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The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a person considered the driving force behind the establishment of a country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch is often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the divine right of kings espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law.

In Spain, the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and any person who expresses disrespect toward the reigning monarch faces severe criminal penalties.

Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People". Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves". In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity. On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation". A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" barely failed in September 2007.

List

The following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations. Highlighted names indicate people who are still living.

Name	Nation	Title (native)	Title (translation)	Notes
Ahmad Shah Durrani	Afghanistan	Ahmad Shah Baba	Ahmad Shah the Father	Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.
Ismail Kemal	Albania	Babai Kombit	Father of the Nation	Led the Albanian national movement against the Ottoman Empire
V. C. Bird	Antigua and Barbuda		Father of the Nation	First prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda.
José de San Martín	Argentina Peru	Padre de la Patria / Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú	Father of the Fatherland / Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru	Primary leader of the Argentine War of Independence and the Spanish American wars of independence in southern South America.
Hayk (Հայկ)	Armenia	Nahapet (Նահապետ)	Head of the Family Patriarch	Legendary founder of the Armenian nation.
Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG	Australia		Father of Federation	Gave the Tenterfield Oration, which is believed to be pivotal in the process of the Federation of Australia.
Sir Lynden Pindling	The Bahamas		Father of the Nation	Leader at independence in 1973.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman	Bangladesh	Jatir Janak (জাতির জনক) Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু)	Father of the Nation Friend of Bengal	Founder of Bangladesh, leader during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Errol Barrow	Barbados		Father of Independence	The 3rd and last premier of Barbados (1961–1966) who lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the first prime minister and served three terms (1966–76, 1986–87) dying in office during his third.
Alexander Lukashenko	Belarus	Batka (батька) Backa (бацька)	Father	Unofficial, used by Lukashenko and supporters. Usage opposed by Belarusian opposition, which accuses the government of astroturfing the term's usage.
George Cadle Price	Belize		Father of the Nation	Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.
Ugyen Wangchuck	Bhutan	First king of modern Bhutan.
Simón Bolívar	Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Panama Peru Venezuela	Libertador	Liberator	Primary leader of the Spanish American wars of independence in northern South America.
Seretse Khama	Botswana		Father of Independence	Leader of the independence movement and first President of Botswana. Creator of democracy in Botswana
Dom Pedro I, Maria Leopoldina of Austria and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva	Brazil	Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência	Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence	Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822) during the independence of Brazil. Maria Leopoldina was the first Empress of Brazil. Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III	Brunei		Architect of Modern Brunei. Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence	28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (1914–1986).
Asparuh	Bulgaria	Kanasubigi (Кан)		Founder and first ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Norodom Sihanouk	Cambodia	សម្តេចឪ (Sâmdéch Âu)	King Father	Secured independence from France.
John A. Macdonald and the other Fathers of Confederation	Canada	Father of Confederation Pères de la Confédération	Father of Confederation	The 36 Canadian politicians who negotiated Canadian Confederation
Bernardo O'Higgins	Chile	Padre de la patria	Father of the fatherland	Principal leader of the Chilean War of Independence.
Sun Yat-sen	Republic of China	simplified Chinese: 国父; traditional Chinese: 國父 (Guófù)	Father of the Nation	Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940. Sun is more widely known in the People's Republic of China as the "Forerunner of the Revolution".
José María Castro Madriz	Costa Rica	Fundador de la República	Founder of the Republic	First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.
Ante Starčević	Croatia	Otac domovine	Father of the Homeland	His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes	Cuba	Padre de la Patria	Father of the Fatherland	Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Archbishop Makarios III	Cyprus	Εθνάρχης	Leader of the Nation	First and longest President of Cyprus, leader of Greek Cypriot nationalist movement during Cypriot intercommunal violence
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor	Czech Republic	Otec vlasti	Father of the Homeland	King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.
František Palacký		Otec národa	Father of the Nation	Politician and historian, influential in Czech National Revival movement. Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.
Tomáš Masaryk		Tatíček / Prezident Osvoboditel	Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator	First President of Czechoslovakia, helped negotiate establishment of Czechoslovakia with the Allies of World War I.
Juan Pablo Duarte	Dominican Republic	Padre de la patria	Father of the Fatherland	Defeated Haiti during Dominican War of Independence.
Ilia Chavchavadze	Georgia	უგვირგვინო მეფე / ერის მამა	The Crownless King / Father of the Nation
Members of the Parlamentarischer Rat	Germany	Väter und Mütter des Grundgesetzes	Fathers and mothers of the Basic Law	Drafted the Basic Law, the constitution of (then West) Germany
Kwame Nkrumah	Ghana	Osagyefo	Father of the nation	First president and prime minister of Ghana during decolonization, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Alexander the Great	Greece	Πατέρας των Ελλήνων	Father of the Greeks	Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.
