des Dalton (1978)
Les Dalton en cavale (1983)
Go West! A Lucky Luke Adventure (2017)		 Lucky Luke (1991)
Les Dalton (2004)
Lucky Luke (2009)		 Lucky Luke (1983)
Lucky Luke (1991)
The New Adventures of Lucky Luke (2001 - 2003)
Rintindumb (2006)
 Lucky Luke (1992)
The Daltons (2010)		 several
Lupin the Third
(Monkey Punch)		 No List of Lupin III Manga (1977−present) Lupin III, The Castle of Cagliostro, Legend of the Gold of Babylon, Lupin the 3rd vs. Detective Conan: The Movie, Lupin III: The First: ( see Lupin III Cinema Films) Lupin III: Strange Psychokinetic Strategy (2004)
Lupin III (film) (2008)
Dredd (2019)		 Lupin III Anime Series Lupin (Philippine TV series) List of Lupin III video games Two stage Musicals, Music Soundtrack. Board game
Marsupilami
(André Franquin)		 several Bibliothèque Rose books Marsupilami comic albums (1987 - ongoing)
Comics in Disney Adventures magazine (1993 - 1994)		 no HOUBA! On the Trail of the Marsupilami (2012) Raw Toonage shorts (1992)
Marsupilami (1993)
Marsupilami (2000-)		 no Marsupilami (1995)
Marvel Universe
(Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, et al.)
(includes Spider-Man, Hulk, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and many others)		 yes Marvel Comics yes Captain America (1944); X-Men (2000); Spider-Man (2002); various
See also Marvel Cinematic Universe		 The Marvel Super Heroes (1966), numerous others The Amazing Spider-Man (1977–1979); The Incredible Hulk (1977–1982)
several others		 Spider-Man (1982) and numerous others Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark (Broadway musical)
Men in Black
(Lowell Cunningham)		 no The Men in Black (comics) no Men in Black (film series) Men in Black: The Series no several Men In Black: The Roleplaying Game
My Hero Academia
(Kohei Horikoshi)		 yes List of My Hero Academia manga volumes My Hero Academia: Two Heroes (2018) no My Hero Academia (2016 – ongoing) no yes original video animations
Toys
Action figures
Naruto/Boruto
(Masashi Kishimoto, Mikio Ikemoto, Ukyō Kodachi)		 several List of Naruto manga volumes yes no Naruto (2002–2007)
Naruto Shippuuden (2007 – 2017)
Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals (2012–2013)
Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (2017 – ongoing)		 no several Original video animations
Trading card game
One Piece
(Eiichiro Oda)		 several List of One Piece manga volumes (1997 - ongoing) 12 films no One Piece (1999 - ongoing) no several Original video animations
music
Trading card game
Peanuts
(Charles M. Schulz)		 several Peanuts (1950–2000); numerous compilation books; comic books by Gold Key and KaBoom!; graphic novels by KaBoom! A Boy Named Charlie Brown (1969)
Snoopy Come Home (1972)
Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown (1977)
Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!) (1980)
The Peanuts Movie (2015)		 no several TV spiecials from 1965 to 2011, starting with A Charlie Brown Christmas
The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show (1983–1986)
This is America, Charlie Brown (1988–1989)
Peanuts (2014)
Snoopy in Space (2019–present)
The Snoopy Show (2021-present)		 no several A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965 album) and several other albums
musicals
Ranma ½
(Rumiko Takahashi)		 no Ranma ½ (1987–1996) Three films TV special (2011) yes no List of Ranma ½ video games original video animations
Popeye the Sailor
(Elzie Crisler Segar)		 no Thimble Theatre comic strips;
various		 yes Popeye (1980) numerous no yes -
Sailor Moon
(Naoko Takeuchi)		 no List of Sailor Moon chapters (1993–1997) Sailor Moon R: The Movie (1993)
Sailor Moon S: The Movie (1994)
Sailor Moon Super S: The Movie (1995)		 no Sailor Moon (1992–1996)
Sailor Moon Crystal (2014–2016)		 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003–2004) several musicals
Saint Seiya
(Masami Kurumada)		 yes List of Saint Seiya chapters (series)
several others		 Five films no Saint Seiya (1986−1989)
Saint Seiya Omega (2012−2014)		 no several Original video animations
musicals
discography
merchandise
Sgt. Frog
(Mine Yoshizaki)		 several guide books List of Sgt. Frog chapters (1999–present)
various tie-ins and spinoffs		 Keroro Gunsō the Super Movie (2006); four other films no Sgt. Frog/Sergeant Keroro (2004-2011)
Keroro (2014)		 no several music CDs
Keroro Land magazine
Kerokero Ace magazine
The Smurfs
(Peyo)		 yes Johan and Peewit (1947—2001)
The Smurfs (comics) (1958—1992)		 Les Aventures des Schtroumpfs (1965)
The Smurfs and the Magic Flute (1976)
Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017)		 The Smurfs (2011)
The Smurfs 2 (2013)		 The Smurfs (1981–89) no yes yes
Spawn
(Todd McFarlane)		 no Spawn (1992–present)
Shadows of Spawn (1998–1999) various spin-offs,one-shots,crossovers,mini series,and ongoing series		 no Spawn (1997) Todd McFarlane's Spawn (1997–1999) no several The Dark Saga (1996)
Spirou/Spirou & Fantasio
(Rob-Vel)		 yes Comics in Spirou magazine (1938–ongoing)
Spirou & Fantasio albums (1948–ongoing)
Le Petit Spirou (1990–ongoing) (spin-off)		 no Les aventures de Spirou et Fantasio (2018)
Le Petit Spirou (2017) (spin-off adaption)		 Spirou (1993–1994)
Two of a Kind: Spirou and Fantasio (2006–2009)
Spirou and co (series of animated shorts)
Le Petit Spirou (2012–ongoing) (spin-off adaption)		 no Spirou (1995)
Spirou: The Robot Invasion (2000)		 Parc Spirou theme park
audio plays
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
(Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird)		 no Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1984–2009)
various		 yes yes yes Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation (1997–1998) yes -
Tintin
(Hergé)		 no cartoons in Le Vingtième Siècle (1929–1939)
The Adventures of Tintin series		 five animated films Tintin and the Mystery of the Golden Fleece (1961)
Tintin and the Blue Oranges (1964)		 Hergé's Adventures of Tintin
The Adventures of Tintin		 no yes radio shows
musical
stage play
Turok
(Rex Maxon)		 4 novels Turok: Son of Stone (1956–1982; 2010–2011)
Turok: Dinosaur Hunter (1993–1996; 2014-)
Turok (1998)		 yes no no no Turok (series) -
The Walking Dead
(Robert Kirkman and Tony Moore)		 3 novels The Walking Dead (2003 – present) yes no no The Walking Dead TV series (2010 – present) The Walking Dead (2012)
The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct (2013)		 -
Wangan Midnight

(Michiharu Kusunoki)

no Wangan Midnight (1990 – 2008)

Wangan Midnight: C1 Runner (2009 – 2012)

Ginkai no Speed Star (2014 – 2015)

Shutoko SPL - Ginkai no Speedster (2016 – present)

no 12 direct-to-video movies (1991 – 2001)

Wangan Midnight The Movie (2009)

Wangan Midnight (2007 – 2008) no Wangan Midnight (2001)

Wangan Midnight R (2001)

Wangan Midnight (2007)

Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune series [Wikidata] (2004 – present)

toys

model kits

Yu-Gi-Oh!
(Kazuki Takahashi)		 yes Yu-Gi-Oh! (1996–2004)
Yu-Gi-Oh! R (2004–2008)
several		 Yu-Gi-Oh! (1999)
Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light (2004)
Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time (2010)
Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions (2016)		 no Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998)
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters (2000–2004)
Yu-Gi-Oh! GX (2004–2008)
several		 no several Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game
Yu Yu Hakusho
(Yoshihiro Togashi)		 no List of Yu Yu Hakusho chapters (1990–1994) Yu Yu Hakusho (1993)
Yu Yu Hakusho - Chapter of Underworld's Carnage - Bonds of Fire (1994)		 no Yu Yu Hakusho (1992–1995) no several CDs
Yu Yu Hakusho Trading Card Game
various merchandise

Franchises originating in television series

Franchises originating in animated television series

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
The Amazing World of Gumball

(Ben Bocquelet)

yes yes yes no The Amazing World of Gumball (2011-2019)

Darwin's Yearbook (2019)

The Gumball Chronicles (2020-2021)

no yes Toys

Music

Theme Park Ride

Avatar: The Last Airbender
(Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko)		 yes various no The Last Airbender Avatar: The Last Airbender
The Legend of Korra		 Avatar: The Last Airbender (2021-) various Trading Card Game
Roller Coaster ride
Lego theme
Ben 10
(Cartoon Network)		 no yes yes yes Ben 10 (2005–2008)
Ben 10: Alien Force (2008–2010)
Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (2010–2012)
Ben 10: Omniverse (2012–2014)
Ben 10 (Reboot) (2016-2021)		 no yes Action figures
Toys
Bob the Builder
(Keith Chapman)		 yes no various feature-length TV specials no Bob the Builder (1998-2004)
:Project Build It (2005-2008)
:Ready, Steady, Build (2010–2012)
Bob the Builder (2015-2018)		 no yes several children's songs including the series theme song
various toys
theme park attractions
live stage show
The Flintstones
(Hanna-Barbera)		 no yes The Man Called Flintstone (1966)
The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! (2015)
several TV specials and movies		 The Flintstones (1994)
The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000)		 The Flintstones (1960–1966)
several other animated series		 no yes 2 theme parks
live stage show
Gundam
(Yoshiyuki Tomino)		 numerous List of Gundam manga and novels Over 6 depending on criteria G-Saviour (2000) Mobile Suit Gundam (1979–1982), and 15 additional series no List of Gundam video games Hundreds of model kits, traditional merchandise and exotic specials including a car.
The Loud House
(Chris Savino)		 numerous various graphic novels The Loud House Movie (2021) no The Loud House (2016-)
The Casagrandes (2019-)		 no The Loud House: Outta Control various toys
Neon Genesis Evangelion
(Hideaki Anno)		 no Neon Genesis Evangelion (manga) (1994–2013) Five films no Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995–1996) no several Petit Eva: Evangelion@School
dramas
Music
RWBY
(Monty Oum)		 no yes no no RWBY (2013-) no various various stage shows
Scooby-Doo
(Hanna-Barbera)		 yes yes Scoob! (2020);
various others		 Scooby-Doo (2002), Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004) Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969–1970), 11 others no yes -
The Simpsons
(Matt Groening)		 yes List of The Simpsons comics The Simpsons Movie (2007) no The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show (1987–1989)
The Simpsons (1989-)		 no yes The Simpsons Ride
Space Battleship Yamato
(Yoshinobu Nishizaki)		 no Cosmoship Yamato manga (1974–1975)
Great Yamato manga (2000–2001)		 Space Battleship Yamato (1977)
and various sequels (1978–2002)		 Space Battleship Yamato (2010) Space Battleship Yamato (1974–1980)
Star Blazers (1979–1984)
Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (2013)		 no Space Battleship Yamato (1999) and sequels Toys
Action figures
pre-fabricated kits
Music
SpongeBob SquarePants
(Stephen Hillenburg)		 yes yes The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004)
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run (2020)		 The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015) SpongeBob SquarePants pilot episode (1997)
SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–)
Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years (2021-)		 several scenes yes Toys
Action figures
Music
Steven Universe
(Rebecca Sugar)		 yes yes Steven Universe: The Movie (2019) no Steven Universe (2013-2019)
Steven Universe Future (2019-2020)		 no yes Action figures
Voltron
(World Events Productions)		 no various Voltron: Fleet of Doom (1986) no Voltron: Defender of the Universe (1984–1985)
Voltron: The Third Dimension (1998)
Voltron Force (2010)		 no Voltron: Defender of the Universe (2011) Toys
Action figures
Winx Club
(Iginio Straffi)		 yes yes Winx Club: The Secret of the Lost Kingdom (2007)
Winx Club 3D: Magical Adventure (2010)
Winx Club: The Mystery of the Abyss (2014)		 no Winx Club (2004–Present)
PopPixie (2011)
World of Winx (2016-2017)		 Fate: The Winx Saga (2021–Present) various Merchandise
Soundtracks
Winx on Ice (2008–2010)
Yogi Bear and Friends
(William Hanna, Joseph Barbera, and Ed Benedict)		 yes yes Hey There It's Yogi Bear! Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10 Yogi Bear (2010) The Huckleberry Hound Show and many other series no many Merchandise, Yogi Bear's Honey Fried Chicken restaurant chain, Jellystone Park

Franchises originating in live-action television series

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
Babylon 5
(J. Michael Straczynski)		 various various no no no Babylon 5 (102 episodes, 1994–1998)
Crusade (1999) and six TV films (1998–2007)		 no -
Battlestar Galactica
(Glen A. Larson)		 various Battlestar Galactica (comics) no no no Battlestar Galactica (1978–1979)
Battlestar Galactica (2004–2009)		 yes -
The Brady Bunch
(Sherwood Schwartz)		 no no no The Brady Bunch Movie (1995)
A Very Brady Sequel (1996)
The Brady Bunch in the White House (2002)		 The Brady Kids (1972–1974) The Brady Bunch (1969–1974)
The Brady Brides (1981)		 no numerous albums
A Very Brady Musical
Charlie's Angels
(Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts)		 no yes (1979; 2019) no Charlie's Angels (2000)
Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003)
Charlie's Angels (2019)		 no Charlie's Angels (1976–1981)
Charlie's Angels (2011)		 yes (2003; 2008; 2019) Charlie's Angels: Animated Adventures (2003)
Doctor Who
(Sydney Newman, C. E. Webber, and Donald Wilson)		 List of Doctor Who novelisations (1965–2012)
various		 List of Doctor Who comic stories no Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965)
Daleks – Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D. (1966)		 The Infinite Quest (2007)
Dreamland (2009)		 Doctor Who (26 seasons from 1963–1989, new series 2005–present); one TV film and several spin-offs various Website animated series
Radio and audio serials
Stage productions
The Equalizer
(Michael Sloan and Richard Lindheim)		 yes no no The Equalizer (2014)
The Equalizer 2 (2018)		 no The Equalizer (1985–1989)
The Equalizer (2021–)		 - -
Mission: Impossible
(Bruce Geller)		 yes several no Mission: Impossible film series no Mission: Impossible (1966–1973, 1988–1990) yes -
Monty Python various no A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman several no Monty Python's Flying Circus
several TV specials		 various Record albums
Mr. Bean
(Rowan Atkinson and Richard Curtis)		 various no no Bean
Mr. Bean's Holiday		 Mr. Bean: The Animated Series Mr. Bean (1990-1995)
Comic Relief sketches		 no Facebook videos
TV commercial appearances
The Muppets
(Jim Henson)		 no The Muppet Show (comics)
various		 no The Muppet Movie (1979), and seven additional films Muppet Babies (1984–1991)
Muppet Babies (2018–ongoing) 		Sam and Friends (1955-1961)
The Muppet Show (1976–1981)
Muppets Tonight (1996–1998)
Muppets Now (2020-present)		 yes Discography, live shows
Power Rangers/Super Sentai
(Haim Saban and Shuki Levy/Shotaro Ishinomori)		 no yes no various Sentai Films
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie (1997)		 no Himitsu Sentai Gorenger (1975–1977)
various
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993–1996)
various		 various Power Rangers Collectible Card Game
various stage shows
Sesame Street
(Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett)		 various Sesame Street (comic strip) no Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird (1985)
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland (1999)		 Mecha Builders (upcoming) Sesame Street (1969-)
The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo (2020-)
various TV specials		 various -
Star Trek
(Gene Roddenberry)		 List of Star Trek novels Star Trek (comics) no Thirteen feature films (beginning in 1979) Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973–74)
Star Trek: Lower Decks (2020-)		 Star Trek: The Original Series (1966–69)
Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994)
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993–99)
Star Trek: Voyager (1995–2001)
Star Trek: Enterprise (2001–05)
Star Trek: Discovery (2017–)
Star Trek: Picard (2020-)		 numerous -
The X-Files
(Chris Carter)		 no The X-Files (comics) no The X-Files (1998)
The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008)		 no The X-Files (1993–2002; 2016–2018)
Millennium(1996–1999)
The Lone Gunmen (2001)		 yes

