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{{nihongo foot|'''Aruze Global Trading Ltd.'''|アルゼグローバルトレーディング株式会社|Aruze Gurōbaru Torēdingu Kabushiki gaisha|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}}, originally known as {{nihongo foot|'''Sacnoth, Inc.'''|株式会社サクノス|Kabushiki gaisha Sakunosu|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} (1997-2002) and {{nihongo foot|'''Nautilus, Inc.'''|ノーチラス株式会社|Nōchirasu Kabushiki gaisha|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} (2002-2007), was a Japanese ]. It was owned by ], and later by ] following its acquisition of SNK in 2000. The company was founded in 1997 by ] with the funding of SNK; its staff, including Kikuta, were veterans of ]. While their first release was the '']'' games for the ] (NGPC), the company was founded to produce '']'', a ] for the ]. {{nihongo foot|'''Aruze Global Trading Ltd.'''|アルゼグローバルトレーディング株式会社|Aruze Gurōbaru Torēdingu Kabushiki gaisha|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}}, originally known as {{nihongo foot|'''Sacnoth, Inc.'''|株式会社サクノス|Kabushiki gaisha Sakunosu|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} (1997-2002) and {{nihongo foot|'''Nautilus, Inc.'''|ノーチラス株式会社|Nōchirasu Kabushiki gaisha|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} (2002-2007), was a Japanese ] based in ]. The company was founded in April 1997 by ] with funding from ]; its staff, including Kikuta, were veterans of ]. While their first releases were the '']'' games for the ] (NGPC), the company was founded to produce '']'', a ] for the ]. The development of ''Koudelka'' was troubled due to creative differences between Kikuta and the rest of the staff, with Kikuta resigning as CEO following the game's release and being replaced by Jun Mihara. The company also released the NGPC game '']''.


The development of ''Koudelka'' was troubled due to creative differences between Kikuta and the rest of the staff, with Kikuta resigning as CEO following the game's release and being replaced by Jun Mihara. The company also released the NGPC game '']''. In 2000, the company was acquired by Aruze, going on to develop the ] in the '']'' series. After the release of ''Shadow Hearts'', the company's name was changed to Nautilus and developed two more ''Shadow Hearts'' games. In 2000, the company was acquired by ], going on to develop the ] in the '']'' series. After the release of ''Shadow Hearts'', the company's name was changed to Nautilus in 2002 and developed two more ''Shadow Hearts'' games. As part of a larger reorganization within Aruze, Nautilus was renamed {{nihongo foot|'''Aruze Global Trading Ltd.'''|アルゼグローバルトレーディング株式会社|Aruze Gurōbaru Torēdingu Kabushiki gaisha|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} and exited the video game business in September 2007 before being absorbed into another Aruze subsidiary in February 2009. The work of Sacnoth for the NGPC has been mentioned positively in articles on the console, while the ''Shadow Hearts'' series retains a cult status and is remembered for its setting and gameplay. Multiple former employees joined ].

In 2007, the company was renamed Aruze Global Trading during restructuring and ceased game development. The company ceased to exist in 2009 after being absorbed into Aruze. The work of Sacnoth for the NGPC has been mentioned positively in articles on the console, while the ''Shadow Hearts'' series retains a cult status and is remembered for its setting and gameplay. Multiple Sacnoth staff became part of ].


==History== ==History==
===1997-2000: First games, ''Koudelka''=== ===1997–2000: First games, ''Koudelka''===
]]] ] founded Sacnoth in 1997.]]
Sacnoth was founded by ], a composer for ] who worked on '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref name="RocketInterview"/> While at Square, Kikuta wanted to direct his own game, but due to the strict hierarchical structure at the company he could not move beyond his role as a composer.<ref name="StingInterview1"/> Searching for a means of expanding his role, he was introduced by a business advisor to the chairman of ]. During their talk, Kikuta outlined many perceived pitfalls he saw emerging in the role-playing genre.<ref name="RocketInterview"/> The company was officially founded on 30 April 1997, with Kikuta as its CEO.<ref name="SacnothBeginning"/> While SNK provided funding for the company, it otherwise had little involvement in its products and creative direction.<ref name="SNKsacnoth"/> The company's headquarters were based in ].<ref name="SacnothBeginning"/><ref name="NautilusJP"/> Sacnoth was founded by ], a former composer for ] who worked on '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref name="RocketInterview"/> While at Square, Kikuta wanted to direct his own game but, due to the strict hierarchical structure at the company, he could not move beyond his role as a composer.<ref name="StingInterview1"/> Searching for a means of expanding his role, he was introduced by a business advisor to the chairman of ]. During their talk, Kikuta outlined many perceived pitfalls he saw emerging in the ] (RPG) genre.<ref name="RocketInterview"/> The company was founded on 30 April 1997, with Kikuta as its CEO.<ref name="SacnothBeginning"/> While SNK provided funding for the company, it otherwise had little involvement in its products and creative direction.<ref name="SNKsacnoth"/> The company's headquarters were based in ].<ref name="SacnothBeginning"/><ref name="NautilusJP"/>