Cheddi Jagan	Guyana		Father of the Nation	President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines	Haiti	Père de la patrie	Father of the Fatherland	Primary leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Dionisio de Herrera	Honduras			First Head of State of Honduras within the Federal Republic of Central America
Árpád	Hungary	Honalapító	Founder of the Homeland	Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.
Mahatma Gandhi (de facto)	India	राष्ट्रपिता (Father of the Nation) "Bapuji" (Father)	Father of the Nation	Leader of the Indian independence movement from British Raj Article 18 of the Indian Constitution prohibits conferring titles other than military and academic distinctions by the State.
Sukarno	Indonesia	Bapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/Proklamator	Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator	First President of Indonesia, primary leader of the Indonesian National Revolution
Cyrus the Great	Iran (Persia)	Shahanshah	King of Kings	The founder of the first Persian Empire
Camillo Benso Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia	Italy	Padre della Patria	Father of the Fatherland	Authors of Italian unification
Emperor Jimmu	Japan	神武天皇 (Jinmu Ten-noh)		Legendary first Emperor of Japan
Alikhan Bukeikhanov	Kazakhstan		Prime Minister of the Alash Autonomy	Leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement during the Russian Revolution
Jomo Kenyatta	Kenya	Baba wa Taifa	Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter	First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Ibrahim Rugova	Kosovo	Ati i Kombit	Father of the Nation	First president of the First Republic of Kosovo. President of Serbian Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metochia under UN after the Kosovo War.
Jonas Basanavičius	Lithuania	Tautos patriarchas	Patriarch of the Nation	Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.
Krste Misirkov	North Macedonia	Татко на нацијата	Father of the Nation	Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Tunku Abdul Rahman	Malaysia	Bapa Kemerdekaan Bapa Malaysia	Father of Independence Father of Malaysia	The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British Empire in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Muhammad Fareed Didi	Maldives	Founder of modern Maldives and last sultan of Maldives.
Giorgio Borġ Olivier	Malta	Missier Malta Indipendenti	Father of Independent Malta	First post-independence Prime Minister of Malta between 1950–1955 and 1962–1971.
Dom Mintoff		Missier Malta Repubblika, Missier Malta Hielsa	Father of Republican Malta, Father of Free Malta	A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1955 to 1958, and from 1974 to 1984) as the Leader of the Labour Party, a position he held from 1949 to 1984. In 1974, with him as Prime Minister, Malta negotiated a series of constitutional reforms leading to the establishment of the Maltese Republic and the removal of the British monarch as head of state. In 1979, the last Royal Navy ships left Malta, marking the country's transformation into a fully independent nation. Mintoff is also credited with the establishment of the Maltese welfare state and the socialist-style nationalisation and collectivisation of various key industries.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam	Mauritius		Father of the Nation	First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla	Mexico	Padre de la patria mexicana	Father of the Mexican Nation	First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Genghis Khan	Mongolia	Монголчуудын эцэг	Father of the Mongols, Founding Father of Mongolia	After unifying the many nomadic tribes of northeastern Asian steppe peoples, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and became the first Great Khan and Emperor. He eventually led a conquest of the majority of Eurasia, and his unified homeland would become Mongolia.
Aung San	Myanmar	Father of Nations, Father of Independence, Father of Tatmadaw	5th Prime Minister of Burma in British Era from 1946 to 1947	Assassinated on 19 July 1947, before the independence of Burma.
Sam Nujoma	Namibia		Founding Father of the Namibian Nation	Primary leader of SWAPO during the South African Border War and first President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.
Prithvi Narayan Shah	Nepal	श्री ५ बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वी नारायण शाह	Father of the Nation	King of Nepal during the Unification of Nepal.
William the Silent	Netherlands	Vader des Vaderlands	Father of the Fatherland	Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Empire, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.
Diriangén	Nicaragua	Padre de la Patria Nicaragüense	Father of the Nicaraguan Fatherland	Native Nicaraguan tribal leader
Nnamdi Azikiwe	Nigeria	Father of Nigerian Nationalism		First president of Nigeria when it became a republic on 1 October 1963, and was the last governor general of Nigeria.
Einar Gerhardsen	Norway	Landsfaderen	Father of the Nation	First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Pakistan	Baba-e-Qaum/Quaid-e-Azam	Father of the Nation/Great Leader	Led the Pakistan Movement and served as first governor-general of Pakistan.
Sir Michael Somare	Papua New Guinea	Papa Blo Kantri	Father of the Nation	Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".
Emilio Aguinaldo	Philippines	Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas	First President of the Philippines	Military Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the First President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. His birthday, 22 March 1869, is celebrated as Emilio Aguinaldo Day.
Andrés Bonifacio		Amá ng Himagsikan	Father of the Revolution	Political Leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, 30 November 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal		Pambansáng Bayani	National Hero	Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his 30 December 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.
D. Afonso Henriques	Portugal	Fundador da Nação	Father of the Nation a.k.a. The Conqueror	Founder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Peter I of Russia	Russia	Отец Отечества (Otets Otechestva)	Father of the Fatherland	Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed	Western Sahara		Father of the Nation	Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan and Mauritanian armies in the Western Sahara conflict.
