| Revision as of 12:55, 1 November 2022 editO Mondrongo (talk | contribs)6 edits 7º 30' W← Previous edit | Revision as of 10:44, 22 December 2022 edit undoGraham87 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Event coordinators, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, Importers291,471 editsm grammarTags: Replaced RevertedNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| v | |||
| {{Short description|Time zones in Portugal}} | |||
| {{Time zones of Europe}} | |||
| '''Portugal''' has two ] and observes ]. ] and ] use ], while the ] use ]. ] (locally known as ''Hora de Verão'', meaning "summer time") is observed nationwide from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October, when ] and ] advances one hour to ], and the ] advances one hour to ].<ref></ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| In the early 19th century, Portugal adopted ].<ref name="History of time in Portugal"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> Navy (located in Lisbon) and Coimbra Astronomical Observatories calculated solar time to be used as legal time in their longitude regions.<ref name=" History of time in Portugal"/> In 1861, the ] was founded and, in 1878, it was tasked with the exclusive competence of calculate its mean solar time and to transmit it to rest of the country’s public services.<ref name=" History of time in Portugal"/> Thus, in practice, Portuguese standard time was defined as the ] at ] longitude, which was later calculated as being GMT–00:36:45.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 May 2013.</ref> | |||
| In 1911, it was agreed that standard time in Portugal should be defined in accordance with the ].<ref name="Decree 26 May 1911"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> By the Decree of 26 May 1911, a reform was approved regarding ] in Portugal and in its overseas ]: although most of ] is located west of the 7º 30'W meridian (i.e. in the theoretical zone of ] time zone), mainland Portugal adopted ] as its time zone.<ref name="Decree 26 May 1911"/> By the same law, ] time zone was adopted for the ] and ], ] for ] and ], ] for ] and ], ] for ], ] for ], ] for ] and ] for ] and ].<ref name="Decree 26 May 1911"/> These time zones were adopted on 1 January 1912.<ref name="Decree 26 May 1911"/> | |||
| ] (''Hora de Verão'', or "summer time", in Portuguese) was observed for the first time in 1916, during ], and it consisted in advancing clocks by one hour.<ref name=" History of time in Portugal"/><ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/><ref name="Decree 2433"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> In that year, DST was observed from 17 June to 1 November but in following years until 1921, it was observed from 1 June to 14 October.<ref name=" History of time in Portugal"/><ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/> | |||
| DST continued to be observed every year in 1920s and 1930s, although some small interruptions had occurred (1922–1923, 1925, 1930 and 1933), as well as the start and end date of DST, which often varied.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/> | |||
| Between 1942 and 1945, during ], Portugal not only advanced clocks by one hour during DST, as also advanced them by another hour during some months of those years, coming to have clocks two hours ahead of GMT, effectively observing "double DST".<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/> Portugal returned to GMT following the end of the war in 1945, and one hour of DST continued to be observed.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/> In 1948, it was approved that DST should be observed from the first Sunday in April to the first Sunday in October.<ref name="Decree-Law 37048"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 May 2013.</ref> | |||
| From 1966, DST was observed year-round, so that, in practice, Portugal changed its time zone from ] (]) to ] (]).<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/><ref name="Decree-Law 47233"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> However, due to the later ]s and ]s, many complaints accumulated: on winter mornings, people went to work under a completely dark sky, and at 09:00, when school classes started, the sun was still rising, which eventually had repercussions on students' school performance and their safety during morning trips from home to school.<ref name="Decree-Law 309/76"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> Furthermore, in the 1970s, the idea of reintroducing ] gained strength in ] as well as in Portugal.