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| {{wikify}} | |||
| ''']:''' | ''']:''' | ||
| '''Upper Paleolithic:''' | '''Upper Paleolithic:''' | ||
| Europe was populated by species of '']'' since c. 900,000 years ago (''Homo erectus''), associated to the ''Pebble-tool'' technology and later to the |
Europe was populated by species of '']'' since c. 900,000 years ago ('']''), associated to the '']'' technology and later to the ] one (since aprox 300,000 BP). | ||
| '''Middle Paleolithic:''' | '''Middle Paleolithic:''' | ||
| Eventually these European ''Homo erectus'' evolved into another species: ''Homo Neanderthalensis'' (since |
Eventually these European ''Homo erectus'' evolved into another species: '']'' (since aprox. 200,000 BP), associated to the ] technologies. It must be noted that our ancestors H. Spiens also participated of this tool-making technique for long and they may have first settled Europe while this Mid-Paleolithic technique was still in use, though the issue is still unclear. | ||
| '''Upper Paleolithic:''' | '''Upper Paleolithic:''' | ||
| '''· Initial Upper Paleolithic:''' | |||
| What is totally clear is that the bearers of most or all Upper Paleolithic technologies were H. Sapiens. Some locally developed transtional cultures (] in Central Europe and ] in the Southwest) use clearly Upper Paleolithic technologies at evry early dates and there are doubts on who were their carriers: H. Sapiens or Neanderthal man. | |||
| But the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the ] culture The origins of this culture can be located in Bulgaria (proto-Aurignacian) and Hungary (first full Aurignacian). It's thought that peoples original from the Near East were the carriers of the basics that gave birth to this culture. In any case by 35,000 BCE, the Aurignacian culture and its technology, had extended through most of Europe. The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to retreat during this proccess to the southern half of the ]. | |||
| The first but scarce works of art appear during this phase. | |||
| '''· Middle Upper Paleolithic:''' | |||
| Around 22,000 BCE two new technologies/cultures appear in the southwestern region of Europe: ] and ]. They might be linked with the transitional cultures mentioned before, because their techniques have some simmilarities and are both very diferent from Aurignacian ones but this issue is very obscure yet. | |||
| Though both cultures seem to appear in the SW, Gravetian soon disappears from it, with the notable exception of the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia. Nevertheless, it finds its way to other regions of Europe (Italy, Central and Eastern europe), reaching even the Caucasus and the Zagros mountains. | |||
| The Solutrean culture, extended from northern Spain to SE France, includes not only a beatiful stone technology but also the first significative developement of cave painting, the use of the needle and possibly that of the bow and arrows. | |||
| The Gravetian culture, much more extended, is not behind though, at least in the artistic facet: sculpture (mainly ''venuses'') is the most outstanding form of creative expression of these peoples. | |||
| '''· Final Upper Paleolithic:''' | |||
| Around 17,000 BCE, Europe witnesses the appearence of a new culture, known as ], possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one. This culture soon supresedes the Solutrean area and also the Gravetian of Central Europe. In Mediterranean Iberia, Italy and Eastern Europe though, ] cultures continue evolving locally. | |||
| With the Magdalenian culture, Paleolithic developement in Europe reaches its peak and that is reflected in the amazing art, owing to the previous traditions: basically paintings in the West and sculpture in Central Europe. | |||
| (Links to Paleolithic santuaries: | |||
| · | |||
| · ) | |||
| '''Epi-Paleolithic:''' | |||
| '''Neolithic:''' | |||
| '''· First Neolithic in Thessalia:''' | |||
| '''· Initial Neolithic:''' | |||
| '''· Middle Neolithic:''' | |||
| '''· Late Neolithic:''' | |||
| '''Calcolithic:''' | |||
| '''· Initial Calcolithic:''' | |||
| '''· Middle Calcolithic:''' | |||
| '''· Late Calcolithic:''' | |||
| '''Bronze Age:''' | |||
| '''Iron Age:''' | |||
Revision as of 01:45, 4 April 2005
Upper Paleolithic: Europe was populated by species of Homo since c. 900,000 years ago (Homo erectus), associated to the Pebble-tool technology and later to the Achelean one (since aprox 300,000 BP).
Middle Paleolithic: Eventually these European Homo erectus evolved into another species: Homo Neanderthalensis (since aprox. 200,000 BP), associated to the Musterian technologies. It must be noted that our ancestors H. Spiens also participated of this tool-making technique for long and they may have first settled Europe while this Mid-Paleolithic technique was still in use, though the issue is still unclear.
Upper Paleolithic:
· Initial Upper Paleolithic: What is totally clear is that the bearers of most or all Upper Paleolithic technologies were H. Sapiens. Some locally developed transtional cultures (Szletian in Central Europe and Chatelperronian in the Southwest) use clearly Upper Paleolithic technologies at evry early dates and there are doubts on who were their carriers: H. Sapiens or Neanderthal man.
But the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian culture The origins of this culture can be located in Bulgaria (proto-Aurignacian) and Hungary (first full Aurignacian). It's thought that peoples original from the Near East were the carriers of the basics that gave birth to this culture. In any case by 35,000 BCE, the Aurignacian culture and its technology, had extended through most of Europe. The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to retreat during this proccess to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.
The first but scarce works of art appear during this phase.
· Middle Upper Paleolithic: Around 22,000 BCE two new technologies/cultures appear in the southwestern region of Europe: Solutrean and Gravettian. They might be linked with the transitional cultures mentioned before, because their techniques have some simmilarities and are both very diferent from Aurignacian ones but this issue is very obscure yet.
Though both cultures seem to appear in the SW, Gravetian soon disappears from it, with the notable exception of the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia. Nevertheless, it finds its way to other regions of Europe (Italy, Central and Eastern europe), reaching even the Caucasus and the Zagros mountains.
The Solutrean culture, extended from northern Spain to SE France, includes not only a beatiful stone technology but also the first significative developement of cave painting, the use of the needle and possibly that of the bow and arrows.
The Gravetian culture, much more extended, is not behind though, at least in the artistic facet: sculpture (mainly venuses) is the most outstanding form of creative expression of these peoples.
· Final Upper Paleolithic: Around 17,000 BCE, Europe witnesses the appearence of a new culture, known as Magdalenian, possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one. This culture soon supresedes the Solutrean area and also the Gravetian of Central Europe. In Mediterranean Iberia, Italy and Eastern Europe though, epi-Gravettian cultures continue evolving locally.
With the Magdalenian culture, Paleolithic developement in Europe reaches its peak and that is reflected in the amazing art, owing to the previous traditions: basically paintings in the West and sculpture in Central Europe.
(Links to Paleolithic santuaries: · · )
Epi-Paleolithic:
Neolithic: · First Neolithic in Thessalia: · Initial Neolithic: · Middle Neolithic: · Late Neolithic:
Calcolithic: · Initial Calcolithic: · Middle Calcolithic: · Late Calcolithic:
Bronze Age:
Iron Age: