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==Death== ==Death==
After the devastation of the ] villages of ], ] and ] and the repressions against their inhabitants for harboring Zelimkhan, the authorities also demanded the inhabitants of the village of ] to extradite Sulumbek. Sulumbek was given a choice to either surrender to the Russian authorities or his native village will be destroyed and its inhabitants will be evicted to ]. Sulumbek not wanting to endanger people, decided to surrender to the authorities, on the condition that he would be shot and not hanged. He was detained on October 21, 1910, and the authorities did not keep their promise to him. Sulumbek was executed by ] on August 9, 1911.{{sfn|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|p=372}} Eyewitnesses of the execution testified that until the very end he retained a rare outward calmness and self-control and that he himself kicked out the chair on which he stood.{{sfn|«Биржевые ведомости»|1911}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|p=372}} (referring to {{harvnb|«Кавказская копейка»|1911}}).}} After the devastation of the ] villages of ], ] and ] and the repressions against their inhabitants for harboring Zelimkhan, the authorities also demanded the inhabitants of the village of ] to extradite Sulumbek. Sulumbek was given a choice to either surrender to the Russian authorities or his native village will be destroyed and its inhabitants will be evicted to ]. Sulumbek not wanting to endanger people, decided to surrender to the authorities, on the condition that he would be shot and not hanged. He was detained on October 21, 1910, and the authorities did not keep their promise to him. Sulumbek was executed by ] on August 9, 1911. Eyewitnesses of the execution testified that until the very end he retained a rare outward calmness and self-control and that he himself kicked out the chair on which he stood.{{sfn|Dolgieva|Kartoev|Kodzoev|Matiev|2013|p=372}}


] ]

Revision as of 15:59, 13 November 2023

Ingush abrek
Sulumbek Gandaloev
ГӀоандалой Сулумбик
Born1878
Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire
Died25 August 1911
Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire
NationalityIngush
Other namesRight-hand of Zelimkhan
OccupationAbrek
Years active1901—1911
Known forBank and train robberies

Sulumbek Gorovozhev (Gandaloev) or Sulumbek of Sagopshi (c. 1878 – 25 August 1911) was an Ingush outlaw (abrek) who was known for his spectacular bank, train and shop robberies, made together with his colleague and comrade Zelimkhan as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities. He participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan. Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian abreks.

Early life

Sulumbek was born in c. 1878 to a peasant family in the village of Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug of the Terek Oblast. He was Ingush by ethnicity. Due to a conflict with a Cossack officer, the future abrek ended up in prison.

Abrechestvo

Sulumbek participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan and was his companion. As attested by an article from the newspaper Russkoe slovo [ru] from 1910, he led series of raids in Nalchiksky and Vladikavkazsky okrugs together with his crew, during which, he engaged in skirmishes with the Cossacks and Russian Military units.

In 1910 Zelimkhan made a plan to rob the Kizlyar treasury. His group consisted of two detachments: the Ingush detachment, led by Sulumbek, and the Chechen one, led by Ayub. The group successfully robbed the treasury on 27 March. During the robbery, they managed to kill 4 Russian officers and 7 rankers.

His bank and shop robberies were seen as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities.

Death

After the devastation of the Ingush villages of Kek, Nelkh and Ersh and the repressions against their inhabitants for harboring Zelimkhan, the authorities also demanded the inhabitants of the village of Sagopshi to extradite Sulumbek. Sulumbek was given a choice to either surrender to the Russian authorities or his native village will be destroyed and its inhabitants will be evicted to Siberia. Sulumbek not wanting to endanger people, decided to surrender to the authorities, on the condition that he would be shot and not hanged. He was detained on October 21, 1910, and the authorities did not keep their promise to him. Sulumbek was executed by hanging on August 9, 1911. Eyewitnesses of the execution testified that until the very end he retained a rare outward calmness and self-control and that he himself kicked out the chair on which he stood.

Grave of Sulumbek Gandaloev

In culture

Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian outlaws.