Sir John Compton	Saint Lucia		Father of the Nation	Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".
Saint Marinus	San Marino			Founder of a chapel and monastery in central Italy, in 301 (traditional date: 3 September). From this initial community the state of San Marino later grew.
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)/ المؤسس (Al-Moa'sis)	Father of the Nation/ The Founder	Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He descended from the noble House of Saud, the dynasty which had ruled most of Arabia in the 18th century. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Dobrica Ćosić	Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Отац нације	Father of the Nation	Yugoslav Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
Donald Dewar	Scotland		Father of the Nation	First First Minister of Scotland following the reconvening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.
Saint Sava	Serbia	Отац отаџбине	Father of the Fatherland	Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Karađorđe and Miloš the Great		Отац нације	Father of the Nation	Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising during the Serbian Revolution.
Lee Kuan Yew	Singapore		Father of Singapore	First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Primož Trubar	Slovenia	Oče naroda	Father of the Nation	A consolidator of Slovene and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan	Somalia		Father of the fatherland	The emir of Dervish and Diiriye Guure.
Nelson Mandela	South Africa	Tata wethu	Father of the Nation	Primary leader of internal resistance to apartheid as chairman of the African National Congress, and President of post-apartheid South Africa.
Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella)	Spain	Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón	Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon	The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake	Sri Lanka	ජාතියේ පියා (Jathiyay Piya)	Father of the Nation	First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.
Johan Ferrier	Suriname	Vader des Vaderlands	Father of the Nation	First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).
Gustav I of Sweden	Sweden	Landsfader	Father of the Nation	Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.
Per Albin Hansson		Landsfader	Father of the Nation	Prime Minister 1932–1946 and founder of The People's Home.
Julius Nyerere	Tanzania	Baba wa Taifa	Father of the Nation	First President of Tanzania.
Henry Alcazar, Victor Bryan, Tubal Uriah Butler, Rudranath Capildeo, Simbhoonath Capildeo, Arthur Andrew Cipriani, Albert Gomes, Solomon Hochoy, A. P. T. James, Audrey Jeffers, Ranjit Kumar, Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, Chanka Maharaj, Bhadase Sagan Maraj, Quintin O'Connor, Michael Pocock, Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine), Alfred Richards, Harold Robinson, Timothy Roodal, Lionel Seukeran, Ashford Sinanan, Mitra Sinanan, Sarran Teelucksingh, Louis de Verteuil, Gerald Wight, Eric Williams, Hugh Wooding	Trinidad and Tobago		Moulders of the Nation	They helped shape the country's future as an independent nation and laid the foundation of democracy.
Eric Williams			Father of the Nation	First and three-term Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to his death in 1981, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 1966, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to 1961, founder of the People's National Movement (PNM) and was instrumental in writing the Trinidad and Tobago constitution and gaining the country independence and republicanism from British rule.
Habib Bourguiba	Tunisia	المجاهد الاكبر(Al mujehed al akbar)	The Supreme Warrior	Father of the independence of Tunisia and first President of Tunisia. He led the Tunisian national movement against the French colonial empire. After Tunisian independence, he founded a modern state, built schools and hospitals and gave the Tunisian women rights that are still unique in the Arab World today.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk	Turkey	Atatürk	Father of the Turks (always used as a last name and not a title proper)	Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.
Bohdan Khmelnytsky	Ukraine		Father of the Nation	Leader of the Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and founder of the Cossack Hetmanate, the first independent Ukrainian state.
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan	United Arab Emirates	والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)	Father of the Nation	President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers	United States		Founding Fathers	The Signers signed the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.
George Washington			Father of his country	George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country" for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas	Uruguay	Padre de la independencia uruguaya, Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales	Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people	Fought against the Spanish Royalists for independence in the Río de la Plata.
Ho Chi Minh	Vietnam	Người cha già của dân tộc	Father of the people	Leader of the Viet Minh, who fought for independence from France in the First Indochina War and decisively defeated them at the bloody Battle of Dien Bien Phu, resulting in the establishment of an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north of the country in 1954. Vietnam would eventually be united under Communist Party of Vietnam rule after his death with the Fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.
Kenneth Kaunda	Zambia	Tata	Father of the nation	First president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He founded the Zambian African National Congress (ANC), later becoming the head of the United National Independence Party (UNIP which led to attaining independence.

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Works cited

• Grizzard, Frank E. Jr. (2002). George Washington: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-082-6.

See also

• Family as a model for the state
• Fathers of Confederation
• Founding fathers of the European Union
• Founding Fathers of the United States
• List of national founders
• Pater Patriae
• Victory title

• Political terminology
• Titles held only by one person
• Nation
• Fatherhood
• Men's social titles