<ref name="Hora Legal">Marques, Manuel (February 2002), , ''O Observatório'' (in Portuguese), vol. 8, nr. 2, Lisbon, Portugal, Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> However, although there were so many complaints in the country with the use of UTC+01:00 year round, it became clear to policymakers that if DST was to be re-introduced, it could never be observed as ] (]), and the only solution was to re-adopt ] as standard time. Therefore, Portugal re-adopted Western European Time (]) as its standard time in 1976.<ref name="Decree-Law 309/76"/> DST started to be observed every year as ] (]), usually from early April to later September.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/><ref name="Decree-Law 309/76"/> From 1981 on, DST started to be observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/> | |||
| In 1986, time in Portugal began to be calculated in accordance with ] rather than GMT.<ref name=" History of time in Portugal"/><ref name="Decree-Law 44-B/86"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 May 2013.</ref> | |||
| === Switch to Central European Time === | |||
| In 1992, during the government of ], by Decree-Law 124/92, mainland Portugal officially changed its time zone from Western European Time to Central European Time.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/><ref name="Decree-Law 124/92"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> Unlike the 1966 change to CET, DST was observed as ] (]), from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/><ref name="Decree-Law 124/92"/> The measure, approved without the consultation of ], had the intention of promoting energy savings, in order that "Portugal follow, in work schedules, the countries with which it maintains more frequent contacts" (DL 124/92) and so promoting economic growth.<ref name="Decree-Law 124/92"/> However, the measure quickly proved to be a failure in achieving its objectives and became unpopular: on winter mornings, the sun was still rising at 09:00 and people travelled to work in the dark.<ref name="Assembly of the Republic – session of 8 February 1996"> ''Diário da Assembleia da República'' (I Series) (in Portuguese), 7th Parliament of the ] (1995–1999), 1st Legislative Session (1995–1996), p. 1056, 9 February 1996. Retrieved 15 May 2013.</ref><ref name="Com as horas trocadas">Raposo, Pedro (March 2006), , ''O Observatório'' (in Portuguese), vol. 12, nr. 3, p. 5, Lisbon, Portugal, Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</ref> Children also began the school day in darkness, with repercussions on their standards of learning, school performance and sleeping habits.<ref name="Com as horas trocadas"/><ref name="Fuso horário ainda divide opiniões"> (in Portuguese), Oporto, Portugal, Jornal de Notícias (24 October 2009). Retrieved 14 May 2013.</ref><ref name="Segurar as rédeas do tempo tem muito que se lhe diga"> (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal, Público (24 October 2009) (only for subscribers) (copy of the notice find in the following personal websites , ). Retrieved 21 May 2013</ref> It was even common that children fell asleep in the early morning classes.<ref name="Assembly of the Republic – session of 8 February 1996"/><ref name=" Segurar as rédeas do tempo tem muito que se lhe diga"/> On summer evenings, the usage of Central European Summer Time was revealed to have a disturbing effect on peoples', especially children's, sleeping habits, as the sun was still setting as late as 22:30, so the sky was only completely dark towards midnight.<ref name="Assembly of the Republic – session of 8 February 1996"/><ref name=" Segurar as rédeas do tempo tem muito que se lhe diga"/><ref name="Fuso horário ainda divide opiniões "/> A company hired by ] conducted a study which concluded that, in fact, there were no energy savings because, due to the dark early mornings, workers turned on lights in their offices and forgot to turn them off, leaving them switched on for the rest of the morning, which increased energy consumption.<ref name="Com as horas trocadas"/><ref name=" Segurar as rédeas do tempo tem muito que se lhe diga"/> Concerns also emerged about the effect of the coincidence of ]s with the hottest hours of the day on ].<ref name="Com as horas trocadas"/><ref name="Decree-Law 17/96"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> Furthermore, an increase in the number of assaults on children in the morning was observed, and insurance companies reported a rise in the number of accidents.