| Revision as of 21:50, 30 December 2023 editKathleen's bike (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,786 edits Undid revision 1192684069 by 82.16.150.34 (talk)Tags: Undo Reverted← Previous edit | Revision as of 22:24, 30 December 2023 edit undo82.16.150.34 (talk) NPOV does not mean giving UNDUE prominence to ABOUTSELF material. An organization, one not exactly known for transparency, spun a conspiracy theory to deflect criticism from itself, and that conspiracy theory has never been supported by any third party sources. NPOV does not equal negation of known fact.Tags: Undo RevertedNext edit → | ||
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| {{Short description|1993 IRA |
{{Short description|1993 IRA attacks on civilians in Cheshire, England}} | ||
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| {{Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe}} | {{Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe}} | ||
| The '''Warrington bombings''' were two bomb attacks that took place during early 1993 in ], England. The first attack happened on 26 February, when a bomb exploded at a ]. This first explosion caused extensive damage, but no injuries. While fleeing the scene, the bombers shot and injured a police officer and two of the bombers were caught following a high-speed car chase. The second attack happened on 20 March, when two smaller bombs exploded in litter bins outside shops and businesses on ] |
The '''Warrington bombings''' were two bomb attacks that took place during early 1993 in ], England. The first attack happened on 26 February, when a bomb exploded at a ]. This first explosion caused extensive damage, but no injuries. While fleeing the scene, the bombers shot and injured a police officer and two of the bombers were caught following a high-speed car chase. The second attack happened on 20 March, when two smaller bombs exploded in litter bins outside shops and businesses on ], killing two children and causing 56 injuries. | ||
| The attacks were carried out by the ] ( |
The attacks were carried out by the ] (PIRA). From the early 1970s, the IRA had been carrying out attacks in both ] and England with the stated goal of putting pressure on the UK Government to withdraw from Northern Ireland.<ref>O'Day, Alan. ''Political Violence in Northern Ireland''. Greenwood Publishing, 1997. p.20</ref> The IRA is designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| ==First attack== | ==First attack== | ||
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| ==Second attack== | ==Second attack== | ||
| Shortly before midday on Saturday, 20 March 1993, ] in ] received a bomb warning by telephone. According to police, the caller said |
Shortly before midday on Saturday, 20 March 1993, ] in ] received a misleading bomb warning by telephone. According to police, the caller said that a bomb had been planted outside a ] shop in ], not Warrington, where the attack actually took place.<ref name=nyt26mar>. '']'', 26 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref><ref name=ind21mar>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/boy-of-four-dies-as-ira-bombers-attack-shoppers-many-shoppers-injured-as-blasts-rip-through-busy-market-1499148.html | title=Boy of four dies as IRA bombers attack shoppers| work=] | first1=Malcolm | last1=Pithers | first2=Ian | last2=Mackinnon | date=21 March 1993 | access-date=19 March 2013 | location=London}}</ref><ref name=ind23mar>. '']'', 23 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref> ] sent officers to branches of Boots in Liverpool and warned the ], who patrolled nearby Warrington.<ref name=ind21mar/> About 30 minutes later, at about 12:25,<ref name=ind23mar/><ref name="ind22mar">. '']'', 22 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref><ref name="record">. '']'' (from the '']''). 21 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref><ref name="pittsburgh">. '']''. 23 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref> two bombs exploded on ] in Warrington, about {{convert|100|yd|m|-1}} apart.<ref name=ind21mar/> The blasts happened within a minute of each other.<ref name="ind22mar"/> One exploded outside Boots and ],<ref name=ind21mar/> and one outside the ] catalogue store.<ref name=onthisday/> The area was crowded with shoppers. Witnesses said that shoppers fled from the first explosion into the path of the second.<ref name=onthisday/> It was later found that the bombs had been placed inside ] ]s, deliberately intended to produce large amounts of ].<ref name="pittsburgh"/> Buses were organised to ferry people away from the scene and 20 paramedics and crews from 17 ambulances were sent to deal with the aftermath.<ref name=onthisday/> | ||
| Three-year-old Johnathan Ball died at the scene. He had been in town with his babysitter, shopping for a ] card.<ref name=onthisday/> The second victim, 12-year-old Tim Parry, was gravely wounded. He died on 25 March 1993 when his ] was switched off, after tests had found only minimal brain activity.<ref name=nyt26mar/> Another 54 people were injured, four of them seriously.<ref name="hansard"/> One of the survivors, 32-year-old Bronwen Vickers, the mother of two young daughters, had to have a leg amputated, and died just over a year later from cancer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Docking|first=Neil|author-link=Neil Docking|date=7 April 2009|title=Brave Bronwen survived Warrington Bombing but lost battle with cancer a year later|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/4274478.brave-bronwen-survived-warrington-bombing-but-lost-battle-with-cancer-a-year-later/|work=]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320174331/https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/4274478.brave-bronwen-survived-warrington-bombing-but-lost-battle-with-cancer-a-year-later/|archive-date=20 March 2020|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> | Three-year-old Johnathan Ball died at the scene. He had been in town with his babysitter, shopping for a ] card.