Sacnoth developed their first two projects in parallel; '']'' for the ], and the '']'' duology for the NGPC.<ref name="SacnothQA"/> The ''Dive Alert'' games were their first released products in Japan, and were promoted as part of the portable's early line-up.<ref name="SacnothGames"/><ref name="SacnothNeo"/> It was also one of the last NGPC games released in North America.<ref name="GSsnk"/> ''Koudelka'' was born from Kikuta's wish to create a "] RPG", beginning development of the title following the company's foundation.<ref name="RocketInterview"/><ref name="StingInterview1"/> Kikuta acted as the game's director, producer, writer and composer.<ref name="RocketInterview"/> His original plan for the gameplay and combat was to combine mechanics from ] and ]s, breaking away from RPG trends.<ref name="StingInterview2"/> The rest of the staff were reluctant to do this, and they instead created a traditional turn-based battle system without his involvement.<ref name="RocketInterview"/> Sacnoth developed their first two projects in parallel; '']'' for the ], and the '']'' duology for the NGPC.<ref name="SacnothQA"/> The ''Dive Alert'' games were their first released products in Japan, and were promoted as part of the portable's early line-up.<ref name="SacnothGames"/><ref name="SacnothNeo"/> It was also one of the last NGPC games released in North America.<ref name="GSsnk"/> ''Koudelka'' was born from Kikuta's wish to create a "] RPG", beginning development of the title following the company's foundation.<ref name="RocketInterview"/><ref name="StingInterview1"/> Kikuta acted as the game's director, producer, writer and composer.<ref name="RocketInterview"/> His original plan for the gameplay and combat was to combine mechanics from ] and ]s, breaking away from RPG trends.<ref name="StingInterview2"/> The rest of the staff were reluctant to do this, and they instead created a traditional turn-based battle system without his involvement.<ref name="RocketInterview"/>


⚫ Kikuta resigned as Sacnoth's CEO following the release of ''Koudelka'' in 1999, later founding music label Norstrilia.<ref name="HavenInterview"/><ref name="GSint"/> Kikuta was replaced as CEO by Jun Mihara.<ref name="SacnothChange"/> The last game developed by Sacnoth under SNK was '']'', a tactical RPG released in 1999 for the NGPC.<ref name="SacnothGames"/><ref name="GSsnk"/> ''Faselei!'' was one of the last games produced for the NGPC, as Aruze pulled the console from sale in June 2000.<ref name="DreamcastNeo"/> During this period, SNK ran into financial troubles and was bought out by ] in January 2000, making Sacnoth a subsidiary of Aruze.<ref name="NautilusInterview"/><ref name="IGNsacnoth"/><ref name="GuardianSNK"/>
⚫ ===2001-2009: ''Shadow Hearts''===

⚫ Due to these creative differences, Kikuta resigned as Sacnoth's CEO following the release of ''Koudelka'' in 1999, going on the found the music label Norstrilia.<ref name="HavenInterview"/><ref name="GSint"/> Kikuta was replaced as CEO by Jun Mihara.<ref name="SacnothChange"/> During this period, SNK ran into financial troubles and was bought out by ] in early 2000, making Sacnoth a subsidiary of Aruze.<ref name="GSsnk"/><ref name="NautilusInterview"/><ref name="IGNsacnoth"/> The last game developed by Sacnoth under SNK was '']'', a tactical RPG released in 1999 for the NGPC.<ref name="SacnothGames"/><ref name="GSsnk"/> ''Faselei!'' was one of the last games produced for the NGPC, as Aruze pulled the console from sale in late 2000.<ref name="DreamcastNeo"/>
⚫ ===2001–2009: ''Shadow Hearts''===
Following ''Koudelka'', the team's next project '']'' began development for the ], directed and written by ''Koudelka'' art director Matsuzo Machida (credited as Matsuzo Itakura).<ref name="GSinterview"/><ref name="ShadowDengeki"/><ref name="SHinterview"/> Mihara acted as the game's producer.<ref name="SacnothChange"/><ref name="Shadow1Liners"/> Using the setting of ''Koudelka'', Machida created a traditional role-playing game (RPG) that blended ] with alternative history.<ref name="ShadowDengeki"/><ref name="SHinterview"/> Released in 2001, ''Shadow Hearts'' was the first RPG published by Aruze.<ref name="AruzeRPG"/><ref name="ShadowJPdate"/> ''Shadow Hearts'' was the last game developed by Sacnoth under that name.<ref name="NautilusInterview"/>


The team's next project, '']'', began development in 1999 for the ], directed and written by ''Koudelka'' art director Matsuzo Machida (credited as Matsuzo Itakura).<ref name="GSinterview"/><ref name="ShadowDengeki"/><ref name="SHinterview"/> Mihara acted as the game's producer.<ref name="SacnothChange"/><ref name="Shadow1Liners"/> Using the setting of ''Koudelka'', Machida created a traditional role-playing game (RPG) that blended ] with alternative history.<ref name="ShadowDengeki"/><ref name="SHinterview"/> ''Shadow Hearts'' was the first RPG published by Aruze.<ref name="AruzeRPG"/> The game released in 2001.<ref name="ShadowJPdate"/> ''Shadow Hearts'' was the last game developed by Sacnoth under that name.<ref name="NautilusInterview"/> In November 2002, Sacnoth was renamed as Nautilus, carrying over its original staff.<ref name="AruzePDF"/><ref name="NautilusInterview"/><ref name="ShadowNautilus"/> The responsibilities of Nautilus were divided between developing further ''Shadow Hearts'' titles and supporting the production of Aruze's ] machines.<ref name="NautilusJP"/> The company's first title under the Nautilus name was '']'', a sequel to ''Shadow Hearts'' featuring many of the same staff.<ref name="NautilusInterview"/><ref name="RPGFcovenant"/> Using feedback from the first ''Shadow Hearts'', Machida added more comedic elements.<ref name="SHinterview"/> ''Covenant'' released in Japan in 2004.<ref name="ShadowDengeki"/> The team also created a director's cut of ''Covenant''.<ref name="NautilusInterview"/>


