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| The '''2004 Madrid train bombings''' (also known as 11-M, 3/11, 11/3 and M-11) consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the ] (]) system of ], ] on the morning of ] ], killing 191 people and wounding 2,050. The perpetrators were ]ists extremists. mostly of North African origin. Spanish nationals who provided the explosives were also arrested. |
The '''2004 Madrid train bombings''' (also known as 11-M, 3/11, 11/3 and M-11) consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the ] (]) system of ], ] on the morning of ] ], killing 191 people and wounding 2,050. The perpetrators were ]ists extremists. mostly of North African origin. Spanish nationals who provided the explosives were also arrested. | ||
| <ref>http://www.iiss.org/conferences/counter-terrorism-series/islam-and-terrorism</ref> | <ref>http://www.iiss.org/conferences/counter-terrorism-series/islam-and-terrorism</ref> | ||
| <ref>http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369921</ref> | <ref>http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369921</ref> | ||
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| <ref>http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2006/RAND_CT263.pdf</ref> | <ref>http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2006/RAND_CT263.pdf</ref> | ||
| <ref> ''Until now, there has never been any example of a terrorist action by international islamist made in collaboration with non muslims''. French original: ''Il n'y a d'ailleurs à ce jour aucun exemple d’une action terroriste menée par des islamistes internationalistes en collaboration avec des non musulmans''</ref> | <ref> ''Until now, there has never been any example of a terrorist action by international islamist made in collaboration with non muslims''. French original: ''Il n'y a d'ailleurs à ce jour aucun exemple d’une action terroriste menée par des islamistes internationalistes en collaboration avec des non musulmans''</ref> | ||
| Two alleged perpetrators were ] and Spanish ] ]s, and there were links of the perpetrators with the Spanish bomb squad <ref>] </ref><ref> ''Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...'' </ref><ref></ref><ref> </ref> <ref> ''Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...'' </ref><ref></ref><ref> </ref>. Cellphones used in the bombings were unlocked in a shop owned by a Spanish policeman <ref> </ref> | |||
| The official investigation by the ] determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda inspired terrorist cell.<ref> Spanish Indictment on the investigation of March 11</ref><ref> "''the length of time between the Madrid bombings and Abu Nayaf al-Afghani’s claim has cast doubt on its authenticity''.....''Other sources attribute the March 11 attacks to the group Abu Dujana Al-Afghani Ansar Al-Qaeda Europe, which appears be an alias for Abu Nayaf al-Afghani. A separate al-Qaeda linked organization, the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade, also declared responsibility for the Madrid attacks, and although it faces similar questions about the validity of its claims, it is generally regarded by authorities as having carried out the attacks"''] (see ])</ref><ref> ''The al-Qaeda leader who created, trained and directed the terrorist cell that carried out the Madrid train bombings has been held in a CIA “ghost prison” for more than a year''</ref> but other investigations did not find evidence to support that claim <ref>"While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance."</ref> <ref>, ], February 15, 2007: ''The cell was inspired by al-Qaida but had no direct links to it, nor did it receive financing from Osama bin Laden's terrorist organization, Spanish investigators say''. </ref> | The official investigation by the ] determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda inspired terrorist cell.<ref> Spanish Indictment on the investigation of March 11</ref><ref> "''the length of time between the Madrid bombings and Abu Nayaf al-Afghani’s claim has cast doubt on its authenticity''.....''Other sources attribute the March 11 attacks to the group Abu Dujana Al-Afghani Ansar Al-Qaeda Europe, which appears be an alias for Abu Nayaf al-Afghani. A separate al-Qaeda linked organization, the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade, also declared responsibility for the Madrid attacks, and although it faces similar questions about the validity of its claims, it is generally regarded by authorities as having carried out the attacks"''] (see ])</ref><ref> ''The al-Qaeda leader who created, trained and directed the terrorist cell that carried out the Madrid train bombings has been held in a CIA “ghost prison” for more than a year''</ref> but other investigations did not find evidence to support that claim <ref>"While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance."</ref> <ref>, ], February 15, 2007: ''The cell was inspired by al-Qaida but had no direct links to it, nor did it receive financing from Osama bin Laden's terrorist organization, Spanish investigators say''. </ref> | ||
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| March 2004 Madrid Train Bombings | |
|---|---|
| File:Ac.madrid2.jpgThe scene of one of the Madrid bombings. | |
| Location | Madrid, Spain |
| Date | 11 March 2004 07:30 – 08:00 (UTC+1) |
| Target | Madrid Commuter Train System |
| Attack type | Backpack bombs |
| Deaths | 191 |
| Injured | 2050 |
| al-Qaeda attacks | |
|---|---|
|
The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known as 11-M, 3/11, 11/3 and M-11) consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the Cercanías (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004, killing 191 people and wounding 2,050. The perpetrators were Islamists extremists. mostly of North African origin. Spanish nationals who provided the explosives were also arrested.
