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| ===World War II: 1939-1944=== | ===World War II: 1939-1944=== | ||
| Following the start of the ] on 1 September 1939 and the ] on 17 September 1939, Poland was divided between the ] and the ]. For support of resistance against the Nazi Germany, the Metropolitan Dionisius was arrested, while the Church territories (dioceses) were mostly taken over by the ] and the rest were transferred under temporary administration by the Metropolitan of Berlin ] of the ], who also was assisted by Vasily (Pavlovsky).<ref name=dionisy_pravenc> |
Following the start of the ] on 1 September 1939 and the ] on 17 September 1939, Poland was divided between the ] and the ]. For support of resistance against the Nazi Germany, the Metropolitan Dionisius was arrested, while the Church territories (dioceses) were mostly taken over by the ] and the rest were transferred under temporary administration by the Metropolitan of Berlin ] of the ], who also was assisted by Vasily (Pavlovsky).<ref name=dionisy_pravenc/> At the end of 1940, Metropolitan Dionisius signed a loyalty declaration for the General Governor of Poland ] and was released from his arrest.<ref name=dionisy_pravenc/> On 30 September 1940 the Bishop Council of the Polish Orthodox Church led by Metropolitan Dionisius reformed the Church considering the new realities and constituted new dioceses which were 3: Diocese of Warschau and Radom, Diocese of Cholm and Podlachia, Diocese of Krakau and Lemkos.<ref name=dionisy_pravenc/> | ||
| ===Since 1945=== | ===Since 1945=== | ||
Revision as of 19:59, 30 December 2023
Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction in Poland| Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church | |
|---|---|
| Polski Autokefaliczny Kościół Prawosławny | |
 Coat of arms | |
| Classification | Eastern Orthodox |
| Primate | Archbishop of Warsaw and Metropolitan of All Poland, Sawa Hrycuniak. |
| Bishops | 12 |
| Dioceses | 8 |
| Deaneries | 28 |
| Parishes | 278 |
| Language | Polish Church Slavonic |
| Headquarters | Warsaw, Poland |
| Territory | Poland |
| Founder | Ss. Cyril and Methodius |
| Independence | 1924, 1948 |
| Recognition | Autocephaly recognised in 1924 by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and in 1948 by the Russian Orthodox Church. |
| Members | 504,400 (2016) |
| Official website | www |
The Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church (Template:Lang-pl), commonly known as the Polish Orthodox Church, or Orthodox Church of Poland, is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches in full communion. The church was established in 1924, to accommodate Orthodox Christians of Polish descent in the eastern part of the country, when Poland regained its independence after the First World War.
In total, it has approximately 500,000 adherents (2016). In the Polish census of 2011, 156,000 citizens declared themselves as members.
History
Period of 1924-1939
The church was established in 1924 after Poland regained independence, as the Second Polish Republic, following World War I in 1918. After the Polish–Soviet War and the Treaty of Riga of 1921, Poland secured control of a sizeable portion of its former eastern territories previously lost in the late-18th-century Partitions of Poland to the Russian Empire. Eastern Orthodoxy was widespread in the eastern provinces of interwar Poland. The loss of an ecclesiastical link, due to the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Soviet Union, left the regional clergy in a crisis, and in 1924 the Ecumenical Patriarchate took over, establishing several autonomous churches on territories of the new states that were formerly wholly or partially part of the Russian Empire: Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland. Earlier, in January 1922, the Polish government had issued an order recognizing the Orthodox church and placing it under the authority of the state. At that time a Ukrainian, Yurii Yaroshevsky, was appointed Metropolitan and exarch by the patriarch of Moscow. When Yaroshevsky began to reject the authority of Moscow Patriarchate, he was assassinated by a Russian monk. Nonetheless, his successor, Dionizy (Waledyński), continued to work for the autocephaly of the Polish Orthodox church, which was finally granted by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in his Tomos of 13 November 1924. Most of the parishioners were Ukrainians and Belarusians living in the eastern areas of the newly independent Polish Second Republic. The Patriarch of Constantinople has the only canonical basis to grant the Tomos to new autocephalous churches. Moscow Patriarchate interpretes this otherwise though and considers itself being a successor of the Kyiv Metropolia, the former territory of Kyivan Rus' which Constantinople continued to see as its canonical territory (having agreed to allow Moscow to be its caretaker in 1686). The Russian Orthodox Church at the time did not recognise Constantinople's granting of Polish autocephaly. See History of Christianity in Ukraine#Territories gained by Pereyaslav Rada.