⚫ After the release of ''Covenant'', a new entry was put into production. Titled '']'', the game was completed on a very tight schedule and focused on refining the battle system of ''Covenant'' rather than adding new elements.<ref name="ShadowNautilus"/><ref name="Shadow3Liners"/><ref name="Shadow3Interview"/> ''From the New World'' was a spin-off featuring new characters to reach a wider audience.<ref name="Shadow3Interview"/> ''From the New World'' was released in Japan in 2005, coming west through third-party publishers over the next two years.<ref name="NautilusEnd"/><ref name="SH3dateNA"/><ref name="SH3ghost1"/> Plans to continue the ''Shadow Hearts'' series were never realized.<ref name="SHinterview"/>
In November 2002, Sacnoth was renamed as Nautilus, carrying over its original staff.<ref name="AruzePDF"/><ref name="NautilusInterview"/><ref name="ShadowNautilus"/> The responsibilities of Nautilus were divided between developing further ''Shadow Hearts'' titles and supporting the production of Aruze's pachinko machines.<ref name="NautilusJP"/> The company's first title under the Nautilus name was '']'', a direct sequel to ''Shadow Hearts'' featuring many of the same staff.<ref name="NautilusInterview"/><ref name="RPGFcovenant"/> Using feedback from the first ''Shadow Hearts'', Machida added more comedic elements.<ref name="SHinterview"/> ''Covenant'' released in 2004 in Japan,.<ref name="ShadowDengeki"/> The team also created a director's cut of ''Covenant''.<ref name="NautilusInterview"/> Characters from ''Covenant'' later cameoed in '']'', a 2006 ] video game developed by ].<ref name="ChaosShadow"/>


⚫ By February 2007, it was noticed that Nautilus was not mentioned in Aruze's financial statements, prompting rumors that the company had been dissolved.<ref name="NautilusEnd"/> Nautilus was officially renamed Aruze Global Trading on September 21, 2007, during large-scale structural changes within Aruze.<ref name="SacnothAruzeA"/> Under its new name, Aruze Global Trading was not involved in game development.<ref name="DestructFeelplus"/> Aruze Global Trading was merged with Aruze on February 1 2009, and the company ceased to exist.<ref name="SacnothAruzeB"/> Several of Sacnoth staff eventually joined ], which helped develop games like '']'' and '']''.<ref name="DestructFeelplus"/><ref name="FeelplusA"/><ref name="FeelplusB"/>
⚫ After the release of ''Covenant'', a new entry was put into production. Titled '']'', the game was completed on a very tight schedule and focused on refining the battle system of ''Covenant'' rather than adding new elements.<ref name="ShadowNautilus"/><ref name="Shadow3Liners"/><ref name="Shadow3Interview"/> Rather than continuing the narrative of ''Shadow Hearts'' and ''Covenant'', ''From the New World'' was a spin-off featuring new characters so as to reach a wider audience.<ref name="Shadow3Interview"/> ''From the New World'' was released in Japan in 2005, coming west through third party publishers over the next two years.<ref name="NautilusEnd"/><ref name="SH3dateNA"/><ref name="SH3ghost1"/> There were plans to continue the ''Shadow Hearts'' series beyond ''From the New World'', but these never materialised.<ref name="SHinterview"/>


⚫ ===Legacy===
⚫ By February 2007, it was noticed that Nautilus was not mentioned in Aruze's financial statements, prompting rumors that the company had been dissolved.<ref name="NautilusEnd"/> Nautilus was officially renamed Aruze Global Trading on September 21, 2007 during large-scale structural changes within Aruze.<ref name="SacnothAruzeA"/> Under its new name, Aruze Global Trading was not involved in game development.<ref name="DestructFeelplus"/> Aruze Global Trading was fully merged with Aruze on February 1 2009, and the company ceased to exist.<ref name="SacnothAruzeB"/> Most of the original staff of Sacnoth eventually became part of ], which helped develop multiple games including '']'' and '']''.<ref name="DestructFeelplus"/><ref name="FeelplusA"/><ref name="FeelplusB"/>
⚫ Sacnoth is noted as being one of a group of video game companies—alongside ], ] and ]—founded by Square staff who had worked on notable titles produced during the 1990s. Writing in a feature for '']'', Todd Ciolek noted the positive responses to the studio's work on ''Shadow Hearts'', though felt ''Koudelka'' was inferior compared to their other work.<ref name="ANNstudios"/> In an article on the NGPC for '']'', Jeremy Parish noted Sacnoth as one of the best developers to work with the console due to their work on ''Dive Alert'' and ''Faselei!''.<ref name="USGngpc"/> ''Faselei!'' has been remembered or ranked as one of the best NGPC games of all time, and become a collector's item.<ref name="GSsnk"/><ref name="RetroList"/><ref name="HC"/> The ''Shadow Hearts'' series has also seen a positive reception over time and maintained a cult following, with many noting its gameplay design and combination of alternate history and ] in its setting.<ref name="PSLshadow"/><ref name="ShadowRetro1"/><ref name="ShadowRetro2"/>


==Games developed== ==Games developed==
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⚫ ==Legacy==
⚫ Sacnoth is noted as being one of a group of video game companies—alongside ], ] and ]—founded by Square staff who had worked on notable titles produced during the 1990s. Writing in a feature for '']'', Todd Ciolek noted the positive responses to the studio's work on ''Shadow Hearts'', though felt ''Koudelka'' was inferior compared to their other work.<ref name="ANNstudios"/> In an article on the NGPC for '']'', Jeremy Parish noted Sacnoth as one of the best developers to work with the console due to their work on ''Dive Alert'' and ''Faselei!''.<ref name="USGngpc"/> ''Faselei!'' has been remembered or ranked as one of the best NGPC games of all time, and become a collector's item.<ref name="GSsnk"/><ref name="RetroList"/><ref name="HC"/> The ''Shadow Hearts'' series has also seen a positive reception over time and maintained a cult following, with many noting its gameplay design and combination of alternate history and ] in its setting.<ref name="PSLshadow"/><ref name="ShadowRetro1"/><ref name="ShadowRetro2"/>