Two alleged perpetrators were Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants, and there were links of the perpetrators with the Spanish bomb squad . Cellphones used in the bombings were unlocked in a shop owned by a Spanish policeman
The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda inspired terrorist cell. but other investigations did not find evidence to support that claim
Description of the bombings
During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías). All the affected trains were traveling on the same line and in the same direction between Alcalá de Henares and Atocha station in Madrid. It was later reported that thirteen improvised explosive devices (IEDs) had been placed on the trains. Bomb-disposal teams had dealt with two of the remaining three IEDs. The following time-line of events comes from the judicial investigation.
All four explosives-laden trains had departed the station Alcalá de Henares between 07:01 and 07:14. The explosions took place between 07:37 and 07:40 in the morning, as described below (all timings given are in local time UTC/GMT+1):
- Atocha Station (train number 21431) — Three bombs exploded. Based on the video recording from the station security system, the first bomb exploded at 7:37, and two others exploded within 4 seconds of each other at 7:38.
- Calle Tellez, (train number 17305), approximately 800 meters from Atocha Station — Four bombs exploded in different carriages of the train at approximately 7:39.
- El Pozo del Tío Raimundo Station (train number 21435) — At approximately 07:38, just as the train was starting to leave the station, two bombs exploded in different carriages.
- Santa Eugenia Station (train number 21713) — One bomb exploded at approximately 07:38.
At 08:00, emergency relief workers began arriving at the scenes of the bombings. The police reported numerous victims and spoke of 50 wounded and several dead. By 08:30 the emergency ambulance service, SAMUR (Servicio de Asistencia Municipal de Urgencia y Rescate), had set up a field hospital at a sports facility at Daoiz y Velarde. Hospitals were told to expect the arrival of many casualties. Bystanders and local residents helped relief workers. At 08:43, fire fighters reported 15 dead at El Pozo. By 09:00, the police had confirmed the death of at least 30 people —20 at El Pozo and about 10 in Santa Eugenia and Atocha.
Forty-one of the dead came from thirteen countries outside of Spain, including fifteen from Romania, five each from Ecuador and Peru, four from Poland, three from Colombia, two from Honduras, and one each from Bulgaria, Chile, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guinea-Bissau, France, and Morocco. The number of victims was higher than in any similar event in Spain, far surpassing the 21 killed and 40 wounded from a 1987 bombing at a Hipercor chain supermarket in Barcelona. On that occasion, responsibility was claimed by the Basque armed militant group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Fatherland and Liberty"), or ETA. It was also the worst incident of this kind in Europe since the Lockerbie bombing in 1988.
Further bombings spur investigation
Another bombing, this time on the track of a high-speed train (AVE), was attempted on 2 April but was unsuccessful. Shortly after, police identified an apartment in Leganés, south of Madrid, as the base of operations for the individuals suspected of being the material authors of the Madrid and AVE attacks. The suspected militants, headed by Jamal Zougam, Serhane Abdelmaji "the Tunisian" and Jamal Ahmidan "the Chinese", were trapped inside the apartment by a police raid on the evening of Saturday 3 April. At 9:03 pm, when the police started to assault the premises, the militants committed suicide by setting off explosives, killing themselves and one of the police officers. Investigators subsequently found that the explosives used in the Leganés explosion were of the same type as those used in the 11 March attacks and in the thwarted bombing of the AVE line.
