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'''Synziphosurina''' is a ] group of ] ]s previously thought to be basal horseshoe crabs (]).<ref name=":3" /> It was later identified as a grade composed of various basal euchelicerates,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Lamsdell|first=James C.|date=2013-01-01|title=Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=167|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x|issn=0024-4082|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Selden|first1=Paul A.|last2=Lamsdell|first2=James C.|last3=Qi|first3=Liu|date=2015|title=An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China|url=https://www.academia.edu/14633144|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=44|issue=6|pages=645–652|doi=10.1111/zsc.12124|s2cid=55264483|issn=0300-3256|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Lamsdell|first1=James C.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Liu|first3=Huaibao P.|last4=Witzke|first4=Brian J.|last5=McKay|first5=Robert M.|date=2015|title=A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282127302|journal=The Science of Nature|language=en|volume=102|issue=9–10|pages=63|doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5|pmid=26391849|bibcode=2015SciNa.102...63L|s2cid=8153035|issn=0028-1042}}</ref><ref name=WSC2020>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/resources/fossils/Fossils20.5.pdf|title=World Spider Catalog|last1=Dunlop|first1=J. A.|last2=Penney|first2=D.|last3=Jekel|first3=D.|publisher=]|year=2020|chapter=A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives|pages=1–296}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Pates|first2=Stephen|date=2020|title=Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|language=en|volume=8|page=98|doi=10.3389/feart.2020.00098|bibcode=2020FrEaS...8...98B|issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free}}</ref> eventually excluded form the ] Xiphosura ''sensu stricto''<ref name=":3" /> and only regarded as horseshoe crabs under a broader sense ('Xiphosura' ''sensu lato'').<ref name="WSC2020" /><ref name=":1" /> '''Synziphosurines''' survived at least since ] to ] in ages, with most species are known from the in-between ] strata.<ref name=":0" /> '''Synziphosurina''' is a ] group of ] ]s previously thought to be ] horseshoe crabs (]).<ref name=":3" /> It was later identified as a grade composed of various basal ],<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Lamsdell|first=James C.|date=2013-01-01|title=Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=167|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x|issn=0024-4082|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Selden|first1=Paul A.|last2=Lamsdell|first2=James C.|last3=Qi|first3=Liu|date=2015|title=An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China|url=https://www.academia.edu/14633144|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=44|issue=6|pages=645–652|doi=10.1111/zsc.12124|s2cid=55264483|issn=0300-3256|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Lamsdell|first1=James C.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Liu|first3=Huaibao P.|last4=Witzke|first4=Brian J.|last5=McKay|first5=Robert M.|date=2015|title=A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282127302|journal=The Science of Nature|language=en|volume=102|issue=9–10|pages=63|doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5|pmid=26391849|bibcode=2015SciNa.102...63L|s2cid=8153035|issn=0028-1042}}</ref><ref name=WSC2020>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/resources/fossils/Fossils20.5.pdf|title=World Spider Catalog|last1=Dunlop|first1=J. A.|last2=Penney|first2=D.|last3=Jekel|first3=D.|publisher=]|year=2020|chapter=A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives|pages=1–296}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Pates|first2=Stephen|date=2020|title=Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|language=en|volume=8|page=98|doi=10.3389/feart.2020.00098|bibcode=2020FrEaS...8...98B|issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free}}</ref> eventually excluded form the ] Xiphosura ''sensu stricto''<ref name=":3" /> and only regarded as horseshoe crabs under a broader sense ('Xiphosura' ''sensu lato'').<ref name="WSC2020" /><ref name=":1" /> '''Synziphosurines''' survived at least since ] to ] in ages, with most species are known from the in-between ] strata.<ref name=":0" />
] opitzi'' with preserved ventral appendages.]] ] opitzi'' with preserved ventral appendages.]]
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> <gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:20200920 Synziphosurina dorsal segmentation.png|Dorsal morphology and variation of opisthosomal segmentation across synziphosurines. File:20200920 Synziphosurina dorsal segmentation.png|Dorsal morphology and variation of opisthosoma segmentation across synziphosurines.
</gallery> </gallery>
] ]
While ''Weinbergina'' and '']'' being exceptionally large,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Lyall I.|last2=Poschmann|first2=Markus|last3=Brauckmann|first3=Carsten|date=1998|title=On the Emsian (Lower Devonian) arthropods of the Rhenish Slate Mountains: 2. The synziphosurine ''Willwerathia''|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226216314|journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift|language=en|volume=72|issue=3–4|pages=325–336|doi=10.1007/BF02988363|s2cid=128464147|issn=0031-0220}}</ref> most synziphosurines are small arthropods with body length ranging only about a few centimeters long.<ref name=":4" /> While ''Weinbergina'' and '']'' being exceptionally large,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Lyall I.|last2=Poschmann|first2=Markus|last3=Brauckmann|first3=Carsten|date=1998|title=On the Emsian (Lower Devonian) arthropods of the Rhenish Slate Mountains: 2. The synziphosurine ''Willwerathia''|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226216314|journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift|language=en|volume=72|issue=3–4|pages=325–336|doi=10.1007/BF02988363|s2cid=128464147|issn=0031-0220}}</ref> most synziphosurines are small arthropods with body length ranging only about a few centimeters long.<ref name=":4" />


The body of synziphosurine composed of a ] covered by a dome-like ] (prosomal dorsal shield) and an ] with usually unfused 9-11 segments expressed by ].<ref name=":0" /> With the exception of '']''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Eldredge|first1=Niles|last2=Smith|first2=LeGrande|date=1974|title=Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543|hdl=2246/2745|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2745|language=en-US}}</ref> and '']'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krzemiński|first1=Wiesław|last2=Krzemińska|first2=Ewa|last3=Wojciechowski|first3=Dariusz|date=2010|title=Silurian Synziphosurine Horseshoe Crab Pasternakevia Revisited|url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20080074.html|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|pages=133–139|doi=10.4202/app.2008.0074|issn=0567-7920|doi-access=free}}</ref> the last 3 opisthosomal segments precede the spine-like ] are specialized into a narrow postabdomen (pretelson),<ref name=":0" /> while the remaining wider segments referred to as preabdomen.<ref name=":4" /> A reduced anteriormost tergite (microtergite) originated from the first opisthosomal segment is observable at least in some genera.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Most synziphosurines are possibly blind, with only a few species showing possible (e.g. ''] opitzi'') or clear (e.g. ''] lombardii'') evidences of lateral ]s on their carapaces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Amati|first2=Lisa|last3=Ortega-Hernández|first3=Javier|date=2019-11-14|title=New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335016132|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=187|issue=4|pages=1061–1077|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065|issn=0024-4082}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Evidences of ] are scarce, fragmentary known from ''] parva'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Rachel A.|last2=McKENZIE|first2=Scott C.|last3=Lieberman|first3=Bruce S.|date=2007|title=A Carboniferous Synziphosurine (xiphosura) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, Usa|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x|journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=50|issue=4|pages=1013–1019|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x|s2cid=59449700 |issn=1475-4983|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''] grovensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MOORE|first1=RACHEL A.|last2=BRIGGS|first2=DEREK E. G.|last3=BRADDY|first3=SIMON J.|last4=SHULTZ|first4=JEFFREY W.|title=Synziphosurines (Xiphosura: Chelicerata) from the Silurian of Iowa|date=2011|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23019501|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=83–91|doi=10.1666/10-057.1|jstor=23019501|s2cid=115132351|issn=0022-3360}}</ref> and ''] waukeshaensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Rachel A.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Braddy|first3=Simon J.|last4=Anderson|first4=Lyall I.|last5=Mikulic|first5=Donald G.|last6=Kluessendorf|first6=Joanne|date=2005|title=A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata : Xiphosura) from the Late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstatte, Wisconsin, USA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228663751|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=79|issue=2|pages=242–250|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:ANSCXF>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=56570105 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> while exceptionally well-documented in ''] opitzi''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Rachel A.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Bartels|first3=Christoph|title=A new specimen ofWeinbergina opitzi (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Lower Devonian Hunsriick Slate, Germany|url=https://www.academia.edu/34194640|journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift|year=2005|language=en|volume=79|issue=3|pages=399–408|doi=10.1007/BF02991931|s2cid=84994966|issn=0031-0220}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The prosoma possess a pair of ] and at least 5 pairs of walking legs while the opisthosoma probably has 6 pairs of plate-like opercula.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunlop|first1=Jason A.|last2=Lamsdell|first2=James C.|date=2017|title=Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata|url=https://www.academia.edu/28212892|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development|language=en|volume=46|issue=3|pages=395–418|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.002|pmid=27240897|issn=1467-8039}}</ref> The body of synziphosurine composed of a ] covered by a dome-like ] (prosomal dorsal shield) and an ] with usually unfused 9-11 segments expressed by ].<ref name=":0" /> With the exception of '']''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Eldredge|first1=Niles|last2=Smith|first2=LeGrande|date=1974|title=Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543|hdl=2246/2745|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2745|language=en-US}}</ref> and '']'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krzemiński|first1=Wiesław|last2=Krzemińska|first2=Ewa|last3=Wojciechowski|first3=Dariusz|date=2010|title=Silurian Synziphosurine Horseshoe Crab Pasternakevia Revisited|url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20080074.html|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|pages=133–139|doi=10.4202/app.2008.0074|issn=0567-7920|doi-access=free}}</ref> the last 3 opisthosoma segments precede the spine-like ] are specialized into a narrow postabdomen (pretelson),<ref name=":0" /> while the remaining wider segments referred to as preabdomen.<ref name=":4" /> A reduced anteriormost ] (micro tergite) originated from the first opisthosoma segment is observable at least in some genera.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Most synziphosurines are possibly blind, with only a few species showing possible (e.g. ''] opitzi'') or clear (e.g. ''] lombardii'') evidences of lateral ]s on their ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Amati|first2=Lisa|last3=Ortega-Hernández|first3=Javier|date=2019-11-14|title=New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335016132|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=187|issue=4|pages=1061–1077|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065|issn=0024-4082}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Evidences of ] are scarce, fragmentary known from ''] parva'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Rachel A.|last2=McKENZIE|first2=Scott C.|last3=Lieberman|first3=Bruce S.|date=2007|title=A Carboniferous Synziphosurine (xiphosura) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, Usa|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x|journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=50|issue=4|pages=1013–1019|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x|s2cid=59449700 |issn=1475-4983|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''] grovensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MOORE|first1=RACHEL A.|last2=BRIGGS|first2=DEREK E. G.|last3=BRADDY|first3=SIMON J.|last4=SHULTZ|first4=JEFFREY W.|title=Synziphosurines (Xiphosura: Chelicerata) from the Silurian of Iowa|date=2011|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23019501|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=83–91|doi=10.1666/10-057.1|jstor=23019501|s2cid=115132351|issn=0022-3360}}</ref> and ''] waukeshaensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Rachel A.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Braddy|first3=Simon J.|last4=Anderson|first4=Lyall I.|last5=Mikulic|first5=Donald G.|last6=Kluessendorf|first6=Joanne|date=2005|title=A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata : Xiphosura) from the Late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstatte, Wisconsin, USA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228663751|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=79|issue=2|pages=242–250|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:ANSCXF>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=56570105 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> while exceptionally well-documented in ''] opitzi''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Rachel A.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Bartels|first3=Christoph|title=A new specimen ofWeinbergina opitzi (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Lower Devonian Hunsriick Slate, Germany|url=https://www.academia.edu/34194640|journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift|year=2005|language=en|volume=79|issue=3|pages=399–408|doi=10.1007/BF02991931|s2cid=84994966|issn=0031-0220}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The prosoma possess a pair of ] and at least 5 pairs of walking legs while the opisthosoma probably has 6 pairs of plate-like opercula.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunlop|first1=Jason A.|last2=Lamsdell|first2=James C.|date=2017|title=Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata|url=https://www.academia.edu/28212892|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development|language=en|volume=46|issue=3|pages=395–418|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.002|pmid=27240897|issn=1467-8039}}</ref>