==References== ==References==
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<ref name="ANNstudios">{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-x-button/2013-02-06|title=The X Button - Squared Circle|last=Ciolke|first=Todd|website=]|date=2013-02-06|access-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209060440/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-x-button/2013-02-06|archive-date=2013-02-09|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ANNstudios">{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-x-button/2013-02-06|title=The X Button - Squared Circle|last=Ciolke|first=Todd|website=]|date=2013-02-06|access-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209060440/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-x-button/2013-02-06|archive-date=2013-02-09|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="SacnothQA">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/qanda/faq06.html|script-title=ja:Sacnoth Q&A|language=ja|website=Sacnoth|access-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020100436/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/qanda/faq06.html|archive-date=2002-10-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SacnothQA">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/qanda/faq06.html|script-title=ja:Sacnoth Q&A|page=6|language=ja|publisher=Sacnoth|access-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020100436/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/qanda/faq06.html|archive-date=2002-10-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="SNKsacnoth">{{cite magazine|title=An Interview with Norimasa Hirano|magazine=Gamers' Republic|issue=13|publisher=Millennium Publishing|date=June 1999|page=63|url=https://archive.org/details/Gamers_Republic_Issue_13/page/n63}}</ref> <ref name="SNKsacnoth">{{cite magazine|title=An Interview with Norimasa Hirano|magazine=Gamers' Republic|issue=13|publisher=Millennium Publishing|date=June 1999|page=63|url=https://archive.org/details/Gamers_Republic_Issue_13/page/n63}}</ref>
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<ref name="SacnothNeo">{{cite magazine|title=Neo Geo Pocket Launch - Neo Geo Pocket Color|magazine=Gamers' Republic|issue=13|publisher=Millennium Publishing|date=June 1999|page=65|url=https://archive.org/details/Gamers_Republic_Issue_13/page/n65}}</ref> <ref name="SacnothNeo">{{cite magazine|title=Neo Geo Pocket Launch - Neo Geo Pocket Color|magazine=Gamers' Republic|issue=13|publisher=Millennium Publishing|date=June 1999|page=65|url=https://archive.org/details/Gamers_Republic_Issue_13/page/n65}}</ref>


<ref name="SacnothBeginning">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|script-title=ja:サクノス - 会社紹介|language=ja|website=Sacnoth|date=1999|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990826074328/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|archive-date=1999-08-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SacnothBeginning">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|script-title=ja:サクノス - 会社紹介|language=ja|publisher=Sacnoth|date=1999|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990826074328/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|archive-date=1999-08-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="RocketInterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.rocketbaby.net/interviews_hiroki_kikuta_1.html|title=Interviews - Hiroki Kikuta|website=RocketBaby|date=2001|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031012035609/http://www.rocketbaby.net/interviews_hiroki_kikuta_1.html|archive-date=2003-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="RocketInterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.rocketbaby.net/interviews_hiroki_kikuta_1.html|title=Interviews - Hiroki Kikuta|website=RocketBaby|date=2001|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031012035609/http://www.rocketbaby.net/interviews_hiroki_kikuta_1.html|archive-date=2003-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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<ref name="StingInterview2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sting.co.jp/create/interview/004_1.htm|script-title=ja:クリエイターインスピレーション Vol. 4 - 菊田 裕樹|language=ja|website=Sting|date=2000-06-14|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001216210300/http://www.sting.co.jp/create/interview/004_1.htm|archive-date=2000-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="StingInterview2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sting.co.jp/create/interview/004_1.htm|script-title=ja:クリエイターインスピレーション Vol. 4 - 菊田 裕樹|language=ja|website=Sting|date=2000-06-14|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001216210300/http://www.sting.co.jp/create/interview/004_1.htm|archive-date=2000-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="HavenInterview">{{cite web|url=http://squarehaven.com/news/2007/01/22/Hiroki-Kikuta-jp-i/|script-title=ja:天使の怖れ:菊田 裕樹インタビュー上|language=ja|page=2|website=Square Haven|date=2007-01-22|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602204842/http://squarehaven.com/news/2007/01/22/Hiroki-Kikuta-jp-i/|archive-date=2016-06-02|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="HavenInterview">{{cite web|url=http://squarehaven.com/news/2007/01/22/Hiroki-Kikuta-jp-i/|script-title=ja:天使の怖れ:菊田 裕樹インタビュー上|language=ja|page=2|website=Square Haven|date=2007-01-22|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602204842/http://squarehaven.com/news/2007/01/22/Hiroki-Kikuta-jp-i/|archive-date=2016-06-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="GSint">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=24920|title=Interview: Magical Planet – The Music of Hiroki Kikuta & Yoko Shimomura|author=Jeriaska|date=2009-08-31|website=]|access-date=2009-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108204316/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=24920|archive-date=2009-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="GSint">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=24920|title=Interview: Magical Planet – The Music of Hiroki Kikuta & Yoko Shimomura|author=Jeriaska|date=2009-08-31|website=]|access-date=2009-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108204316/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=24920|archive-date=2009-11-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="SacnothChange">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|script-title=ja:サクノス - 会社紹介|language=ja|website=Sacnoth|date=2000-04-01|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212202902/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|archive-date=2001-02-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SacnothChange">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|script-title=ja:サクノス - 会社紹介|language=ja|publisher=Sacnoth|date=2000-04-01|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212202902/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/text/co.html|archive-date=2001-02-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="SacnothGames">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/products/|script-title=ja:サクノス - Products|language=ja|website=Sacnoth|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429060042/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/products/|archive-date=2001-04-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SacnothGames">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/products/|script-title=ja:サクノス - Products|language=ja|publisher=Sacnoth|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429060042/http://www.sacnoth.co.jp/products/|archive-date=2001-04-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="GSsnk">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-history-of-snk/1100-6089278/|title=The History of SNK|author=Provo, Frank|website=]|date=2004-06-11|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426204523/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-history-of-snk/1100-6089278/|archive-date=2018-04-26|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="GSsnk">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-history-of-snk/1100-6089278/|title=The History of SNK|author=Provo, Frank|website=]|date=2004-06-11|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426204523/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-history-of-snk/1100-6089278/|archive-date=2018-04-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="ShadowDengeki">{{cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/soft/recommend/sh2/index.html|script-title=ja:インタビュー: 『シャドウハーツII』|language=ja|website=]|access-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527002743/http://dengekionline.com/soft/recommend/sh2/index.html|archive-date=2016-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ShadowDengeki">{{cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/soft/recommend/sh2/index.html|script-title=ja:インタビュー: 『シャドウハーツII』|language=ja|website=]|access-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527002743/http://dengekionline.com/soft/recommend/sh2/index.html|archive-date=2016-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="SHinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.geekgamer.it/2016/01/intervista-a-matsuzo-machida-e-miyako-kato-il-duo-creativo-dietro-alla-serie-shadow-hearts/|title=Intervista a Matsuzo Machida e Miyako Kato: il duo creativo della serie Shadow Hearts|author=Robuschi, Majkol|language=it|website=Geek Gamer|date=2016-01-02|access-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308043952/http://www.geekgamer.it/2016/01/intervista-a-matsuzo-machida-e-miyako-kato-il-duo-creativo-dietro-alla-serie-shadow-hearts/|archive-date=2016-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="GuardianSNK">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2005/apr/27/revengeofsnk|title=Revenge of SNK|author=Stuart, Keith|magazine=]|date=2005-04-27|access-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918193644/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2005/apr/27/revengeofsnk|archive-date=2014-09-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="SHinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.geekgamer.it/2016/01/intervista-a-matsuzo-machida-e-miyako-kato-il-duo-creativo-dietro-alla-serie-shadow-hearts/|title=Intervista a Matsuzo Machida e Miyako Kato: il duo creativo della serie Shadow Hearts|author=Robuschi, Majkol|language=it|website=GeekGamer.it|date=2016-01-02|access-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308043952/http://www.geekgamer.it/2016/01/intervista-a-matsuzo-machida-e-miyako-kato-il-duo-creativo-dietro-alla-serie-shadow-hearts/|archive-date=2016-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="Shadow1Liners">{{cite web|url=http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowheartsliners/|title=Shadow Hearts Original Soundtrack Commentary|author=Schweitzer, Ben|website=Video Game Music Online|date=2013-05-09|access-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621092011/http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowheartsliners/|archive-date=2017-06-21|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Shadow1Liners">{{cite web|url=http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowheartsliners/|title=Shadow Hearts Original Soundtrack Commentary|author=Schweitzer, Ben|website=Video Game Music Online|date=2013-05-09|access-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621092011/http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowheartsliners/|archive-date=2017-06-21|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="AruzePDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.universal-777.com/en/ir/library/pdf/financial/financial_2018_12_e.pdf|title=Financial Information as of December 31, 2018|page=5|website=]|date=2018-12-31|access-date=2022-08-24}}</ref> <ref name="AruzePDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.universal-777.com/en/ir/library/pdf/financial/financial_2018_12_e.pdf|title=Financial Information as of December 31, 2018|page=5|publisher=]|date=2018-12-31|access-date=2022-08-24}}</ref>