Based on the assumption that the militants killed at Leganés were, indeed, the individuals responsible for the train bombings, the ensuing investigation focused on how they obtained their estimated 200 kg of explosives. The investigation revealed that they had been bought from a retired miner who still had access to blasting equipment.
Five to eight suspects believed to be involved in the 11 March attacks managed to escape. ABC reported in December, 2006 that the ETA reminded Spanish Prime Minister Zapatero about the March 11 2004 as an example of what could happen unless the Government considered their petitions.
Aftermath
- Main article Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings
In France, the Vigipirate plan was upgraded to orange level. In Italy, the Government declared a state of high alert.
On December 2004 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero claimed that the PP government wiped off the all the computer files related with the Madrid bombings, leaving only the documents on paper .
It has been reported (El País, 4 January, 2007) that new attacks were being prepared in Spain by alleged perpetrators of the 2004 Madrid train bombings.
Responsibility
According to the Spanish judiciary, a loose group of Moroccan, Syrian, and Algerian Muslims inspired by al-Qaeda and two Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants are suspected of having carried out the attacks. As of 11 April 2006, Judge Del Olmo charged 29 suspects for their involvement in the train bombings.
Direct al-Qaeda involvement has been discarded, although an al-Qaeda claim was made the day of the attacks by the Abu Hafs al Masri Brigades. U.S. officials note that this group is "notoriously unreliable"
According to El Mundo, 24 of the 29 allegued prepetrators were informers and/or controlled by the Spanish Police, Civil Guard and C.N.I. ("National Center of Intelligence") before the attacks.
According to The Independent, "Those who invented the new kind of rucksack bomb used in the attacks are said to have been taught in training camps in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, under instruction from members of Morocco's radical Islamist Combat Group."
According to the MIPT, the attack was carried out by individuals associated with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group.
According to Mohamed Darif, a professor of political science at Hassan II University in Mohammedia, the history of the Moroccan Combat Group is directly tied to the rise of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. According to Darif, "Since its inception at the end of the 1990s and until 2001, the role of the organisation was restricted to giving logistic support to al-Qaeda in Morocco, finding its members places to live, providing them with false papers, with the opportunity of marrying Moroccans and with false identities to allow them to travel to Europe. Since 11 September, however, which brought the Kingdom of Morocco in on the side of the fight against terrorism, the organisation switched strategies and opted for terrorist attacks within Morocco itself."
Immediate reactions to the attacks in Spanish media assumed ETA involvement, and government officials were ready to confirm such suspicions. Because the bombs were 3 days before the general elections in Spain, the situation had many political interpretations. The massacre took place exactly two and a half years (912 days) after the September 11 terrorist attack on America in 2001. (Others suggest, however, that terrorists wishing to emphasize a connection with 9/11 would not rely on such an oblique connection as its "2 1/2 year anniversary.")
Official statements issued shortly after the Madrid attacks identified ETA as the prime suspect, but the group, which usually claims responsibility for its actions, denied any wrongdoing. Later evidence strongly pointed to the involvement of extremist Islamist groups, with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group named as a focus of investigations.
Although ETA has a history of mounting bomb attacks in Madrid, planting delayed-action bombs to kill rescue workers and using booby traps (such as explosives in wallets), as well as also having attempted to attack trains, the 11 March attacks were on a scale far exceeding anything previously attempted by any European terrorist organisation. This led some experts to point out that the tactics used were more typical of Islamic militant extremist groups, perhaps with a certain link to al-Qaeda, or maybe to a new generation of ETA activists using al-Qaeda as a role model. Observers also noted that ETA customarily issues warnings before its mass bombings and that there had been no warning for this attack. Europol director Jürgen Storbeck commented that the bombings ""could have been Eta ... But we're dealing with an attack that doesn't correspond to the modus operandi they have adopted up to now,"".
All of the devices are thought to have been hidden inside backpacks. The police investigated reports of three people in ski masks getting on and off the trains several times at Alcalá de Henares between 7:00 and 7:10. A Renault Kangoo van was found parked outside the station at Alcalá de Henares containing detonators, audio tapes with Qur'anic verses, and cell phones.
The provincial chief of TEDAX (the bomb disposal experts of the Spanish police) declared on 12 July 2004 that damage in the trains could not be caused by dynamite, but by some type of military explosive, like C3 or C4. Use of Titadine (Used by ETA, and intercepted in its way to Madrid 11 days before) has also been reported.