During the interwar period, however, the Polish authorities imposed severe restrictions on the church and its clergy. In the most famous example, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Warsaw was destroyed in the mid-1920s. In Volhynia a total of 190 Eastern Orthodox churches were destroyed and a further 150 converted to Catholicism. Several court hearings against the Pochaiv Lavra also took place.
World War II: 1939-1944
Following the start of the World War II on 1 September 1939 and the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939, Poland was divided between the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. For support of resistance against the Nazi Germany, the Metropolitan Dionisius was arrested, while the Church territories (dioceses) were mostly taken over by the Moscow Patriarchate and the rest were transferred under temporary administration by the Metropolitan of Berlin Seraphim (Lade) of the ROCOR, who also was assisted by Vasily (Pavlovsky). At the end of 1940, Metropolitan Dionisius signed a loyalty declaration for the General Governor of Poland Hans Frank and was released from his arrest. On 30 September 1940 the Bishop Council of the Polish Orthodox Church led by Metropolitan Dionisius reformed the Church considering the new realities and constituted new dioceses which were 3: Diocese of Warschau and Radom, Diocese of Cholm and Podlachia, Diocese of Krakau and Lemkos.
Since 1945
Further information: Polish anti-religious campaign (1945–1990)After the Second World War, the pre-war eastern territories of Poland were annexed by the Soviet Union and included within the Lithuanian, Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSRs. The annexed territories contained up to 80% of the PAOC's parishes and congregation, which were united with the recently re-instated Moscow Patriarchate. The remaining parishes that were now on the territory of the Polish People's Republic were kept by the PAOC, including most of the mixed easternmost territories such as around Chełm and Białystok. In 1948, after the Soviet Union established political control over Poland, the Russian Orthodox Church recognised the autocephalous status of the Polish Orthodox Church.
Although most of the congregation is historically centered in the Eastern borderland regions with considerable Belarusian and Ukrainian minorities, there are now many parishes across the country, as a result of Operation Vistula and other diaspora movements. There are also some adherents in Brazil, resulting from the 1989 canonical union between the hierarchy headed by Metropolitan Gabriel of Lisbon, formerly under the Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece, and the Polish Orthodox Church. The European bishops, however, have left the jurisdiction in 2000, which eventually resulted in senior Bishop Chrysostom being raised to archepiscopal dignity. There are now parishes in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco and Paraíba, plus a mission in Ceará and a monastery in João Pessoa.
In 2003, following the decision of the Holy Sobor of Bishops of the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church, the New Martyrs of Chelm and Podlasie suffering persecution during the 1940s were canonized.
Primates of the Church
The Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church was established in 1924. Traditionally the primate of the church has the title Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland.
- Metropolitan George [pl] (Grzegorz Jaroszewski) – Archbishop of Warsaw (1921–1923) (Predecessor for establishment of the structure of Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church)
- Metropolitan Dionysius (Konstanty Waledyński) – Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland (1923–1948)
- locum tenens Timotheus (Szretter) (1948–1951)
- Metropolitan Macarius (Michał Oksijuk) – Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland (1951–1959)
- Metropolitan Timotheus [pl] (Jerzy Szretter) – Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland (1961–1962)
- locum tenens George (Korenistov) (1962–1965)
- Metropolitan Stephen [pl] (Stepan Rudyk) – Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland (1965–1969)
- locum tenens George (Korenistov) (1969–1970)
- Metropolitan Basil [pl] (Włodzimierz Doroszkiewicz) – Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland (1970–1998)
- Metropolitan Sabbas (Michał Hrycuniak) – Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland (1998–present)
Administration
Polish Orthodox Cathedrals (examples)_ID_613040.jpg)
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Łódź
Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Białystok
Transfiguration Cathedral, Lublin
Nativity of Mary Cathedral, Wrocław
The church is headed by the Archbishop of Warsaw and Metropolitan of All Poland: Sawa (Michał) Hrycuniak (1998–). It is divided into the following dioceses:
Archdioceses and archbishops
- Archdiocese of Warsaw and Bielsk: Sawa (Hrycuniak)
- Archdiocese of Białystok and Gdańsk: Jakub (Kostiuczuk) (2008–)
- Archdiocese of Łódź and Poznań: Atanazy (Nos) (2017–)
- Archdiocese of Wrocław and Szczecin: George (Pańkowski) (2017–)
- Archdiocese of Lublin and Chełm: Abel (Popławski) (2001–)
- Archdiocese of Przemyśl and Gorlice: Paisius (Martyniuk) (2016–)
- Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro and Olinda-Recife: Chrysostom (Freire) (1992–)
- Diocese of Recife: Ambrose (Cubas) (1996–)
Titular dioceses and bishops
- Titular Diocese of Supraśl: Gregory (Charkiewicz) (2008–), Vicar Bishop for Białystok and Gdańsk
- Titular Diocese of Siemiatycze: George (Mariusz) Pańkowski (2007–), Ordinary for the Polish Orthodox Military Ordinariate and Vicar Bishop for Warsaw and Bielsk
Other entities
- Polish Orthodox Military Ordinariate
Original dioceses
Dioceses and bishops upon the issue of the tomos in 1924
- Diocese of Warsaw and Chełm (ruling): Dionizy (Waledyński)
- Diocese of Wołyń: Dionizy (Waledyński)
- Diocese of Grodno and Nowogródek
- Diocese of Pinsk and Polesie
- Diocese of Wilna and Lida
- Following the Soviet invasion of Poland, most of dioceses except for Warsaw were annexed by the Moscow Patriarchate as so called Western Exarchate centered in Lutsk. Dionizy (Waledyński) was arrested by the Nazi authorities and was placed under arrest. The rest of territories were given to administration of Seraphim (Lade) of the ROCOR, who also was assisted by Vasily (Pavlovsky).