<ref name="AruzeRPG">{{cite web|url=https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20010126/aruze.htm|script-title=ja:アルゼ、プレイステーション2用RPG「シャドウ ハーツ」を発表|language=ja|website=Game Watch Impress|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628134826/https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20010126/aruze.htm|archive-date=2013-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="AruzeRPG">{{cite web|url=https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20010126/aruze.htm|script-title=ja:アルゼ、プレイステーション2用RPG「シャドウ ハーツ」を発表|language=ja|website=Game Watch Impress|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628134826/https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20010126/aruze.htm|archive-date=2013-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="ShadowJPdate">{{cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/data/news/2001/5/14/e7ba38d7be2b1ee4d0e8414e358cc18b.html|script-title=ja:佐藤藍子さんをＣＭに起用！ アルゼ、『シャドウハーツ』完成記者発表会|language=ja|website=]|date=2001-05-14|access-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219145840/http://dengekionline.com/data/news/2001/5/14/e7ba38d7be2b1ee4d0e8414e358cc18b.html|archive-date=2018-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ShadowJPdate">{{cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/data/news/2001/5/14/e7ba38d7be2b1ee4d0e8414e358cc18b.html|script-title=ja:佐藤藍子さんをＣＭに起用！ アルゼ、『シャドウハーツ』完成記者発表会|language=ja|website=]|date=2001-05-14|access-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219145840/http://dengekionline.com/data/news/2001/5/14/e7ba38d7be2b1ee4d0e8414e358cc18b.html|archive-date=2018-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="NautilusInterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/features/interviews2005/index2.html|title=RPGFan Exclusive Interview #2: Nautilus, Aruze Consumer Game Division|author=Winkler, Chris|website=RPGFan|access-date=2014-02-15|date=2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126055339/http://www.rpgfan.com/features/interviews2005/index2.html|archive-date=2014-11-26}}</ref> <ref name="NautilusInterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/features/interviews2005/index2.html|title=RPGFan Exclusive Interview #2: Nautilus, Aruze Consumer Game Division|author=Winkler, Chris|website=RPGFan|access-date=2014-02-15|date=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126055339/http://www.rpgfan.com/features/interviews2005/index2.html|archive-date=2014-11-26}}</ref>


<ref name="DreamcastNeo">{{cite magazine|title=NGPC: How Will We Miss Thee...|magazine=]|issue=8|publisher=]|date=2001-11-08|page=12|url=https://archive.org/details/OfficialSegaDreamcast8Nov2000/page/n15}}</ref> <ref name="DreamcastNeo">{{cite magazine|title=NGPC: How Will We Miss Thee...|magazine=]|issue=8|publisher=]|date=2001-11-08|page=12|url=https://archive.org/details/OfficialSegaDreamcast8Nov2000/page/n15}}</ref>