Franchises originating in films

Franchises originating in animated films

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
An American Tail
(Don Bluth, Gary Goldman, Steven Spielberg)		 various no An American Tale (1986)
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991)
An American Tail: The Treasure of Manhattan Island (1998)
An American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster (1999)		 no Fievel's American Tails (1992) no various An American Tail Theatre
Cars
(John Lassiter and various)		 various various Cars (2006)
Cars 2 (2011)
Cars 3 (2017)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire and Rescue (2014)		 no no no various toy line
Cars Land
Despicable Me
(Sergio Pablos)		 children's novels Minions comic albums no Minions Holiday Special (2020) no Despicable Me Minion Mayhem
Felix the Cat
(Pat Sullivan and Otto Messmer)		 Felix the Cat comic strip various Theatrical Shorts series
(beginning in 1919 to 1930)
sound and color revival shorts from Van Beuren Studios (1936)
Felix the Cat: The Movie (1988)
Felix the Cat Saves Christmas (2004)		 no Felix the Cat (1958-1960)
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995-1997)
Baby Felix (2000-2001)		 no Felix the Cat (video game) various merchandise
Finding Nemo
(Andrew Stanton)		 yes yes Finding Nemo (2003)
Finding Dory (2016)		 no no no yes Finding Nemo the Musical
Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage
Frozen
(Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee)		 numerous Yes Frozen (2013)
Frozen II (2019)		 no LEGO Frozen Northern (2016) Once upon a time (season 4) (2014) numerous Disney On Ice Frozen, Frozen Ever After and more
Ice Age
(Michael J. Wilson)		 no no Ice Age (2002), The Meltdown (2006), Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009), Continental Drift (2012), Collision Course (2016)
Gone Nutty (2002)
No Time For Nuts (2006)		 no no no various Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure (live arena ice show)
Kung Fu Panda
(Ethan Reiff and Cyrus Voris)		 no yes Kung Fu Panda (2008)
Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016)		 no Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (2011–2016)
Kung Fu Panda: The Paws of Destiny (2018–)		 no yes numerous
Lilo & Stitch
(Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois)		 children's novels Comic Zone: Lilo & Stitch
Tono & Stitch (2020)		 Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Stitch! The Movie (2003)
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch (2005)
Leroy & Stitch (2006)		 Upcoming live-action remake Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003–2006)
Stitch! (2008–2015)
Stitch & Ai (2017)		 no Disney's Lilo & Stitch (GBA; 2002)
Lilo & Stitch: Trouble in Paradise (2002)
Disney's Stitch: Experiment 626 (2002)
various others		 various attractions and additional merchandise
Looney Tunes
(Rudolf Ising and Hugh Harman)		 no various Theatrical Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies short films
(beginning in 1930 to 1969 with rival shorts released in the 1990s and 2010s)
various feature films		 Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989)(cameo only)Space Jam (1996)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)		 numerous no List of Looney Tunes video games Music albums, theme park rides
Madagascar
(Tom McGrath, Eric Darnell)		 various various Madagascar (2005)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)
Penguins of Madagascar (2014) and two shorts films		 no various no various musical and Live, Theme Parks
Mickey Mouse and Friends
(Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks)		 children's books Mickey Mouse (comic book)
various		 Theatrical short films(beginning in 1928)
Fantasia (1940)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)		 Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989)(cameo only) the films featured in Animaited films feature live-action scenes numerous Walt Disney anthology television series various numerous
Monsters, Inc.
(Peter Docter and various)		 various Monsters, Inc.: Laugh Factory Monsters, Inc. (2001)
Monsters University (2013)		 no Monsters at Work (2021-) no various numerous
Tangled
(Nathan Greno & Byron Howard)		 various various Tangled (2010)
Tangled Ever After (2012)
Tangled: Before Ever After (2017)		 no Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure no no
The Incredibles
(Brad Bird)		 yes yes The Incredibles (2004)
Incredibles 2 (2018)		 no no no various Incredicoaster
The Land Before Time
(Don Bluth, Gary Goldman, Judy Freudburg & Tony Geiss)		 various no The Land Before Time (1988)
sequels		 no The Land Before Time (2007–08) no List of The Land Before Time video games no
The Lion King
(Roger Allers & Rob Minkoff)		 adaption various The Lion King (1994)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
The Lion King 1½ (2004)
The Lion King (2019)		 no (though the 2019 remake was advertised as a live-action film) The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa (1995–1999)
The Lion Guard (2015–2019)		 no various other media
The Secret Life of Pets
(Cinco Paul
Brian Lynch
Ken Daurio)		 yes yes The Secret Life of Pets (2016)
The Secret Life of Pets 2 (2019)		 no no no The Secret Life of Pets: Unleashed The Secret Life of Pets: Off the Leash!
Tom and Jerry
(William Hanna & Joseph Barbera)		 yes various Theatrical short films, (beginning in 1940 to 1967 and 2005)
Tom and Jerry: The Movie
various DTV animated films		 Tom and Jerry numerous no List of Tom and Jerry video games Musical adaption
Toy Story
(John Lasseter, and various)		 yes various Toy Story (1995)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Toy Story 4 (2019)
Toy Story Toons(2011-2012)
Lamp Life (2020)		 no Toy Story Treats (1996)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000-2001)
Forky Asks A Question (2019-)
two TV shorts		 no various other media
Wallace and Gromit
(Nick Park)		 yes various A Grand Day Out (1989)
The Wrong Trousers (1993)
A Close Shave (1995)
Cracking Contraptions (2002)
The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008)
Shaun the Sheep Movie (2015)
Farmageddon A Shaun the Sheep Movie (2019)
two Shaun the Sheep specials		 no Shaun the Sheep (2007-)
Timmy Time (2009-2012)
Wallace and Gromit's World of Invention (2010)		 no various Wallace & Gromit's Thrill-O-Matic
Woody Woodpecker/Andy Panda
(Walter Lantz)		 yes yes Theatrical Andy Panda short series (starting in 1939 to 1952, with the short Knock Knock debuting the character of Woody Woodpecker)
Theatrical Woody Woodpecker shorts (starting in 1940 to 1971) 		Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989) (cameo only)Woody Woodpecker (2017) The Woody Woodpecker Show (1957-1958)
The New Woody Woodpecker Show (1999-2001)
Woody Woodpecker (2018)		 live action segments in The Woody Woodpecker Show various theme park attractions
The Woody Woodpecker Song

Franchises originating in live-action films

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
Alien
(Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett)		 Alien novel series various no Alien (1979)
Aliens (1986)
Alien 3 (1992)
Alien Resurrection (1997)		 no no various -
Back to the Future
(Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale)		 novelizations of the films several no Back to the Future (1985)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part III (1990)		 Back to the Future (1991-92) no yes Back to the Future the Musical
Bill & Ted
(Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon)		 yes Bill & Ted's Excellent Comic Book no Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey (1991)
Bill & Ted Face the Music (2020)		 Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1990-1991) Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1992) various cereal
musical
Buffyverse
(Joss Whedon)		 List of Buffyverse novels List of Buffyverse comics no Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) Animated pilot Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003)
Angel (1999–2004)		 Buffy the Vampire Slayer video games -
The Chronicles of Riddick
(David Twohy)		 yes no The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury (2004) Pitch Black (2000)
The Chronicles of Riddick (2004)
Riddick (2013)		 no no several -
DC Extended Universe