<ref name=onthisday/> The second victim, 12-year-old Tim Parry, was gravely wounded. He died on 25 March 1993 when his ] was switched off, after tests had found only minimal brain activity.<ref name=nyt26mar/> Another 54 people were injured, four of them seriously.<ref name="hansard"/> One of the survivors, 32-year-old Bronwen Vickers, the mother of two young daughters, had to have a leg amputated, and died just over a year later from cancer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Docking|first=Neil|author-link=Neil Docking|date=7 April 2009|title=Brave Bronwen survived Warrington Bombing but lost battle with cancer a year later|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/4274478.brave-bronwen-survived-warrington-bombing-but-lost-battle-with-cancer-a-year-later/|work=]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320174331/https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/4274478.brave-bronwen-survived-warrington-bombing-but-lost-battle-with-cancer-a-year-later/|archive-date=20 March 2020|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> | ||
| The Provisional IRA issued a statement the day after the bombing, acknowledging its involvement but |
The Provisional IRA issued a statement the day after the bombing, acknowledging its involvement but refusing to accept the moral responsibility for the consequences of its actions and refusing to admit its warning was inadequate:<blockquote>Responsibility for the tragic and deeply regrettable death and injuries caused in Warrington yesterday lies squarely at the door of those in the British authorities who deliberately failed to act on precise and adequate warnings.<ref>English, Richard. ''Armed Struggle: The history of the IRA''. Pan MacMillan, 2004. p.279</ref></blockquote> A day later, an IRA spokesman said that "two precise warnings" had been given "in adequate time", one to the Samaritans and one to Merseyside Police.<ref name="ind23mar"/> Cheshire's assistant chief constable denied there had been a second warning and said:<blockquote> Yes, a warning was given half-an-hour before, but no mention was made of Warrington. If the IRA think they can pass on their responsibility for this terrible act by issuing such a nonsensical statement, they have sadly underestimated the understanding of the British public.<ref name="ind23mar"/></blockquote> | ||
| A piece on ]'s '']'' programme in September 2013 speculated that the bombing may have been the work of a "rogue" IRA unit, which was supported by the IRA but operated independently and who used operatives who were from England to avoid suspicion.<ref>. Warrington Guardian.</ref> The programme also examined a possible link between the attack and British leftist political group ], though nothing was ever proven.<ref name=bbcredaction>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Warrington bombing linked to Red Action group|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23632246|work=]|language=en-GB|date=1 September 2013|access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> | A piece on ]'s '']'' programme in September 2013 speculated that the bombing may have been the work of a "rogue" IRA unit, which was supported by the IRA but operated independently and who used operatives who were from England to avoid suspicion.<ref>. Warrington Guardian.</ref> The programme also examined a possible link between the attack and British leftist political group ], though nothing was ever proven.<ref name=bbcredaction>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Warrington bombing linked to Red Action group|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23632246|work=]|language=en-GB|date=1 September 2013|access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 22:24, 30 December 2023
1993 IRA attacks on civilians in Cheshire, England
| Warrington bombings | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Troubles | |
| Location | Warrington, Cheshire, England |
| Date | 26 February 1993 04:10 (GMT) 20 March 1993 12:25 (GMT) |
| Target | 1st attack: a gas storage facility 2nd attack: Bridge Street |
| Attack type | Bombing |
| Deaths | 2 |
| Injured | 56 |
| Perpetrator | Provisional IRA |
The Warrington bombings were two bomb attacks that took place during early 1993 in Warrington, Cheshire, England. The first attack happened on 26 February, when a bomb exploded at a gas storage facility. This first explosion caused extensive damage, but no injuries. While fleeing the scene, the bombers shot and injured a police officer and two of the bombers were caught following a high-speed car chase. The second attack happened on 20 March, when two smaller bombs exploded in litter bins outside shops and businesses on Bridge Street, killing two children and causing 56 injuries.
The attacks were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). From the early 1970s, the IRA had been carrying out attacks in both Northern Ireland and England with the stated goal of putting pressure on the UK Government to withdraw from Northern Ireland. The IRA is designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom.
First attack
On the night of 25 February 1993, three IRA members planted Semtex bombs at the gas holders on Winwick Road, Warrington. At 11:45pm that night, a police officer stopped the three men in a van on Sankey Street. As he was questioning them, the IRA members shot him three times and sped off in the van. About an hour later, they hijacked a car in Lymm, put the driver in the boot and drove off towards Manchester. At about 1am, police spotted the car and chased it along the M62 motorway in the direction of Warrington. Shots were fired during the high-speed chase and two police vehicles were hit. Police stopped the car on the motorway near Croft and arrested two of the IRA members: Páidric MacFhloinn (age 40) and Denis Kinsella (age 25). The third member, Michael Timmins, escaped. At 4:10am on 26 February, the bombs exploded at the gas holders, sending a fireball 1,000 feet (300 m) into the sky and causing extensive damage to the facility. The emergency services arrived and evacuated about 100 people from their homes. There was much disruption to transport that morning as police set up roadblocks and trains were diverted away from Warrington.
In 1994, MacFhloinn was sentenced to 35 years in prison and Kinsella to 25 years for their part in the bombing. John Kinsella (age 49) was sentenced to 20 years for possessing Semtex explosives that he had hidden for the IRA unit. These explosives were previously supplied by Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi.
Second attack
Shortly before midday on Saturday, 20 March 1993, The Samaritans in Liverpool received a misleading bomb warning by telephone. According to police, the caller said that a bomb had been planted outside a Boots shop in Liverpool, not Warrington, where the attack actually took place. Merseyside Police sent officers to branches of Boots in Liverpool and warned the Cheshire Constabulary, who patrolled nearby Warrington. About 30 minutes later, at about 12:25, two bombs exploded on Bridge Street in Warrington, about 100 yards (90 m) apart. The blasts happened within a minute of each other. One exploded outside Boots and McDonald's, and one outside the Argos catalogue store. The area was crowded with shoppers. Witnesses said that shoppers fled from the first explosion into the path of the second. It was later found that the bombs had been placed inside cast-iron litter bins, deliberately intended to produce large amounts of shrapnel. Buses were organised to ferry people away from the scene and 20 paramedics and crews from 17 ambulances were sent to deal with the aftermath.
Three-year-old Johnathan Ball died at the scene. He had been in town with his babysitter, shopping for a Mother's Day card. The second victim, 12-year-old Tim Parry, was gravely wounded. He died on 25 March 1993 when his life support machine was switched off, after tests had found only minimal brain activity. Another 54 people were injured, four of them seriously. One of the survivors, 32-year-old Bronwen Vickers, the mother of two young daughters, had to have a leg amputated, and died just over a year later from cancer.
The Provisional IRA issued a statement the day after the bombing, acknowledging its involvement but refusing to accept the moral responsibility for the consequences of its actions and refusing to admit its warning was inadequate:
Responsibility for the tragic and deeply regrettable death and injuries caused in Warrington yesterday lies squarely at the door of those in the British authorities who deliberately failed to act on precise and adequate warnings.
A day later, an IRA spokesman said that "two precise warnings" had been given "in adequate time", one to the Samaritans and one to Merseyside Police. Cheshire's assistant chief constable denied there had been a second warning and said:
Yes, a warning was given half-an-hour before, but no mention was made of Warrington. If the IRA think they can pass on their responsibility for this terrible act by issuing such a nonsensical statement, they have sadly underestimated the understanding of the British public.
A piece on BBC North West's Inside Out programme in September 2013 speculated that the bombing may have been the work of a "rogue" IRA unit, which was supported by the IRA but operated independently and who used operatives who were from England to avoid suspicion. The programme also examined a possible link between the attack and British leftist political group Red Action, though nothing was ever proven.
Aftermath
The deaths of two young children ensured that the 20 March bombings received major coverage in the media and caused widespread public anger. Shortly after the bombings, a group called "Peace '93" was set up in Dublin. The main organiser was Susan McHugh, a Dublin housewife and mother. On 25 March 1993, thousands held a peace rally in Dublin. They signed a condolence book outside the General Post Office and laid bouquets and wreaths, with messages of sorrow and apology, to be taken to Warrington for the boys' funerals. Some criticised Peace '93 for focusing only on IRA violence and for not responding to the deaths of children in Northern Ireland.
On 1 April 1993, the Irish Government announced measures designed to make extradition easier from the Republic of Ireland to the United Kingdom.
On 19 September 1994, Irish rock band The Cranberries released the song "Zombie", which was written in protest at the bombings. The song went on to become their biggest hit.
On 14 November 1996, the Duchess of Kent officially inaugurated a memorial called The River of Life, depicting "a symbol of hope for future generations", in Bridge Street. It was developed in the aftermath of the bomb attack and commissioned by the Warrington Borough Council. The project, consisting of a symbolic water sculpture that features a commemorative plaque, was designed by local primary school and Stephen Broadbent.
The parents of Tim Parry set up the Tim Parry Trust Fund to promote greater understanding between Great Britain and Ireland. The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace worked jointly with the NSPCC to develop The Peace Centre, close to Warrington town centre, which opened on the seventh anniversary of the attack in 2000. Its purpose is to promote peace and understanding amongst all communities affected by conflict and violence. The centre hosts an annual peace lecture, as well as being home to the local NSPCC and was the home of Warrington Youth Club until 2022.
The bombings received further attention in 2019 after the Brexit Party selected former Living Marxism writer Claire Fox as their lead candidate in the North West for the 2019 European Parliament election; the Revolutionary Communist Party, of which Fox was a leading member in 1993, defended the IRA's bombing in their party newsletter. Despite the controversy, which saw another Brexit Party candidate resign from the party list in protest at the comments, Fox and the Brexit Party topped the poll in several areas of the North West, including in Warrington.
The killing of Ball and Parry is still on Cheshire Police's list of unsolved murders.
Made for TV film
The events around the second bombing, with the killing of two children, and the efforts of the parents of Tim Parry and "Peace '93" and McHugh, were dramatised in the 2018 television film, Mother's Day, starring Vicky McClure, Daniel Mays, and Anna Maxwell Martin.
See also
- Chronology of the Northern Ireland Troubles and peace process
- Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions
References
- ^ "BBC | On This Day | 20 March 1993: Child killed in Warrington bomb attack". BBC. 20 March 1993. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- O'Day, Alan. Political Violence in Northern Ireland. Greenwood Publishing, 1997. p.20
- "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations". GOV.UK. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "The gas works bombing – 20 years on". Warrington Guardian, 26 February 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ Hansard – Terrorist Incidents
- "Government support for UK victims of IRA attacks that used Gaddafi-supplied Semtex and weapons". www.parliament.uk. 9 April 2019.
- "Report on compensation for Gaddafi-backed IRA attack victims to be focus of Committee session". committees.parliament.uk/. 22 March 2021.
- ^ "Rage at I.R.A. Grows in England As Second Boy Dies From a Bomb". The New York Times, 26 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ Pithers, Malcolm; Mackinnon, Ian (21 March 1993). "Boy of four dies as IRA bombers attack shoppers". The Independent. London. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ "IRA insists Warrington bomb alerts were given". The Independent, 23 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ "May God forgive them, because we can't". The Independent, 22 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- "Child, 4, dies in British bombing". Record-Journal (from the Associated Press). 21 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ "Outrage over death of boy in bombing a setback for the IRA". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 23 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- Docking, Neil (7 April 2009). "Brave Bronwen survived Warrington Bombing but lost battle with cancer a year later". Warrington Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- English, Richard. Armed Struggle: The history of the IRA. Pan MacMillan, 2004. p.279
- "Documentary to ask who was behind Bridge Street bombing". Warrington Guardian.
- "Warrington bombing linked to Red Action group". BBC News. 1 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- Greenslade, Roy (4 August 1998), The Damien Walsh Memorial Lecture, Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
- "Peace '93", Organisations, Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
- ^ McKittrick, David (1999). Lost Lives. Mainstream Publishing. pp. 1314–15. ISBN 9781840182279.
- Peter Buckley, Jonathan Buckley (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-105-4.
- ^ Hayes, Janice (2019). Warrington: From New Town to New City?: 1969–2019 – A 50th Anniversary Portrait. UK: Amberley Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4456-9194-7.
- "River of Life". Broadbent Studio. UK. n.d. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- "Martin McGuinness: Ex-IRA leader 'understands' Warrington protest". BBC News. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- "Our History". The Peace Centre. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- Chakelian, Anoosh (14 May 2019). "One row in the north west sums up these European elections". New Statesman. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- Hossein-Pour, Anahita (2 May 2019). "Brexit Party candidate quits over colleague Claire Fox's 'ambiguous position' on IRA bombing". PoliticsHome. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- "As it happened: Brexit Party storms to victory in Warrington". Warrington Guardian. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- "Historical and unsolved murders". Cheshire Police. Archived from the original (DOC) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- "Cheshire police working on 18 unsolved murders". Cheshire Live. 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- Mapstone, Lucy (25 July 2018). "Vicky McClure unrecognisable in first-look pictures from drama Mother's Day". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
External links
- Contemporary news article detailing the outrage expressed by citizens of Dublin in response to the Warrington bomb attacks
- Memorial service in 2008 for the victims
- The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace
- BBC: IRA campaign in England
53°23′19″N 2°35′36″W / 53.38861°N 2.59333°W / 53.38861; -2.59333
Categories:- 1993 in England
- 1993 murders in the United Kingdom
- 1990s in Cheshire
- February 1993 crimes
- March 1993 crimes
- February 1993 events in Europe
- March 1993 events in the United Kingdom
- Explosions in 1993
- Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 1993
- Murder in Cheshire
- Provisional IRA bombings in England
- Unsolved murders in England
- History of Warrington
- Child murder in England