A radio report mentioned a plastic explosive called "Special C". However, the government said that the explosive found in an unexploded device, discovered among bags thought to be victims' lost luggage, was the Spanish made Goma-2 ECO. The unexploded device contained 22lb of explosive with 2lb of nails and screws packed around it as shrapnel. .
Two bombs—one in Atocha and another one in El Pozo stations, numbers 11 and 12—were detonated accidentally by the TEDAX. According to the provincial chief of the TEDAX, deactivated rucksacks contained some other type of explosive. The 13th bomb, which was transferred to a police station, contained dynamite, but did not explode because there were not two wires connecting the explosives to the detonator. That bomb used a mobile phone (Mitsubishi Trium) as a timer, requiring a SIM card to activate the alarm and thereby detonate. The analysis of the SIM card allowed the police to arrest an allegued perpetrator. On Saturday, 13 March, when three Moroccans and two Hindu Indians were arrested for the attacks, it was confirmed that the attacks came from an Islamic group. Only one of the five persons (the Moroccan Jamal Zougam) detained that day was finally prosecuted .
On 3 April 2004, in Leganés, south Madrid, four Arab terrorists died in an apparent suicide explosion, killing one G.E.O. (Spanish special police assault unit) police officer and wounding eleven policemen. According to witnesses and media, between five and eight suspects escaped on that day.
Security forces carried out a controlled explosion of a suspicious package found near the Atocha station and subsequently deactivated the two undetonated devices on the Téllez train. A third unexploded device was later brought from the station at El Pozo to a police station in Vallecas, and became a central piece of evidence for the investigation. It appears that the El Pozo bomb failed to detonate because a cell-phone alarm used to trigger the bomb was set 12 hours late.
The People's Party (PP), now in opposition, as well as certain media outlets such as El Mundo newspaper, continue to support alternative theories relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove them from power. These theories consider that the Socialist Party (PSOE), together with ETA and members of the security forces and national and foreign (Morocco) secret services, were implicated in the bombings.
Judge Del Olmo assigns the responsibility to "local cells of Islamic extremists inspired through the Internet", not GIA or Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group. These local cells would consist of hash traffickers of Moroccan origin, remotely linked to an al-Qaeda cell already captured. These groups would have bought the explosives (dynamite Goma-2 ECO) from low-level thiefs and police and Guardia Civil confidents in Asturias using money from the small-scale drug trafficking.
According to El Mundo, "the notes on the Moroccan confident 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the 3/11 leadership under surveillance."
Controversies
See Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
Reactions
See Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings
February 2007 Trial
The trial began in February 2007. According to El Pais, "the Court dismantled one by one all conspiracy theories." On the other hand, the defendants withdrew their previous declarations and denied any involvement.
See also
Specifically about the 2004 Madrid bombings
- Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings
- Casualties of the 11 March 2004 Madrid bombings
- Brandon Mayfield wrongfully identified via fingerprints
- Forest of the Departed
- Atocha Train Station Memorial
Other
- List of terrorist incidents
- Bologna massacre (2 August 1980)
- Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway (20 March 1995)
- 1995 bombings in France (July – October 1995)
- USS Cole bombing - (October 12, 2000)
- 9/11
- 2003 Istanbul Bombings - (November 2003)
- Moscow Metro bombing (6 February 2004)
- 7 July 2005 London bombings - (7 July, 2005)
- 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings
- 2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing
Notes
- http://www.iiss.org/conferences/counter-terrorism-series/islam-and-terrorism
- http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369921
- http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040316/ai_n12773616
- http://www.meforum.org/islamist.php
- http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/article.jsp?id=2&debateId=103&articleId=1808
- http://www.borrull.org/e/noticia.php?id=31977
- http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/gijs_de_vries/2007/03/europes_fight_against_terroris.html
- http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/29/040329ta_talk_remnick
- http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=21923
- http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RS22211.pdf
- http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/165/documentid/2753/history/3,2360,655,165,2753
- http://www.aijac.org.au/updates/Mar-04/180304.html
- http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/article.jsp?id=5&debateId=57&articleId=2216
- http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/7_05/london.htm
- http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/FD16Aa01.html
- http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2006/RAND_CT263.pdf
- PDF Until now, there has never been any example of a terrorist action by international islamist made in collaboration with non muslims. French original: Il n'y a d'ailleurs à ce jour aucun exemple d’une action terroriste menée par des islamistes internationalistes en collaboration avec des non musulmans
- The Times Bomb squad link in Spanish blast
- ABC Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...
- Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was also a police confident -Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados....José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...También era confidente de la policía-
- The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
- ABC Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...
- Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...he do not inform about the preparations. José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was a National Police confident about guns, explosive and drug smugling-Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados... no informó sobre los preparativos...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras... era confidente de la Policía Nacional-
- The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
- Cellphones used for March 11 were unlocked in a phone shop owned by... a Spanish police officer. And not just any police officer: It was Maussili Kalaji
- Spanish Indictment on the investigation of March 11
- MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Database "the length of time between the Madrid bombings and Abu Nayaf al-Afghani’s claim has cast doubt on its authenticity.....Other sources attribute the March 11 attacks to the group Abu Dujana Al-Afghani Ansar Al-Qaeda Europe, which appears be an alias for Abu Nayaf al-Afghani. A separate al-Qaeda linked organization, the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade, also declared responsibility for the Madrid attacks, and although it faces similar questions about the validity of its claims, it is generally regarded by authorities as having carried out the attacks"] (see MIPT)
- The Times, February 15, 2007. Spain furious as US blocks access to Madrid bombing 'chief' The al-Qaeda leader who created, trained and directed the terrorist cell that carried out the Madrid train bombings has been held in a CIA “ghost prison” for more than a year
- The Independent article:"While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance."
- Madrid Bombing Suspect Denies Guilt, The New York Times, February 15, 2007: The cell was inspired by al-Qaida but had no direct links to it, nor did it receive financing from Osama bin Laden's terrorist organization, Spanish investigators say.
- Sound of the second wave of bombs recorded in a Cellular Phone conversation
- Judicial Indictment - Downloadable in Spanish
- Broken lives (Cadena Ser, Spanish)
- The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
- Suspected Madrid bombing ringleader killed (CNN)
- The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
- Madrid bomb cell neutralised (BBC Europe)
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
suspectswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - France raises alert to orange (BBC News)
- The Terrorist Threat to the Italian Elections (Jamestown)
- ' Aznar 'wiped files on Madrid bombings, The Guardian, Tuesday December 14, 2004
- El argelino huido tras perpetrar el 11-M preparaba nuevos atentados en España El País, 4 January, 2007
- The Times Bomb squad link in Spanish blast
- Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was also a police confident -Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados....José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...También era confidente de la policía-
- The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
- Suspects indicted in Madrid train attacks (OnlineNewsHous)
- The Independent article:While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance.
- CBS News. Madrid Massacre Probe Widens
- El Mundo: 34 de los 40 que el juez implica en el 11-M estaban bajo control policial
- Elizabeth Nash (07 November 2006). "Madrid bombers 'were inspired by Bin Laden address'". The Independent.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - MIPT 2004 Spain overview
- Mohamed Darif (3/30/2004). "The Moroccan Combat Group (PDF)" (PDF). Real Instituto Elcano.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Voters Oust Spanish Government, CBS News On Sunday, a Basque-language daily published a statement by ETA in which the group for a second time denied involvement in the attacks.
- BBC on preparations for the trial
- Madrid Massacre Probe Widens (CBS News)
- From Bali to Madrid, attackers seek to inflict ever-greater casualties (The Guardian)
- Spain Campaigned to Pin Blame on ETA (Washington Post)
- Los TEDAX revisaron "dos veces" todos los vagones del 11-M sin encontrar Goma 2 ni la mochila de Vallecas (Libertad Digital)
- CBS News: Madrid Massacre Probe Widens. MADRID, March 11, 2004 The bombers used titadine, a kind of compressed dynamite also found in a bomb-laden van intercepted last month as it headed for Madrid, a source at Aznar's office said, speaking on condition of anonymity. Officials blamed ETA then, too.