(DC Films)

various various no Man of Steel (2013)
several other films 		no various various -
Evil Dead
(Sam Raimi)		 no Army of Darkness comic book
various		 no no Ash vs Evil Dead several Evil Dead: The Musical
Final Destination
(Jeffrey Reddick)		 numerous novels Final Destination: Sacrifice (2006)
Final Destination: Spring Break (2006)		 no no no no -
Ghostbusters
(Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis)		 no Ghostbusters (comics) no Ghostbusters (1984)
Ghostbusters II (1989)
Ghostbusters: Answer the Call (2016)		 yes no yes -
Godzilla
(Ishirō Honda)		 Novels by Marc Cerasini Godzilla (comics) Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters Godzilla (1954)
numerous others		 yes yes yes -
Halloween
(John Carpenter and Debra Hill)		 List of novels List of comics no Halloween
List of films		 no no Halloween -
Herbie
(Gordon Buford and Walt Disney Productions)		 Car, Boy, Girl (1961, unpublished)
film novelizations		 three Gold Key Comics under the Walt Disney Showcase no The Love Bug (1968)
Herbie Rides Again (1974)
Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977)
Herbie Goes Bananas (1980)
Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005)		 no Herbie, the Love Bug Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005)
Herbie Rescue Rally (2007)		 -
Highlander
(Gregory Widen)		 various various Highlander: The Search for Vengeance (2007) Highlander (1986)
Highlander II: The Quickening
Highlander III: The Sorcerer
Highlander: Endgame
Highlander: The Source (2007)		 Highlander: The Animated Series Highlander: The Series
Highlander: The Raven		 Highlander (1986)
Highlander: The Last of the MacLeods (1995)		 Highlander: The Card Game
Indiana Jones
(George Lucas and Steven Spielberg)		 yes Indiana Jones (comics) no Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)		 no The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles various The Adventures of Indiana Jones Role-Playing Game by TSR and The World of Indiana Jones by West End Games
The Karate Kid
(Robert Mark Kamen)		 no no no The Karate Kid (1984)
The Karate Kid Part II (1986)
The Karate Kid Part III (1989)
The Next Karate Kid (1994)
The Karate Kid (2010)		 The Karate Kid (1989) Cobra Kai (2018–) The Karate Kid Part II: The Computer Game (1986)
The Karate Kid (1987)
Cobra Kai: The Karate Kid Saga Continues
King Kong
(Merian C. Cooper)		 no various no King Kong (1933); numerous others The King Kong Show (1966–1969)
The Mighty Kong (1998)
Kong: The Animated Series (2000)		 no various King Kong musical (2013); amusement park rides
Marvel Cinematic Universe
(Marvel Studios) 		various various no Iron Man (2008)
several other films 		What If...? (2021) various various various
The Matrix
(The Wachowskis)		 yes The Matrix Comics The Animatrix (2003) The Matrix (1999)
The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
The Matrix Revolutions (2003)		 no no Enter the Matrix (2003)
several others		 -
The Pink Panther
(Blake Edwards and Maurice Richlin) 		yes The Pink Panther and the Inspector The Pink Phink (1964)
various		 The Pink Panther (1963); sequels and reboots various no various -
Predator
(Jim Thomas and John Thomas)		 Predator novel series List of Predator comics no Predator (1987)
Predator 2 (1990)
Predators (2010)		 no no various -
RoboCop
(Edward Neumeier and Michael Miner)		 RoboCop 2: A Novel RoboCop (comics) no RoboCop (1987)
RoboCop 2 (1990)
RoboCop 3 (1993)
RoboCop (2014)		 RoboCop: The Animated Series (1988)
RoboCop: Alpha Commando (1998−1999)		 RoboCop: The Series (1994)
RoboCop: Prime Directives (2001)		 List of RoboCop video games RoboCop the Ride
Saw
(James Wan & Leigh Whannell)		 no yes no Saw (2004); numerous sequels no no Saw (2009)
Saw II: Flesh & Blood (2010)		 various theme parks, attractions and additional merchandise
Stargate
(Roland Emmerich & Dean Devlin)		 yes List of Stargate comics no Stargate (1994) Stargate Infinity Stargate SG-1
Stargate Atlantis
Stargate Universe		 Stargate: Resistance -
Star Wars (includes Darth Vader and many others)
(George Lucas)		 List of Star Wars books List of Star Wars comic books Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) Star Wars (1977)
several other films		 numerous Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984)
The Mandalorian (2020-)
Various others		 List of Star Wars video games numerous
Terminator
(James Cameron)		 various List of Terminator comics no The Terminator (1984)
numerous sequels		 no Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008–2009) List of Terminator video games park attraction
Tron
(Steven Lisberger)		 yes various no Tron (1982)
Tron: Legacy (2010)		 Tron: Uprising no various
Rocky
(Sylvester Stallone)		 yes no no Rocky (1976)
Numerous sequels and spin-offs		 no no Various Rocky the Musical