<ref name="NautilusJP">{{cite web|url=http://www.nautilus-crew.com/profile01.html|script-title=ja:ノーチラス株式会社 -- 会社概要 --|language=ja|website=Nautilus|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124032424/http://www.nautilus-crew.com/profile01.html|archive-date=2005-11-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="NautilusJP">{{cite web|url=http://www.nautilus-crew.com/profile01.html|script-title=ja:ノーチラス株式会社 -- 会社概要 --|language=ja|publisher=Nautilus|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124032424/http://www.nautilus-crew.com/profile01.html|archive-date=2005-11-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="RPGFcovenant">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1625.html|title=Shadow Hearts 2 Details Announced|author=Winkler, Chris|website=RPGFan|date=2003-06-18|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127091135/http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1625.html|archive-date=2017-11-27|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="RPGFcovenant">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1625.html|title=Shadow Hearts 2 Details Announced|author=Winkler, Chris|website=RPGFan|date=2003-06-18|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127091135/http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1625.html|archive-date=2017-11-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="ShadowNautilus">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/09/26/shadow-hearts-3-odaiba-roundtable|title=Shadow Hearts 3: Odaiba Roundtable|author=Alfonso, Andrew|website=]|date=2005-09-26|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928050956/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/09/26/shadow-hearts-3-odaiba-roundtable|archive-date=2012-09-28|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ShadowNautilus">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/09/26/shadow-hearts-3-odaiba-roundtable|title=Shadow Hearts 3: Odaiba Roundtable|author=Alfonso, Andrew|website=]|date=2005-09-26|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928050956/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/09/26/shadow-hearts-3-odaiba-roundtable|archive-date=2012-09-28|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="Shadow3Interview">{{cite web|url=http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/shadow-hearts-3/652895p1.html|title=Shadow Hearts: From the New World TGS Roundtable|author=Nutt, Christian|publisher=]|date=2005-09-22|access-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604163358/http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/shadow-hearts-3/652895p1.html|archive-date=2016-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Shadow3Interview">{{cite web|url=http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/shadow-hearts-3/652895p1.html|title=Shadow Hearts: From the New World TGS Roundtable|author=Nutt, Christian|publisher=]|date=2005-09-22|access-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604163358/http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/shadow-hearts-3/652895p1.html|archive-date=2016-06-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="Shadow3Liners">{{cite web|url=http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowhearts3liners/|title=Shadow Hearts -From the New World- Original Soundtrack Commentary|website=Video Game Music Online|date=2013-05-09|access-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329111937/http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowhearts3liners/|archive-date=2015-03-29|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Shadow3Liners">{{cite web|url=http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowhearts3liners/|title=Shadow Hearts -From the New World- Original Soundtrack Commentary|website=Video Game Music Online|date=2013-05-09|access-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329111937/http://www.vgmonline.net/shadowhearts3liners/|archive-date=2015-03-29|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="SNKdive">{{cite web|url=http://www2.neogeo.co.jp/soft/c_dive/index.html|script-title=ja:ダイヴアラート|language=ja|website=]|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000303074948/http://www2.neogeo.co.jp/soft/c_dive/index.html|archive-date=2000-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SNKdive">{{cite web|url=http://www2.neogeo.co.jp/soft/c_dive/index.html|script-title=ja:ダイヴアラート|language=ja|publisher=]|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000303074948/http://www2.neogeo.co.jp/soft/c_dive/index.html|archive-date=2000-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="SH3dateNA">{{cite web|url=https://www.siliconera.com/2006/03/06/shadow-hearts-rises-again/|title=Shadow Hearts rises again|author=Yip, Spencer|website=Siliconera|date=2006-03-06|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018044916/https://www.siliconera.com/2006/03/06/shadow-hearts-rises-again/|archive-date=2010-10-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SH3dateNA">{{cite web|url=https://www.siliconera.com/2006/03/06/shadow-hearts-rises-again/|title=Shadow Hearts rises again|author=Yip, Spencer|website=Siliconera|date=2006-03-06|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018044916/https://www.siliconera.com/2006/03/06/shadow-hearts-rises-again/|archive-date=2010-10-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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<ref name="SH3ghost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghostlight.uk.com/news.php?article=25|title=Shadow Hearts: From The New World|publisher=Ghostlight|date=2007-04-02|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516004336/http://www.ghostlight.uk.com/news.php?article=25|archive-date=2007-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SH3ghost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghostlight.uk.com/news.php?article=25|title=Shadow Hearts: From The New World|publisher=Ghostlight|date=2007-04-02|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516004336/http://www.ghostlight.uk.com/news.php?article=25|archive-date=2007-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="NautilusEnd">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2007/1070.html|title=Exclusive: Aruze Talks Shadow Hearts|author=Winkler, Chris|website=RPGFan|date=2007-02-20|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324200557/http://www.rpgfan.com:80/news/2007/1070.html|archive-date=2017-03-24|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="NautilusEnd">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2007/1070.html|title=Exclusive: Aruze Talks Shadow Hearts|author=Winkler, Chris|website=RPGFan|date=2007-02-20|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324200557/http://www.rpgfan.com:80/news/2007/1070.html|archive-date=2017-03-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="SacnothAruzeA">{{cite web|url=https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/6425/ir_material3/129253/00.pdf|title=Information Regarding Business Realignment|website=]|date=2007-10-03|access-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824170639/https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/6425/ir_material3/129253/00.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-24|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="SacnothAruzeA">{{cite web|url=https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/6425/ir_material3/129253/00.pdf|title=Information Regarding Business Realignment|publisher=]|date=2007-10-03|access-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824170639/https://ssl4.eir-parts.net/doc/6425/ir_material3/129253/00.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-24|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="SacnothAruzeB">{{cite web|url=https://universal-777.com/en/news/pdf/2009/20090427_e.pdf|title=Announcent Regarding the Absorbtion Type Merger (Simplified/Short Form Merger) of a Consolidated Subsidiary (Aruze Marketing Japan Corporation)|website=]|date=2009-04-27|access-date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808234836/https://universal-777.com/en/news/pdf/2009/20090427_e.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-09|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="SacnothAruzeB">{{cite web|url=https://universal-777.com/en/news/pdf/2009/20090427_e.pdf|title=Announcent Regarding the Absorbtion Type Merger (Simplified/Short Form Merger) of a Consolidated Subsidiary (Aruze Marketing Japan Corporation)|publisher=]|date=2009-04-27|access-date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808234836/https://universal-777.com/en/news/pdf/2009/20090427_e.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-09|url-status=live}}</ref>