<ref name="Assembly of the Republic – session of 8 February 1996"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?gid=2006-03-24b.478.0 |title=Lighter Evenings (Experiment) Bill }}. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</ref> Due to all of these concerns and complaints, it became clear that situation could not continue much longer without a new analysis. In December 1995, the government (now led by ]) commissioned a report to ] on the issue of Portuguese standard time.<ref name="Comunicado do Conselho de Ministros"> (in Portuguese), Presidency of the Council of Ministers (21 December 1995), Arquivo da Web Portuguesa. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</ref> In February 1996, the Observatory report was released and it concluded that owing to the geographical position of Portugal, the country should re-adopt Western European Time as its standard time zone, a position that the policymakers accepted.<ref name="Decree-Law 17/96"/><ref name="Hora de Verão: Relógios em Portugal adiantam 60 minutos dia 30"> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130705200209/http://arquivo.pt/wayback/wayback/id742788index5?pos=1&l=pt&sid=CFA9EE0F6FBB9DC227425C893349A213 |date=2013-07-05 }} (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal, Agência Lusa (12 March 1997), Arquivo da Web Portuguesa. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</ref> | |||
| === Return to Western European Time === | |||
| In 1996, new legislation was approved. By Decree-Law 17/96, mainland Portugal returned to the Western European Time time zone.<ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/><ref name="Decree-Law 17/96"/> DST would continue to be observed as ] (]) from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October, thus also adopting the then recently changed EU rules regarding DST.<ref name=" History of time in Portugal"/><ref name="Time in continental Portugal since 1911"/><ref name="Decree-Law 17/96"/> In the same year, Azores and Madeira regional parliaments also approved regional laws that adapted the new EU rules to their time zones, thus ensuring that DST would be observed from the last Sunday in March to last Sunday in October in the entire Portuguese realm.<ref name="Legislation on time in Portugal"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref><ref name="Regional Legislative Decree 6/96/M"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 May 2013.</ref><ref name="Regional Legislative Decree 16/96/A"> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 May 2013.</ref> | |||
| == Date and time notation == | |||
| In 1996 Portugal adopted ] via EN 28601 as NP EN 28601:1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipq.pt/backfiles/DN_201002.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522005622/http://www.ipq.pt/backfiles/DN_201002.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-22 }}</ref> | |||
| == Time signalling == | |||
| The ] publishes the official time via the ] (NTP), e.g. via "ntp02.oal.ul.pt" and "ntp04.oal.ul.pt".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oal.ul.pt/index.php?link=acerto|title=Como Acertar? | Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa}}</ref> | |||
| == IANA time zone database == | |||
| The ] contains three zones for Portugal. Columns marked with * are from the file ] from the database.<ref> (2020 edition) at the ]. ] (IANA). Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
| ! c.c.* | |||
| ! coordinates* | |||
| ! TZ* | |||
| ! comments* | |||
| ! UTC offset !! DST !! Notes | |||
| |---- | |||
| | {{Time zone/zone.tab cols wikitable|Europe/Lisbon}} | |||
| | {{Time zone/utc offset link|Europe/Lisbon}} | |||
| | {{Time zone/utc dst offset link|Europe/Lisbon}} | |||
| | | |||
| |---- | |||
| | {{Time zone/zone.tab cols wikitable|Atlantic/Madeira}} | |||
| | {{Time zone/utc offset link|Atlantic/Madeira}} | |||
| | {{Time zone/utc dst offset link|Atlantic/Madeira}} | |||
| | | |||
| |---- | |||
| | {{Time zone/zone.tab cols wikitable|Atlantic/Azores}} | |||
| | {{Time zone/utc offset link|Atlantic/Azores}} | |||
| | {{Time zone/utc dst offset link|Atlantic/Azores}} | |||
| | | |||
| |} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| * {{cite book|author=Fernando Correia de Oliveira|title=História do tempo em Portugal: elementos para uma história do tempo, da relojoaria e das mentalidades em Portugal|year=2003|publisher=SOCTIP|isbn=978-972-98861-1-9|pages=324|language=pt}} | |||
| {{Europe topic|Time in}} | |||
| {{Portugal topics |state=collapsed}} | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 10:44, 22 December 2022
v