Franchises originating in video games

Including film and/or television works

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
Angry Birds
(Rovio Entertainment)		 yes yes The Angry Birds Movie (2016)
The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019)		 no Angry Birds Toons (2013-)
Piggy Tales (2014)		 no Angry Birds (2009)
several sequels and spin-offs		 theme parks, toys, food products
Assassin's Creed
(Ubisoft Montreal)		 Assassin's Creed (book series)
 various animated shorts Assassin's Creed: Lineage (2009) (short)
Assassin's Creed (2016)		 no no Assassin's Creed (2007)
numerous sequels and spin-offs
Dead Space
(Glen Schofield)		 2 novels various Dead Space: Downfall (2008)
Dead Space: Aftermath (2011)		 no no no Dead Space (2008)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 -
Devil May Cry
(Capcom)		 Devil May Cry novels Devil May Cry manga series
Devil May Cry comic book series		 no no Devil May Cry: The Animated Series (2007) no Devil May Cry (2001)
several sequels		 -
Doom
(id Software)		 Doom novels Doom (1996) no Doom (2005)
Doom: Annihilation (2019)		 no no Doom (1993)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 Doom: The Boardgame
Dragon Age
(BioWare)		 4 novels various Dragon Age: Dawn of the Seeker (2012) no no Dragon Age: Redemption (2011) Dragon Age: Origins (2009)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 other media
Final Fantasy
(Hironobu Sakaguchi)		 various Various Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals (1994)
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001)
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children (2005)
Last Order: Final Fantasy VII (2005)		 no yes no Final Fantasy (1987)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 music
Halo
(Bungie)		 19 novels various Halo Legends (2010) no no Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn (2012)
upcoming series planned		 Halo: Combat Evolved (2001)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 Music, board game, action figures other media
Kemono Friends
(Kemono Friends Project, Mine Yoshizaki)		 various guide books Kemono Friends: Welcome to Japari Park! (2015-2017)
Kemono Friends à la carte
Kemono Friends 2		 no no Kemono Friends (2017)
Kemono Friends 2 (2019)		 no Kemono Friends (2015-2016 mobile game)
various other mobile games, Nintendo Switch game, arcade game		 Welcome to Japari Park (2018–present, net animation)
two stage musicals, various music CDs, audio plays, Weiß Schwarz TCG cards
The King of Fighters
(SNK)		 no various no The King of Fighters (film) (2010) The King of Fighters: Another Day (2005–2006)
The King of Fighters: Destiny (2017)		 no The King of Fighters '94 (1994)
numerous sequels and spinoffs		 cds, collectible card game, pachinko games
Kirby
(Masahiro Sakurai)		 no Kirby of the Stars: The Story of Dedede Who Lives in Pupupu (manga 1995-2006)
Various (manga)		 no no Kirby: Right Back at Ya! (2001-2003) no Kirby's Dream Land (1992)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 Kirby Café,
clothes, toys
The Legend of Zelda
(Shigeru Miyamoto, Takashi Tezuka)		 various The Legend of Zelda (manga) no no The Legend of Zelda (1989) no The Legend of Zelda (1986)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 other media
Mario
(Shigeru Miyamoto)		 Nintendo Gamebooks Nintendo Comics System
Super Mario Adventures (comics)
Super Mario-kun (manga)		 Super Mario Brothers: The Great Mission to Rescue Princess Peach! (1986) Super Mario Bros. (1993) several The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! Donkey Kong (1981)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 Music theme
Mass Effect Mass Effect: Revelation (2007)
several sequels		 various Mass Effect: Paragon Lost (2012) no no no Mass Effect (2007)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 board games, action figures
Mega Man Mega Man 2 various no no Mega Man (1994–1995)
MegaMan NT Warrior (2002–2003)
Mega Man Star Force (2006–2007)		 no Mega Man (1987)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 -
Mortal Kombat
(Ed Boon, John Tobias)		 yes Mortal Kombat (comics) Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge (2020) Mortal Kombat (1995)
Mortal Kombat: Annihilation (1997)
Mortal Kombat (2021)		 Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm (1996) Mortal Kombat: Konquest (1998)
Mortal Kombat: Legacy (2011)		 Mortal Kombat (1992),
numerous sequels		 collectible card game, live show, action figures
Pac-Man
(Namco)		 no yes no no Pac-Man (TV series) (1982–1983) no Pac-Man (1980),
numerous sequels		 collectible card game, live show, action figures
Pokémon
(Nintendo, Game Freak)		 yes Pokémon (manga) numerous Pokémon: Detective Pikachu (2019) Pokémon (anime) no Pokémon Red and Blue, various series beginning in 1996 collectible card game, collectible miniatures game
Ratchet & Clank
(Insomniac Games)		 no Ratchet & Clank: Bang Bang Bang! Critical Danger of the Galaxy Legend (2004–2008)
Ratchet & Clank (comic) (2010–2011)		 Ratchet & Clank (2016) no no no Ratchet & Clank (2002)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 various merchandise
Rayman
(Michel Ancel, Ubisoft)		 no yes no no Rayman: The Animated Series (1999–2000) no Rayman (1995)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 Toy
Resident Evil
(Capcom)		 various various Resident Evil: Degeneration (2008)
Resident Evil: Damnation (2012)		 Resident Evil film series no no Resident Evil (1996)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 various merchandise
Silent Hill
(Konami)		 yes Silent Hill (comics) no Silent Hill (2006)
Silent Hill: Revelation (2012)		 no no Silent Hill (1999)
numerous sequels		 various merchandise
Sonic the Hedgehog yes various no Sonic the Hedgehog (2020) yes no Sonic the Hedgehog (1991)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 OVA
Street Fighter yes Street Fighter (1993)
Street Fighter (2003–2018, numerous manga)		 yes Street Fighter (1994)
Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li (2009)		 yes Street Fighter: Assassin's Fist (2014–Present) Street Fighter (1987)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 Card game.
Tekken no Tekken Comic (manga) Tekken: The Motion Picture (1998)
Tekken: Blood Vengeance (2011)		 Tekken (2010) no no Tekken (1994)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 -
Tomb Raider various Tomb Raider (comics) no Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001)
Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life (2003)
Tomb Raider (2018)		 Revisioned: Tomb Raider Animated Series (2007) no Tomb Raider (1996)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 amusement park rides, other media
Warcraft various various no Warcraft (2016) no no Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (1994)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 tabletop games
Wing Commander
(Origin Systems)		 various no no Wing Commander (1999) Wing Commander Academy (1996) no Wing Commander (1990)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 collectible card game

Not including film and/or television works

Franchise
(Creator)		 Literature Comics Video games Other media
Diablo various various Diablo (1996)
Diablo II (2000)
Diablo III (2012)		 -
Gears of War Gears of War: Aspho Fields (2008)
several sequels		 Gears of War (comics) Gears of War (2006)
Gears of War 2 (2008)
Gears of War 3 (2011)
Gears of War: Judgment (2013)		 board game
God of War yes yes God of War (2005)
several sequels and side games		 music
Metal Gear
(Hideo Kojima)		 yes several Metal Gear (1987)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 other media
Five Nights at Freddy's
(Scott Cawthon)		 various trilogy graphic novels based on novels trilogy Five Nights at Freddy's (2014)
numerous sequels and spin-offs		 merchandise
StarCraft yes yes StarCraft (1998 and later expansions)
StarCraft II (2010 and later expansions)
 tabletop games