See also
- Religion in Poland
- Catholic Church in Poland
- Protestantism in Poland
- Eastern Orthodox Communion
- Supraśl Lavra
- Union of Brest
- Reformation in Poland
- Warsaw Icon Museum
References
- ^ Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 2016, Warszawa 2017, tab. 18(80), s. 115.
- Paweł Ciecieląg, Andrzej Datko, Bożena Łazowska, Piotr Łysoń, Paweł Milcarek, Wojciech Sadłoń: 1050 lat chrześcijaństwa w Polsce. Warszawa: GUS, 2016, s. 73. ISBN 978-83-7027-606-5.
- M. Papierzyńska-Turek, Między tradycją a rzeczywistością. Państwo wobec prawosławia 1918–1939.
- ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Polish Autocephalous Orthodox church, accessed 2 June 2020.
- "Tomos". Orthodox Church of America - UAOC - Standing Episcopal Conference of Orthodox Bishops. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
- "Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: "As the Mother Church, it is reasonable to desire the restoration of unity for the divided ecclesiastical body in Ukraine" - News Releases - The Ecumenical Patriarchate". www.patriarchate.org. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
- Healy, R. and Dal Lago, E. The Shadow of Colonialism on Europe’s Modern Past.
- (in Ukrainian) ІСТОРИЧНА ВОЛИНЬ: Спроби ревіндикації луцького Свято-Троїцького собору
- ^ ДИОНИСИЙ. www.pravenc.ru (Russian Orthodox Encyclopedia).
- Russian Orthodox Church Department for External Church Relations (14 September 2018). "Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the uncanonical intervention of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the canonical territory of the Russian Orthodox Church". Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Eparquia Ortodoxa do Brasil
- "Saint John the Precursor Orthodox Church · CE-040, 39 - Patacas, Aquiraz - CE, 61700-000, Brazil".
- (in Portuguese) Mosteiro Ortodoxo da Dormição da Santa Mãe de Deus
- J. Charkiewicz, Męczennicy XX wieku. Martyrologia Prawosławia w Polsce w biografiach świętych.
- Mironowicz, A. (2001). Kościół prawosławny na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wieku. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. p. 248. ISBN 83-7431-046-4.
- (in Polish) Polish Orthodox Church: Adminstracja
- (in Polish) Orthodox Diocese of Białystok and Gdańsk: Abp Jakub i Bp Grzegorz
External links
- Polish Orthodox Church, official site
- Polish Orthodox Church Unofficial Site (English)
- Polish Orthodox Diocese of Przemyśl-Nowy Sącz (Polish)
- Polish Orthodox Diocese of Lublin-Chełm (Polish)
- Polish Orthodox Diocese of Białystok-Gdańsk (English)
- Polish Orthodox Diocese of Wrocław-Szczecin (Polish)
- Polish Orthodox Military Ordinariat (Polish)
- Polish Orthodox Diocese of Brazil (Portuguese)
- Article by Ronald Roberson on the Polish Orthodox Church on CNEWA website
| Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe | |
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| Sovereign states |
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| Principal religions of Poland | |
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- Polish Orthodox Church
- Eastern Orthodoxy in Poland
- Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe
- Members of the World Council of Churches
- Christian organizations established in 1924
- Christian denominations established in the 20th century
- Eastern Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century
- 1924 establishments in Poland