<ref name="DestructFeelplus">{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/shadow-hearts-team-is-behind-lost-odyssey-they-kept-this-quiet-why--57907.phtml |title=Shadow Hearts team is behind Lost Odyssey: They kept this quiet, why?|website=]|author=Sterling, Jim|date=2007-12-06 |access-date=2008-06-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211080103/http://www.destructoid.com/shadow-hearts-team-is-behind-lost-odyssey-they-kept-this-quiet-why--57907.phtml|archive-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> <ref name="DestructFeelplus">{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/shadow-hearts-team-is-behind-lost-odyssey-they-kept-this-quiet-why--57907.phtml |title=Shadow Hearts team is behind Lost Odyssey: They kept this quiet, why?|website=]|author=Sterling, Jim|date=2007-12-06 |access-date=2008-06-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211080103/http://www.destructoid.com/shadow-hearts-team-is-behind-lost-odyssey-they-kept-this-quiet-why--57907.phtml|archive-date=2008-12-11}}</ref>


<ref name="FeelplusA">{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2008/12/18/shadow-hearts-lives-on-as-a-slot-machine/|title=Shadow Hearts Lives On As A Slot Machine|author=Yip, Spencer|website=Siliconera|date=2008-12-18|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723053953/http://www.siliconera.com/2008/12/18/shadow-hearts-lives-on-as-a-slot-machine/|archive-date=2014-07-23|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="FeelplusA">{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2008/12/18/shadow-hearts-lives-on-as-a-slot-machine/|title=Shadow Hearts Lives On As A Slot Machine|author=Yip, Spencer|website=Siliconera|date=2008-12-18|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723053953/http://www.siliconera.com/2008/12/18/shadow-hearts-lives-on-as-a-slot-machine/|archive-date=2014-07-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="FeelplusB">{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2009/12/01/lost-odyssey-developer-making-no-more-heroes-heroes-paradise/|title=Lost Odyssey Developer Making No More Heroes: Heroes' Paradise|author=Yip, Spencer|website=Siliconera|date=2009-12-01|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201002114/http://www.siliconera.com/2009/12/01/lost-odyssey-developer-making-no-more-heroes-heroes-paradise/|archive-date=2016-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="FeelplusB">{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2009/12/01/lost-odyssey-developer-making-no-more-heroes-heroes-paradise/|title=Lost Odyssey Developer Making No More Heroes: Heroes' Paradise|author=Yip, Spencer|website=Siliconera|date=2009-12-01|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201002114/http://www.siliconera.com/2009/12/01/lost-odyssey-developer-making-no-more-heroes-heroes-paradise/|archive-date=2016-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="ChaosShadow">{{cite web|url=https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20060614/chaos.htm|script-title=ja:4ゲームメーカーのキャラクタたちが夢の共演!アイディアファクトリー、PS2「カオス ウォーズ」|language=ja|website=Game Watch Impress|date=2006-06-14|access-date=2021-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315122404/https://game.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20060614/chaos.htm|archive-date=2010-03-15|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="USGngpc">{{cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/neo-geo-pocket-color-the-portable-that-changed-everything|title=Neo Geo Pocket Color: The Portable That Changed Everything|author=Parish, Jeremy|website=]|date=2014-10-28|access-date=2022-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031232925/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/neo-geo-pocket-color-the-portable-that-changed-everything|archive-date=2014-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="USGngpc">{{cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/neo-geo-pocket-color-the-portable-that-changed-everything|title=Neo Geo Pocket Color: The Portable That Changed Everything|author=Parish, Jeremy|website=]|date=2014-10-28|access-date=2022-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031232925/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/neo-geo-pocket-color-the-portable-that-changed-everything|archive-date=2014-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="RetroList">{{cite magazine|title=Neo Geo Pocket Gamer - Perfect Ten Games|date=August 2005|magazine=]|issue=20|page=55|publisher=]}}</ref> <ref name="RetroList">{{cite magazine|title=Neo Geo Pocket Gamer - Perfect Ten Games|date=August 2005|magazine=]|issue=20|page=55|publisher=]}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:13, 24 August 2022

Japanese video game developer
Aruze Global Trading Ltd.
Native nameアルゼグローバルトレーディング株式会社
Romanized nameAruze Gurōbaru Torēdingu Kabushiki gaisha
Formerly
  • Sacnoth (1997-2002)
  • Nautilus (2002-2007)
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryVideo games
FoundedApril 30, 1997 (1997-04-30)
FounderHiroki Kikuta
DefunctFebruary 1, 2009; 15 years ago (2009-02-01)
FateMerged into Aruze Marketing Japan.
HeadquartersTokyo, Japan
Key people
  • Hiroki Kikuta (CEO, 1997-1999)
  • Matsuzo Machida (game director)
ProductsShadow Hearts
Parent

Aruze Global Trading Ltd., originally known as Sacnoth, Inc. (1997-2002) and Nautilus, Inc. (2002-2007), was a Japanese video game developer based in Tokyo. The company was founded in April 1997 by Hiroki Kikuta with funding from SNK; its staff, including Kikuta, were veterans of Square. While their first releases were the Dive Alert games for the Neo Geo Pocket Color (NGPC), the company was founded to produce Koudelka, a role-playing video game for the PlayStation. The development of Koudelka was troubled due to creative differences between Kikuta and the rest of the staff, with Kikuta resigning as CEO following the game's release and being replaced by Jun Mihara. The company also released the NGPC game Faselei!.