Franchises originating in board games, card games, table-top games, and role-playing games

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Other media
BattleTech
(Jordan Weisman, L. Ross Babcock III)		 List of BattleTech novels yes no no BattleTech: The Animated Series (1994) no yes Classic BattleTech wargame
several other table-top games
Car Wars
(Steve Jackson Games)		 3 novels yes no no no no Autoduel Car Wars table-top game
other table-top games
Dungeons & Dragons
(Gary Gygax)		 Dungeons & Dragons (novels) Dungeons & Dragons (comics) Dragonlance: Dragons of Autumn Twilight (2008) Dungeons & Dragons (2000)
two sequels		 Dungeons & Dragons (1983–1985) no List of Dungeons & Dragons video games Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
board games
Magic: The Gathering
(Richard Garfield)		 several several no no no no several Magic: The Gathering trading card game
Mutant Chronicles
(Target Games)		 3 novels yes no Mutant Chronicles (2008) no no Doom Troopers (1995) Mutant Chronicles role-playing game
several table-top games
Shadowrun
(FASA Corporation)		 several no no no no no several Shadowrun role-playing game
several other table-top games
Warhammer (Games Workshop) List of Warhammer Fantasy novels
List of Warhammer 40,000 novels		 Warhammer Fantasy comics
Warhammer 40,000 comics		 Ultramarines: A Warhammer 40,000 Movie (2010) no no no Warhammer video games Warhammer Fantasy Battle miniature wargame
several other table-top games
World of Darkness (White Wolf Publishing) several yes no no no Kindred: The Embraced (1996) yes Vampire: The Masquerade role-playing game
several other table-top games

Franchises originating in toys, attractions and other media

Franchise
(Creator) 		Literature Comics Animated films Live action films Animated TV series Live action TV series Video games Toys, attractions and other media
Alvin and the Chipmunks
(Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.)		 no yes The Chipmunk Adventure (1987)
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein (1999)
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman (2000)
several TV specials		 Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks (2004)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip (2015)		 The Alvin Show (1961–1962)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983–1990)
ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks (2010)		 no yes The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late); Alvin and the Chipmunks discography
live stage show
The Amory Wars
(Claudio Sanchez)		 Year of the Black Rainbow (2010) several no upcoming no no yes Albums by Coheed and Cambria
American Girl
(Pleasant Rowland)		 numerous no no several no no several American Girl dolls
Barbie
(Ruth Handler)		 numerous yes numerous direct to video no Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse (2012–) no several Barbie fashion dolls
BanG Dream!

(Bushiroad)

BanG_Dream! Star Beat (2016) several BanG Dream! Film Live (2019)

BanG Dream! Episode of Roselia (2021)

no BanG Dream! (2017-2020)

BanG Dream! Girls Band Party! Pico (2018–2020)

no BanG Dream! Girls Band Party! (2017) Live Concerts, Albums and various merchandise
Bratz
(Carter Bryant)		 several no several direct to video Bratz: The Movie (2007) Bratz (2005–2006) Bratz Design Academy (2008) several Bratz fashion dolls
Bratz Fashion Party Fever Game
Captain Sabertooth
(Terje Formoe)		 numerous several yes The Dream of Captain Sabertooth's Kingdom and several others no yes several Captain Sabertooth Stage plays
Care Bears
(Elena Kucharik, Linda Denham)		 several yes several no several no several Care Bears greeting cards
various merchandise
Digimon
(Bandai)		 Digimon Adventure Light Novel (2001) several 9 no 6 no several Virtual pet
Card game
G.I. Joe
(Hasbro)		 no G.I. Joe (comics) G.I. Joe: The Movie (1987) G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009)
G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013)		 Various productions, beginning with G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1985–1987) no List of G.I. Joe video games List of G.I. Joe action figure series
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
(Douglas Adams)		 5 original novels (1979–1992)
And Another Thing... (2006)		 yes no The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005) no The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1981) several The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy radio series (1978–1980)
stage play
Various Lego franchises
(The Lego Group)		 several no The Lego Movie franchise; direct-to-video films no no no several Lego building blocks; Legoland theme park
Lone Ranger
(George W. Trendle or Fran Striker)		 The Lone Ranger (1936), and numerous others various| no The Lone Ranger (1938 film serial); The Lone Ranger (1966–1968) The Lone Ranger (1949–1957); numerous others The Lone Ranger (1991) The Lone Ranger (1933 radio show)
Madea
(Tyler Perry)		 Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings (2006) no Madea's Tough Love numerous no House of Payne no I Can Do Bad All by Myself (1999)
Numerous other stage plays
My Little Pony
(Hasbro)		 yes yes My Little Pony: The Movie (1986)
Various direct-to-video films produced in 2000s
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls (2013) and two sequels
My Little Pony: The Movie (2017)		 no My Little Pony (1984 TV special)
My Little Pony: Escape from Catrina (1985 TV special)
My Little Pony (1986, part of My Little Pony 'n Friends anthology series)
My Little Pony Tales (1992)
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (2010)		 no yes My Little Pony (toy line)
The Odd Couple
(Neil Simon)		 no no no The Odd Couple (1968)
The Odd Couple II (1998)		 The Oddball Couple (1975–1977) The Odd Couple (1970–1975)
The New Odd Couple (1982–1983)
The Odd Couple (2015)		 no The Odd Couple (1965 stage play)
Patlabor

(Headgear)

yes Mobile Police Patlabor (1988−1994) Patlabor: The Movie (1989)

Patlabor 2: The Movie (1993)

WXIII: Patlabor the Movie 3 (2002)

