Cerulean: Difference between revisions

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	'''Cerulean''' ({{IPAc-en\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|r\|uː\|l\|i\|ə\|n}}), also spelled '''caerulean''', is a shade of ] ranging between ] and a darker ].		'''Cerulean''' ({{IPAc-en\|s\|ə\|ˈ\|r\|uː\|l\|i\|ə\|n}}), also spelled '''caerulean''', is a shade of ] ranging between ] and a darker ].

	The first recorded use of ''cerulean'' as a ~~colour~~ name in ] was in 1590.<ref name="MaerzPaul1930C">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|page=190; ~~Colour~~ Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 ~~Colour~~ Sample E6}}</ref> The word is derived from the ] word '']'', "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from ''caerulum'', diminutive of ''caelum'', "heaven, sky".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cerulean&searchmode=none\|title=cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary\|website=Etymonline.com\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>		The first recorded use of ''cerulean'' as a color name in ] was in 1590.<ref name="MaerzPaul1930C">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|page=190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample E6}}</ref> The word is derived from the ] word '']'', "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from ''caerulum'', diminutive of ''caelum'', "heaven, sky".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cerulean&searchmode=none\|title=cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary\|website=Etymonline.com\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

	"Cerulean blue" is the name of a ]. The pigment was discovered in the late eighteenth century and designated as cerulean blue in the nineteenth century.		"Cerulean blue" is the name of a ]. The pigment was discovered in the late eighteenth century and designated as cerulean blue in the nineteenth century.
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	\|title=Cerulean Blue		\|title=Cerulean Blue
	\|hex=2A52BE		\|hex=2A52BE
	\|source=Maerz and Paul<ref name="MaerzPaul1930CB">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|page=190; ~~Colour~~ Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 ~~Colour~~ Sample L9}}</ref>		\|source=Maerz and Paul<ref name="MaerzPaul1930CB">{{cite book\|last1=Maerz\|first1=Aloys John \|last2=Paul\|first2=M. Rea \|title=A Dictionary of Color\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ\|year=1930\|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company\|page=190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample L9}}</ref>
	\|isccname=Vivid blue		\|isccname=Vivid blue
	}}		}}
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	The pigment Cerulean blue was discovered in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Höpfner \|first=Albrecht \|year=1789 \|title=Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber \|journal=Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens \|volume=4 \|pages=41–47}}</ref> Subsequently, there was a limited German production under the name of ''Cölinblau''. It was in 1860 first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum". Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue".		The pigment Cerulean blue was discovered in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Höpfner \|first=Albrecht \|year=1789 \|title=Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber \|journal=Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens \|volume=4 \|pages=41–47}}</ref> Subsequently, there was a limited German production under the name of ''Cölinblau''. It was in 1860 first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum". Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue".

	When the '''cerulean blue''' pigment (see the adjacent ~~colour~~ box) was discovered, it became a useful addition to ], ], and synthetic ], which already had superseded the prior blue and blue‑ish pigments. The pigment is very expensive.{{citation needed\|date=April 2019}}		When the '''cerulean blue''' pigment (see the adjacent color box) was discovered, it became a useful addition to ], ], and synthetic ], which already had superseded the prior blue and blue‑ish pigments. The pigment is very expensive.{{citation needed\|date=April 2019}}

	''Pigments through the ages'' shows a "Painted swatch of cerulean blue" to represent the actual cobalt stannate pigment.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Cerulean blue \|series=Pigments through the Ages \|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/ceruleanblue.html \|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> See also painted swatch and crystals of cerulean blue at ColourLex.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Cerulean blue \|website=ColourLex \|url=http://colourlex.com/project/cerulean-blue/}}</ref>{{efn\|Note that the ] is a match for the ~~colour~~ shown in the first ~~colour~~ box.}}		''Pigments through the ages'' shows a "Painted swatch of cerulean blue" to represent the actual cobalt stannate pigment.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Cerulean blue \|series=Pigments through the Ages \|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/ceruleanblue.html \|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> See also painted swatch and crystals of cerulean blue at ColourLex.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Cerulean blue \|website=ColourLex \|url=http://colourlex.com/project/cerulean-blue/}}</ref>{{efn\|Note that the ] is a match for the color shown in the first color box.}}

	It is particularly valuable for artistic painting of skies because of its hue, its permanence, and its opaqueness.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Pigments and their chemical and artistic properties \|website=jcsparks.com \|url=http://jcsparks.com/painted/pigment-chem.html \|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> ] painted the blue coat of the woman in her '']'', 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ] and ].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Bomford \|first1=D. \|last2=Kirby \|first2=J. \|last3=Leighton \|first3=J. \|last4=Roy \|first4=A. \|year=1990 \|series=Art in the Making \|title=Impressionism \|publisher=National Gallery Publications \|place=London, UK \|pages=176–181}}</ref>		It is particularly valuable for artistic painting of skies because of its hue, its permanence, and its opaqueness.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Pigments and their chemical and artistic properties \|website=jcsparks.com \|url=http://jcsparks.com/painted/pigment-chem.html \|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> ] painted the blue coat of the woman in her '']'', 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ] and ].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Bomford \|first1=D. \|last2=Kirby \|first2=J. \|last3=Leighton \|first3=J. \|last4=Roy \|first4=A. \|year=1990 \|series=Art in the Making \|title=Impressionism \|publisher=National Gallery Publications \|place=London, UK \|pages=176–181}}</ref>