As of 2020, at least 13 genera and 20 species were considered to be synziphosurines.<ref name=":0" /> The even basal euchelicerates '']'' and '']'', the questionable genus '']'', as well as the ]-related '']'' and '']'', may also regarded as members of synziphosurines in some literatures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Briggs|first1=Derek E. G.|last2=Siveter|first2=Derek J.|last3=Siveter|first3=David J.|last4=Sutton|first4=Mark D.|last5=Garwood|first5=Russell J.|last6=Legg|first6=David|date=2012-09-25|title=Silurian horseshoe crab illuminates the evolution of arthropod limbs|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=109|issue=39|pages=15702–15705|doi=10.1073/pnas.1205875109|issn=0027-8424|pmid=22967511|pmc=3465403|bibcode=2012PNAS..10915702B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D.C.|last2=Lustri|first2=Lorenzo|last3=Brougham|first3=Tom|date=2019|title=Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|language=en|volume=18|issue=8|pages=967–976|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> As of 2020, at least 13 genera and 20 species were considered to be synziphosurines.<ref name=":0" /> The even basal chelicerates '']'' and '']'', the questionable genus '']'', as well as the ]-related '']'' and '']'', may also regarded as members of synziphosurines in some literatures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Briggs|first1=Derek E. G.|last2=Siveter|first2=Derek J.|last3=Siveter|first3=David J.|last4=Sutton|first4=Mark D.|last5=Garwood|first5=Russell J.|last6=Legg|first6=David|date=2012-09-25|title=Silurian horseshoe crab illuminates the evolution of arthropod limbs|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=109|issue=39|pages=15702–15705|doi=10.1073/pnas.1205875109|issn=0027-8424|pmid=22967511|pmc=3465403|bibcode=2012PNAS..10915702B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D.C.|last2=Lustri|first2=Lorenzo|last3=Brougham|first3=Tom|date=2019|title=Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|language=en|volume=18|issue=8|pages=967–976|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0" />