The Next Generation Patlabor: Shuto Kessen (2015) Patlabor on Television (1989−1990) The Next Generation: Patlabor (2014–2015) yes Patlabor: Early Days (1988–1989 OVA)

Patlabor: The New Files (1990–1992 OVA)

Patlabor Concert Tour '92: Project Tokyo

soundtracks

toys

model kits

Pirates of the Caribbean
(The Walt Disney Company)		 Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow (12 books)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Legends of the Brethren Court (5 books)
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom		 no no Pirates of the Caribbean (film series) (2003–2017) no no List of Pirates of the Caribbean video games Disney theme park ride, beginning in 1967
Strawberry Shortcake
(Muriel Fahrion)		 yes yes several no several no List of Strawberry Shortcake video games Strawberry Shortcake greeting cards
various merchandise
Transformers
(Hasbro, based on two existing toy lines created by Takara)		 List of Transformers books Transformers (comics) The Transformers: The Movie (1986) Transformers (film series) (2007-) The Transformers (1982–1987); various series no List of Transformers video games Transformers (toy line)

etc.

See also

References

  1. See, e.g., Barry Langford, Post-classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945, p. 207, ISBN 074863858X: "For the studios, a home-run is a film from which a multimedia 'franchise' can be generated; the colossally expensive creation of cross-media conglomerates predicated on synergistic rewards provides an obvious imperative to develop such products".
  2. ^ Harry J. Brown, Videogames and Education (2008), p. 41, ISBN 0765629496:

    In one of the most celebrated ventures in media convergence, Larry and Andy Wachowski, creators of The Matrix trilogy, produced the game Enter the Matrix (2003) simultaneously with the last two films of the trilogy, shooting scenes for the game on the movie's sets with the movie s actors, and releasing the game on the same day as The Matrix: Reloaded. Likewise, on September 21, 2004, Lucasfilm jointly released a new DVD box set of the original Star Wars trilogy with Star Wars: Battlefront, a combat game in which players can reenact battles from all six Star Wars films. In 2005, Peter Jackson likewise produced his blockbuster film King Kong (2005) in tandem with a successful King Kong game designed by Michael Ancel and published by Ubisoft. In the last several years, numerous licensed videogame adaptations of major summer and holiday blockbusters were released a few days before or a few days after their respective films, including: all three Star Wars films (1999–2005); all five Harry Potter films (2001–2008); all three Spider-Man films (2002–2007); Hulk (2002); The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002); The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003); The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (2005); Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006); Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007); and Transformers (2007). These multimedia franchises have made it more difficult to distinguish the production of films and videogames as separate enterprises.

  3. Nick Hunter, Popular Culture: 2000 and Beyond (2012), page 11, ISBN 1410946266: "The Harry Potter series was another huge multimedia franchise that triumphed at the box office".
  4. John Sutherland, Lives of the Novelists: A History of Fiction in 294 Lives (2012), p. 195, ISBN 0300182430: "It was the films, beginning with Dr No in 1962, which made Bond into a multimedia franchise which continues to turn over more money per annum than any other literary creation of the twentieth century, with the possible exception of the Harry Potter films".
  5. ^ Note: Alien vs. Predator is a crossover franchise established from the existing Alien and Predator franchises
  6. "Media crossovers have us asking, 'who's ripping off who?'", Edmonton Journal (July 14, 2000), p. E3: "Marvel Comics is already reaping an "X-cellent" multimedia bounty on the backs of the special effects-laden feature..."
  7. Ian Gordon, Mark Jancovich, Matthew P. McAllister, Film and Comic Books (2007), p. 161, ISBN 160473809X: "hen considering Superman as a multimedia franchise, and critical interpretations of him, it would seem that development and variety have been central to his longevity".
  8. Gilbert A. Blouchard, "Mining comic books for movie gold is old hat", Edmonton Journal (July 14, 2000), p. E3: "Marvel Comics is already reaping an "X-cellent" multimedia bounty on the backs of the special effects-laden feature..."
  9. Noble, Barnes &. "Online Bookstore: Books, NOOK ebooks, Music, Movies & Toys". Barnes & Noble.
  10. "Winx Club Magazine (Volume) - Comic Vine". comicvine.com.
  11. "Winx Club: The Mystery of the Abyss" – via www.imdb.com.
  12. Andreeva, Nellie (September 25, 2014). "Netflix Orders 'Winx Club' Spinoff Series". Deadline.
  13. "Winx Club Dolls Mattel - eBay". eBay.
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2014-03-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. Miles Booy, Love and Monsters: The Doctor Who Experience, 1979 to the Present (2012), p. 155, ISBN 184885479X: "If treating the programme as a multimedia franchise – and at this point it becomes hard to think of it as anything else – is a good thing, then this was the point where the BBC began to connect the dots".
  16. Mark Clark, Star Trek FAQ: Everything Left to Know about the First Voyages of the Starship Enterprise (2012), p. 1, ISBN 1557839638: "Star Trek, which once struggled to survive from one season to the next, has become immortal—and, beyond that, inescapable. The series, and the multimedia franchise that grew from it, is now woven inextricably into the fabric of America and the world".
  17. Note: The Ghostbusters franchise beginning with the 1984 film is unrelated to the 1975 TV series, The Ghost Busters, and its spin-off, the 1986 Ghostbusters animated series.
  18. Lincoln Geraghty, American Science Fiction Film and Television (2009), p. 94, ISBN 1845207963: Multiple readings of the film are plentiful and highlight the polysemic nature of the text and subsequent multimedia franchise".
  19. Roger Parry, The Ascent of Media: From Gilgamesh to Google Via Gutenberg (2011), p. 317, ISBN 1857885708: "Along with associated feature films, comic books, and character merchandise, Mario has become a hugely valuable global multimedia franchise".
  20. Marc DiPaolo, War, Politics and Superheroes: Ethics and Propaganda in Comics and Film (2011), p. 39, ISBN 0786485795: "The multimedia franchise is bolstered by the imaginations of the Transformers fans that imbue the flimsy material with their own potent fantasies of family cars and household devices turning into robots".
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