- Millions rally in anger at Madrid bombers (Daily Telegraph)
- La Policía encuentra una decimotercera mochila bomba en la comisaría de Puente de Vallecas (El Mundo)
- http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2004/03/18/enespecial/1079606797.html
- Libertad digital, los enigmas del 11-M 6. Las primeras detenciones Las detenciones de los hindúes
- Al Qaeda reivindica los atentados en un vídeo hallado en Madrid (El Mundo)
- A Strike At Europe's Heart (Time)
- Spain’s 11-M and the right’s revenge (Open Democracy)
- Los agujeros negros del 11-M (El Mundo)
- El auto de procesamiento por el 11-M (El Mundo)
- Across the Divide (Time)
- Las notas del confidente marroquí 'Cartagena' prueban que la Policía controlaba a la cúpula del 11-M (El Mundo)
- Comienza en Madrid el juicio por el mayor atentado islamista registrado en Europa, El Pais, February 15, 2007 Template:Es icon
- El Morabit niega ahora haber sido avisado de los atentados del 11-M, El Mundo, February 20, 2007 Template:Es icon
- "Madrid bombing 'mastermind' protests innocence", Feb 15, 2007, 1:59 PM ET AFP, Yahoo News (here Template:En icon
External links
- Commuter rail map
- JihadMonitor.org Spanish Open Sources Project on Jihadist Terrorism
In English
- BBC News In Depth
- CNN In-Depth Specials
- News report from CBC
- U.N. Security Council Resolution 1530
- Madrid: UN's Credibility Critically Wounded
- Spanish Reporters: Government Silenced the Truth About the Attacks
- context - Terrorism's Future, Rahul Mahajan
- A translation of Juan Carlos I's and Prime Minister Aznar's speeches to the nation, March 11 2004
- Remembering March 11: The Madrid Bombings and Their Effect on Spanish Government, Society and the Antiwar Movement - Broadcast by Democracy Now! on November 23, 2004.
- PBS TV Frontline Video - see Chapter 1 of Al Qaeda's New Front
- After the massacre - A video in English with information on the attack.
- Real Instituto Elcano - Framing of the 3/11 attacks and electoral accountability
Disputing statements made by Spanish government and judiciary
- Spain’s “Terrorgate”?, National Review.
- Madrid's vanished horror, The Guardian.
- "Fondo Documental" English thread"
- .
Rebuttals
- Spain's squabbling right, Dec 7th 2006, The Economist.
- Spain’s 11-M and the right’s revenge, openDemocracy.
- Popular peevishness, The Economist.
- Two years on, parties at odds over blame, Financial Times.
In Spanish
- Spanish Judiciary Indictment.
- Spanish Parliament Report
- Compilation of articles and independent investigations
- El Mundo Special
- Latest news from ABC Spanish newspaper
- Indymedia Madrid
- La Vanguardia: special coverage Dossier and initial News report
- News report from El Semanal
- Timeline by El Mundo.
- Information page from RENFE (Spain's national railway operator)
- Information page from Interior Ministry, mostly a List of wounded
- King Juan Carlos's speech to the nation (official transcript)
- List of official government statements by Cadena SER, and editorial article
- Atentado 11 de marzo de 2004 - Impressions among the Blogs in Spanish.
- Victims' profiles by El País and Cadena Ser
- Listen to Cadena Ser throughout 11-M
Disputing statements made by Spanish government and judiciary
- Los enigmas del 11-M por Luis del Pino (Libertad Digital)
- Especial de Telemadrid emitido el 9 de marzo de 2006
- fondodocumental.com
- Veritas-11M
- Antonio Rubio, Las notas del confidente 'Cartagena' prueban que la Policía controlaba a la cúpula del 11-M, El Mundo, 31.05.05
- Spanish Police Union CEP ("Confederación Española de Policía") media interventions doubting the Indictment. The CEP also supported "Peones Negros" demonstrations
- AVT webpage Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo, Spanish Association of Victims of Terrorism.
Rebuttals
- Desiertos Lejanos - Crítica a las teorías conspirativas
- Enrique de Diego, Las falsedades de la tesis de la conspiración del 11-M
- Enrique de Diego, 11M y teorías conspirativas: cui prodest? y preguntas...