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 15:46, 19 December 2023

Group of arthropods

Synziphosurina
Temporal range: Early Ordovician–Mississippian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Venustulus waukeshaensis (top left), Cyamocephalus loganensis (top right), Weinbergina opitzi (center), Limuloides limuloides (bottom left), and Legrandella lombardii (bottom right).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Clade: Euchelicerata
Suborder: †Synziphosurina
Packard 1886
Genera

Synziphosurina is a paraphyletic group of chelicerate arthropods previously thought to be basal horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). It was later identified as a grade composed of various basal chelicerates, eventually excluded form the monophyletic Xiphosura sensu stricto and only regarded as horseshoe crabs under a broader sense ('Xiphosura' sensu lato). Synziphosurines survived at least since early Ordovician to early Carboniferous in ages, with most species are known from the in-between Silurian strata.

Fossil of Weinbergina opitzi with preserved ventral appendages.
  • Dorsal morphology and variation of opisthosoma segmentation across synziphosurines. Dorsal morphology and variation of opisthosoma segmentation across synziphosurines.
Size comparison of various synziphosurines.

While Weinbergina and Willwerathia being exceptionally large, most synziphosurines are small arthropods with body length ranging only about a few centimeters long.

The body of synziphosurine composed of a prosoma covered by a dome-like carapace (prosomal dorsal shield) and an opisthosoma with usually unfused 9-11 segments expressed by tergites. With the exception of Pseudonarcissus and Pasternakevia, the last 3 opisthosoma segments precede the spine-like telson are specialized into a narrow postabdomen (pretelson), while the remaining wider segments referred to as preabdomen. A reduced anteriormost tergite (micro tergite) originated from the first opisthosoma segment is observable at least in some genera. Most synziphosurines are possibly blind, with only a few species showing possible (e.g. Weinbergina opitzi) or clear (e.g. Legrandella lombardii) evidences of lateral compound eyes on their carapaces. Evidences of appendages are scarce, fragmentary known from Anderella parva, Camanchia grovensis and Venustulus waukeshaensis while exceptionally well-documented in Weinbergina opitzi. The prosoma possess a pair of chelicerae and at least 5 pairs of walking legs while the opisthosoma probably has 6 pairs of plate-like opercula.

As of 2020, at least 13 genera and 20 species were considered to be synziphosurines. The even basal chelicerates Offacolus and Dibasterium, the questionable genus Borchgrevinki, as well as the Dekatriata-related Houia and Winneshiek Ia, may also regarded as members of synziphosurines in some literatures.

References

  1. W. Krzemiński, E. Krzemińska, and D. Wojciechowski. 2010. Silurian synziphosurine horseshoe crab Pasternakevia revisited. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55(1):133-139
  2. ^ Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020). "Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 98. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8...98B. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00098. ISSN 2296-6463.
  3. ^ Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2020). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives" (PDF). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. pp. 1–296.
  4. ^ Lamsdell, James C. (2013-01-01). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  5. ^ Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Qi, Liu (2015). "An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (6): 645–652. doi:10.1111/zsc.12124. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 55264483.
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  9. Krzemiński, Wiesław; Krzemińska, Ewa; Wojciechowski, Dariusz (2010). "Silurian Synziphosurine Horseshoe Crab Pasternakevia Revisited". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (1): 133–139. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0074. ISSN 0567-7920.
  10. Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Amati, Lisa; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019-11-14). "New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 187 (4): 1061–1077. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065. ISSN 0024-4082.
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  13. Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Braddy, Simon J.; Anderson, Lyall I.; Mikulic, Donald G.; Kluessendorf, Joanne (2005). "A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata : Xiphosura) from the Late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstatte, Wisconsin, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 79 (2): 242–250. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:ANSCXF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 56570105.
  14. Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Bartels, Christoph (2005). "A new specimen ofWeinbergina opitzi (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Lower Devonian Hunsriick Slate, Germany". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 79 (3): 399–408. doi:10.1007/BF02991931. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 84994966.
  15. Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2017). "Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata". Arthropod Structure & Development. 46 (3): 395–418. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.002. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 27240897.
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  17. Bicknell, Russell D.C.; Lustri, Lorenzo; Brougham, Tom (2019). "Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (8): 967–976. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002.
Taxon identifiers
Synziphosurina
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