	Today, cobalt ] is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener{{efn\|Rex Art ~~colour~~ index PB 36}} than the cobalt stannate version.{{efn\|Rex Art ~~colour~~ index PB 35}} The chromate makes excellent turquoise ~~colours~~ and is identified by ''Rex Art'' and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Blue \|website=Paintmaking \|url=http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm \|access-date=20 November 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171501/http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm \|archive-date=3 March 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Colormaking attributes \|website=Handprint.com \|url=http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterb.html \|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>		Today, cobalt ] is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener{{efn\|Rex Art color index PB 36}} than the cobalt stannate version.{{efn\|Rex Art color index PB 35}} The chromate makes excellent turquoise colors and is identified by ''Rex Art'' and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Blue \|website=Paintmaking \|url=http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm \|access-date=20 November 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171501/http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm \|archive-date=3 March 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Colormaking attributes \|website=Handprint.com \|url=http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterb.html \|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

	<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">		<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

	==Other ~~colour~~ variations==		==Other color variations==

	===Pale cerulean===		===Pale cerulean===
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	\|title=Cerulean (Pantone)		\|title=Cerulean (Pantone)
	\|hex=98B4D4		\|hex=98B4D4
	\|source=<ref>Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone ~~Colour~~ Finder and the ~~colour~~ will appear.</ref>		\|source=<ref>Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.</ref>
	\|isccname=Pale blue}}		\|isccname=Pale blue}}

	], in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call ''cerulean'', as the "~~colour~~ of the millennium".<ref name="pantone">{{cite web\|url=https://www.pantone.com/\|title=About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue\|last=PANTONE\|website=PANTONE\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>		], in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call ''cerulean'', as the "color of the millennium".<ref name="pantone">{{cite web\|url=https://www.pantone.com/\|title=About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue\|last=PANTONE\|website=PANTONE\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

	The source of this ~~colour~~ is the "] Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" ~~colour~~ list, ~~colour~~ #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx\|title=- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool\|website=Pantone.com\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>		The source of this color is the "] Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx\|title=- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool\|website=Pantone.com\|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}

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	\|isccname=Brilliant greenish blue}}		\|isccname=Brilliant greenish blue}}

	This bright tone of cerulean is the ~~colour~~ called ''cerulean'' by ].		This bright tone of cerulean is the color called ''cerulean'' by ].
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}

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	\|title=Cerulean Frost		\|title=Cerulean Frost
	\|hex=6D9BC3		\|hex=6D9BC3
	\|source=]		\|source=]
	\|isccname=Light blue}}		\|isccname=Light blue}}

	At right is displayed the ~~colour~~ '''cerulean frost'''.		At right is displayed the color '''cerulean frost'''.

	''Cerulean frost'' is one of the ~~colours~~ in the special set of metallic ~~coloured~~ ] crayons called ], the ~~colours~~ of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.		''Cerulean frost'' is one of the colors in the special set of metallic colored ] crayons called ], the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}

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	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]

Revision as of 17:07, 17 March 2023

Shade of blue (color) For other uses, see Cerulean (disambiguation).

Cerulean as a quaternary color on the RYB color wheel
blue
cerulean
teal

Cerulean

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#007BA7
sRGB (r, g, b)	(0, 123, 167)
HSV (h, s, v)	(196°, 100%, 65%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(48, 56, 234°)
Source	Maerz and Paul
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Strong greenish blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Cerulean (RGB)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#0040FF
sRGB (r, g, b)	(0, 64, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)	(225°, 100%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(39, 134, 264°)
Source
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Cerulean (/səˈruːliən/), also spelled caerulean, is a shade of blue ranging between azure and a darker sky blue.

The first recorded use of cerulean as a color name in English was in 1590. The word is derived from the Latin word caeruleus, "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caerulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".

"Cerulean blue" is the name of a pigment. The pigment was discovered in the late eighteenth century and designated as cerulean blue in the nineteenth century.

Cerulean Blue

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#2A52BE
sRGB (r, g, b)	(42, 82, 190)
HSV (h, s, v)	(224°, 78%, 75%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(38, 90, 260°)
Source	Maerz and Paul
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Cerulean blue pigment

The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is cobalt(II) stannate (Co
₂SnO
₄). The precise hue of the pigment is dependent on a variable silicate component.

The pigment Cerulean blue was discovered in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner. Subsequently, there was a limited German production under the name of Cölinblau. It was in 1860 first marketed in the United Kingdom by colourman George Rowney, as "coeruleum". Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue".

When the cerulean blue pigment (see the adjacent color box) was discovered, it became a useful addition to Prussian blue, cobalt blue, and synthetic ultramarine, which already had superseded the prior blue and blue‑ish pigments. The pigment is very expensive.

Pigments through the ages shows a "Painted swatch of cerulean blue" to represent the actual cobalt stannate pigment. See also painted swatch and crystals of cerulean blue at ColourLex.

It is particularly valuable for artistic painting of skies because of its hue, its permanence, and its opaqueness. Berthe Morisot painted the blue coat of the woman in her Summer's Day, 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ultramarine and cobalt blue.

Today, cobalt chromate is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener than the cobalt stannate version. The chromate makes excellent turquoise colors and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".

Cerulean blue PB35
Berthe Morisot, Summer's Day, (1879)
A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "Hue" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the color of oil paint that contains the original pigment.
Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.

Other color variations

Pale cerulean

Cerulean (Pantone)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#98B4D4
sRGB (r, g, b)	(152, 180, 212)
HSV (h, s, v)	(212°, 28%, 83%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(72, 33, 242°)
Source	Pantone TPX
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Pale blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call cerulean, as the "color of the millennium".

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.

Cerulean (Crayola)

Cerulean (Crayola)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#1DACD6
sRGB (r, g, b)	(29, 172, 214)
HSV (h, s, v)	(194°, 86%, 84%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(65, 64, 226°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Brilliant greenish blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

This bright tone of cerulean is the color called cerulean by Crayola crayons.

Cerulean frost

Cerulean Frost

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#6D9BC3
sRGB (r, g, b)	(109, 155, 195)
HSV (h, s, v)	(208°, 44%, 76%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(62, 45, 240°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Light blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

At right is displayed the color cerulean frost.

Cerulean frost is one of the colors in the special set of metallic colored Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Curious Blue

Curious Blue

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#269DCE
sRGB (r, g, b)	(38, 157, 206)
HSV (h, s, v)	(198°, 82%, 81%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(61, 65, 233°)
Source
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Moderate cerulean
B: Normalized to (byte)

Curious Blue is one of the bright tone colors of cerulean

In nature

Explanatory notes

Note that the color swatch is a match for the color shown in the first color box.
Rex Art color index PB 36
Rex Art color index PB 35

References

^ Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample E6.
"cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample L9.
"Cerulean blue - Overview". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"Cerulean blue - History". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"cerulean blue". Cameo.mfa.org. Material name. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Höpfner, Albrecht (1789). "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber". Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens. 4: 41–47.
"Cerulean blue". Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
"Cerulean blue". ColourLex.
"Pigments and their chemical and artistic properties". jcsparks.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Bomford, D.; Kirby, J.; Leighton, J.; Roy, A. (1990). Impressionism. Art in the Making. London, UK: National Gallery Publications. pp. 176–181.
"Blue". Paintmaking. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"Colormaking attributes". Handprint.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
PANTONE. "About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue". PANTONE. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool". Pantone.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.

External links

A page on Cerulean Blue
Cerulean blue at ColourLex

Shades of blue

Aero	Air Force blue	Air superiority blue	Alice Blue	Argentinian Blue	Aquamarine	Azure	Azul	Baby blue	Berkeley Blue

Bice blue	Bleu de France	Blue	Blue Bell	Blue-gray	Blue-violet	Blurple	Bondi blue	Brandeis blue	Byzantine blue

Cambridge blue	Carolina blue	Celestial Blue	Celestial Blue (Crayola)	Celtic Blue	Cerulean	Chefchaouen Blue	Chrysler blue	Cobalt blue	Columbia blue

Cornflower (Crayola)	Cornflower	Cyan	Baby blue	Blue (Crayola)	Dark blue	Deep Sky Blue	Delft Blue	Denim	Dodger blue

Duke blue	Egyptian blue	Glaucous	Green-blue	Electric indigo	French blue	Honolulu blue	Ice blue	Illini blue	Indigo

Indigo dye	International Klein Blue	Jordy Blue	Lapis Lazuli	Lavender	Lavender mist	Lavender gray	Light blue	Light Sky Blue	Majorelle Blue

Marian blue	Manatee	Maximum Blue Green	Maximum Blue Purple	Maya blue	Medium blue	Medium slate blue	Midnight blue	Blue (Munsell)	Navy blue

Blue (NCS)	Neon blue	Non-photo blue	Oxford Blue	Palatinate blue	Pale azure	Penn Blue	Periwinkle	Periwinkle (Crayola)	Persian blue

Phthalo blue	Picton Blue	Polynesian blue	Powder blue	Prussian blue	Resolution Blue	RISD Blue	Royal Blue (web color)	Royal blue (traditional)	Ruddy Blue

Sapphire	Savoy blue	Silver Lake Blue	Sky blue	Space cadet	Steel blue	Tang Blue	True Blue	Tufts Blue	UCLA Blue