There's many works which mention Sulumbek, such as the book "Asir-Abrek. Chechen song", published in 1924. In 2011, the Ingush writer Issa Kodzoev wrote a book titled "Sulumbek Sagopshinsky". In 2019, director Leyla Gagieva shot the documentary film "Ingush Papakha", the first part of which is called "Abrek Sulumbek" and, among other things, describes the life and work of the abrek. In the same year, A. Sakharov's published collection "Legends and Tales of the Ingush Mountains" included a poem by the author dedicated to Sulumbek. In 2020, the poet I. Aprelsky dedicated a poem to Sulumbek.

Folksongs about Sulumbek

Sulumbek is glorified in the Ingush songs, illis. In one of the illis, hidden regret is expressed that the Ingush still do not have effective laws that make it possible to really judge the deeds of a person:

The fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky … Salambek rode into the heart of the city on a black horse...

Salambek killed the bailiff Boguslavsky. Salambek attacked the Grozny station. Salambek also attacked the Kizlyar bank. Salambek himself came to his death. Fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky …

…The general promised to shoot Salambek! This does not mean that he will shoot with his own hands. When even a general promises death, he promises it through the court. No matter how great a general is, greater than the greatest general is the royal law, whose books are like seventy-seven Korans.

Legacy

Streets in Nazran and Sagopshi were named in honor of Sulumbek and a commemorative plaque about him was also installed. On September 28, 2019, the All-Russian tournament in professional combat sambo in memory of Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Ingushetia.

Notes

  2. Russkoe slovo 1910; Bagration 1914, p. 10; Martirosian 1933, p. 166; Gritsenko 1971, p. 92; Lavrovskie (sredneaziatsko-kavkazskie) chteniya 2002, p. 40 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLavrovskie_(sredneaziatsko-kavkazskie)_chteniya2002 (help); Botyakov 2004, pp. 51, 79; Pavlova 2012, p. 36; Bobrovnikov 2008

References

  1. ^ Лейла Гагиева (2019-04-01) | «Папаха ингуша: Абрек Сулумбек», Д/ф on YouTube.
  2. Gritsenko 1971, p. 93.
  3. Russkoe slovo 1910.
  4. Martirosian 1933, p. 166.
  5. Gritsenko 1971, p. 92.
  6. Bagration 1914, p. 10.
  7. Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1926, co. 83.
  8. Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 372.
  9. Кодзоев 2011, pp. 3–4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFКодзоев2011 (help)
  10. Греков, Б. Д.; Институт Истории СССР (2001). "Исторические записки" [Historical notes]. Istoricheskie Zapiski (in Russian) (122). Москва: Наука: 183.
  11. Burbank, Jane; Hagen, Mark von; Anatolyi, Remnev, eds. (2007). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780253219114.
  12. Костерин, А. (1924). "Асир-Абрек. Чеченская песня" [Asir-Abrek. Chechen song]. Ровесники: сборник содружества писателей революции «Перевал». Сборник № 1 [Peers: a collection of the community of writers of the revolution "Pass". Collection № 1] (in Russian). Москва: Государственное издательство.
  13. Кодзоев 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFКодзоев2011 (help)
  14. Сахаров 2019. sfn error: no target: CITEREFСахаров2019 (help)
  15. Апрельский, Игорь (2020-05-22). "Легенда об абреке Сулумбеке" [The legend of the abrek Sulumbek]. www.stihi.ru (in Russian). Ингушетия - маленькая страна больших Героев. Об одном из них, чье имя при жизни стало легендой пойдёт рассказ. Сулумбек Горовожев - народный герой-ингуш.
  16. Arsharuni 1930.
  17. Зязиков 2004, p. 173. sfn error: no target: CITEREFЗязиков2004 (help)
  18. Зязиков 2004, pp. 173–174. sfn error: no target: CITEREFЗязиков2004 (help)
  19. Сулумбек Сагопшинский on YouTube | 2019-10-08.
  20. Турнир памяти легендарного война и народного героя Сулумбека Гандалоева on YouTube | 2019–09-28.


Bibliography

English sources

Russian sources

External links

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