In 2000, the company was acquired by Aruze, going on to develop the first game in the Shadow Hearts series. After the release of Shadow Hearts, the company's name was changed to Nautilus in 2002 and developed two more Shadow Hearts games. As part of a larger reorganization within Aruze, Nautilus was renamed Aruze Global Trading Ltd. and exited the video game business in September 2007 before being absorbed into another Aruze subsidiary in February 2009. The work of Sacnoth for the NGPC has been mentioned positively in articles on the console, while the Shadow Hearts series retains a cult status and is remembered for its setting and gameplay. Multiple former employees joined Feelplus.

History

1997–2000: First games, Koudelka

A bespectacled Hiroki Kikuta, in a plaid shirt and a stocking cap
Hiroki Kikuta founded Sacnoth in 1997.

Sacnoth was founded by Hiroki Kikuta, a former composer for Square who worked on Secret of Mana, Trials of Mana and Soukaigi. While at Square, Kikuta wanted to direct his own game but, due to the strict hierarchical structure at the company, he could not move beyond his role as a composer. Searching for a means of expanding his role, he was introduced by a business advisor to the chairman of SNK. During their talk, Kikuta outlined many perceived pitfalls he saw emerging in the role-playing video game (RPG) genre. The company was founded on 30 April 1997, with Kikuta as its CEO. While SNK provided funding for the company, it otherwise had little involvement in its products and creative direction. The company's headquarters were based in Tokyo.

Sacnoth developed their first two projects in parallel; Koudelka for the PlayStation, and the Dive Alert duology for the NGPC. The Dive Alert games were their first released products in Japan, and were promoted as part of the portable's early line-up. It was also one of the last NGPC games released in North America. Koudelka was born from Kikuta's wish to create a "horror RPG", beginning development of the title following the company's foundation. Kikuta acted as the game's director, producer, writer and composer. His original plan for the gameplay and combat was to combine mechanics from simulation and adventure games, breaking away from RPG trends. The rest of the staff were reluctant to do this, and they instead created a traditional turn-based battle system without his involvement.

Kikuta resigned as Sacnoth's CEO following the release of Koudelka in 1999, later founding music label Norstrilia. Kikuta was replaced as CEO by Jun Mihara. The last game developed by Sacnoth under SNK was Faselei!, a tactical RPG released in 1999 for the NGPC. Faselei! was one of the last games produced for the NGPC, as Aruze pulled the console from sale in June 2000. During this period, SNK ran into financial troubles and was bought out by Aruze in January 2000, making Sacnoth a subsidiary of Aruze.

2001–2009: Shadow Hearts

Following Koudelka, the team's next project Shadow Hearts began development for the PlayStation 2, directed and written by Koudelka art director Matsuzo Machida (credited as Matsuzo Itakura). Mihara acted as the game's producer. Using the setting of Koudelka, Machida created a traditional role-playing game (RPG) that blended Lovecraftian horror with alternative history. Released in 2001, Shadow Hearts was the first RPG published by Aruze. Shadow Hearts was the last game developed by Sacnoth under that name.

In November 2002, Sacnoth was renamed as Nautilus, carrying over its original staff. The responsibilities of Nautilus were divided between developing further Shadow Hearts titles and supporting the production of Aruze's pachinko machines. The company's first title under the Nautilus name was Shadow Hearts: Covenant, a sequel to Shadow Hearts featuring many of the same staff. Using feedback from the first Shadow Hearts, Machida added more comedic elements. Covenant released in Japan in 2004. The team also created a director's cut of Covenant.

After the release of Covenant, a new entry was put into production. Titled Shadow Hearts: From the New World, the game was completed on a very tight schedule and focused on refining the battle system of Covenant rather than adding new elements. From the New World was a spin-off featuring new characters to reach a wider audience. From the New World was released in Japan in 2005, coming west through third-party publishers over the next two years. Plans to continue the Shadow Hearts series were never realized.

By February 2007, it was noticed that Nautilus was not mentioned in Aruze's financial statements, prompting rumors that the company had been dissolved. Nautilus was officially renamed Aruze Global Trading on September 21, 2007, during large-scale structural changes within Aruze. Under its new name, Aruze Global Trading was not involved in game development. Aruze Global Trading was merged with Aruze on February 1 2009, and the company ceased to exist. Several of Sacnoth staff eventually joined Feelplus, which helped develop games like Lost Odyssey and Ninety-Nine Nights II.

Legacy

Sacnoth is noted as being one of a group of video game companies—alongside Monolith Soft, Love-de-Lic and Mistwalker—founded by Square staff who had worked on notable titles produced during the 1990s. Writing in a feature for Anime News Network, Todd Ciolek noted the positive responses to the studio's work on Shadow Hearts, though felt Koudelka was inferior compared to their other work. In an article on the NGPC for USgamer, Jeremy Parish noted Sacnoth as one of the best developers to work with the console due to their work on Dive Alert and Faselei!. Faselei! has been remembered or ranked as one of the best NGPC games of all time, and become a collector's item. The Shadow Hearts series has also seen a positive reception over time and maintained a cult following, with many noting its gameplay design and combination of alternate history and Lovecraftian horror in its setting.

Games developed

Year Title Platform Additional details
1999 Dive Alert Neo Geo Pocket Color Released in two editions; Becky's Version and Matt's Version.
Koudelka PlayStation
Faselei! Neo Geo Pocket Color
2001 Shadow Hearts PlayStation 2 Last game developed under the "Sacnoth" title.
2004 Shadow Hearts: Covenant PlayStation 2
2005 Shadow Hearts: From the New World PlayStation 2

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  1. Japanese: アルゼグローバルトレーディング株式会社, Hepburn: Aruze Gurōbaru Torēdingu Kabushiki gaisha
  2. Japanese: 株式会社サクノス, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Sakunosu
  3. Japanese: ノーチラス株式会社, Hepburn: Nōchirasu Kabushiki gaisha
  4. Japanese: アルゼグローバルトレーディング株式会社, Hepburn: Aruze Gurōbaru Torēdingu Kabushiki gaisha

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