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| predecessor = {{nowrap|]<ref>{{cite book|last1= Lipschutz|first1=Mark R.|last2=Rasmussen|first2=R. Kent|title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography|editor=University of California Press|date=1989|page=265}}</ref><br />]}} |
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| predecessor = {{nowrap|]<ref>{{cite book|last1= Lipschutz|first1=Mark R.|last2=Rasmussen|first2=R. Kent|title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography|editor=University of California Press|date=1989|page=265}}</ref><br />]}} |
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| headquarters = ], ] |
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| headquarters = ], ] |
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| ideology = ] ]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leaver |first1=John David |title=Multiracialism and nationalisms: A political retrospective on 1950s Southern Rhodesia ('Colonial Zimbabwe') |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |date=2006 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=167–188 |jstor=45194313 }}</ref><br />]<ref name=Lowry>{{cite book |author1=Donal Lowry |editor1-last=Onslow |editor1-first=Sue |title=Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-47420-7 |page=84 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj-MAgAAQBAJ |access-date=7 April 2020 |chapter=The impact of anti-communism on white Rhodesian political culture, c.1920s-1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cilliers |first1=Jakkie |title=Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia |date=April 17, 2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781315713854 |edition=e-Book 1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHRKCAAAQBAJ |page=18<!--&q="rhodesian+front"+"white+supremacy"&pg=PT18--> |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/720978|jstor = 720978|title = Settler Colonialism in Rhodesia|last1 = Good|first1 = Kenneth|journal = African Affairs|year = 1974|volume = 73|issue = 290|pages = 10–36|doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096439}}</ref><br />]<ref>{{cite book|last=Preston|first=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dND1vyuZefwC|title=Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective|editor=I.B.Tauris|date=2004|page=107|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781850435792}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=West|first=Michael O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epkrt-Y-qOkC|title=The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965|editor=Indiana University Press|date=2002|page=229|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0253215242}}</ref><br />]<ref> {{dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref><br />]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hume|first=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKVdDwAAQBAJ|title=From the Edge of Empire: A Memoir|editor=Outskirts Press|date=2018|page=149|publisher=Outskirts Press |isbn=9781478794554}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roscoe|first=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIJ4ZTdc5VYC|title=The Columbia Guide to Central African Literature in English Since 1945|editor=Columbia University Press|date=2007|page=35|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231503792}}</ref><br />]<ref name=Lowry/> |
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| position = ]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09574040701400601?journalCode=fswi20|doi = 10.1080/09574040701400601|title = The Wretched of the Empire: Politics, Ideology and Counterinsurgency in Rhodesia, 1965–80|year = 2007|last1 = Evans|first1 = Michael|journal = Small Wars & Insurgencies|volume = 18|issue = 2|pages = 175–195|s2cid = 144153887}}</ref> |
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| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Rhodesian Front}}|border=silver}} Purple {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=silver}} White <!-- do not link colors per ] --> |
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| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Rhodesian Front}}|border=silver}} Purple {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=silver}} White <!-- do not link colors per ] --> |
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{{Politics of Rhodesia}} |
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{{Politics of Rhodesia}} |
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The '''Rhodesian Front''' ('''RF''') was a ], ] ] in ],<ref name="hsu-luckett-vause">{{cite book|last1=Hsu|first1=Chia Yin|last2=Luckett|first2=Thomas M.|last3=Vause|first3=Erika|title=The Cultural History of Money and Credit: A Global Perspective|date=2015|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498505932|pages=142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByLuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Onslow">{{cite book|last1=Onslow|first1=Sue|title=Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135219338|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Butler">{{cite book|last1=Butler|first1=L. J.|title=Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860644481|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FciqvzTfAuEC&pg=PA164|access-date=19 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> subsequently known as ]. It was the last ruling party of Southern Rhodesia prior to the country's ] (UDI), and the ruling party of Rhodesia from 1965 until 1979. Led first by ], and, from 1964, by ], the Rhodesian Front was the successor to the ], which was the main opposition party in Southern Rhodesia when the territory was a part of the ]. The RF was formed in March 1962 by conservative ] who opposed decolonisation and ]. It carried the ] in Southern Rhodesia that December, and remained in power until 1979. |
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The '''Rhodesian Front''' ('''RF''') was a ] ] in ],<ref name="hsu-luckett-vause">{{cite book|last1=Hsu|first1=Chia Yin|last2=Luckett|first2=Thomas M.|last3=Vause|first3=Erika|title=The Cultural History of Money and Credit: A Global Perspective|date=2015|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498505932|pages=142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByLuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|language=en}}</ref>subsequently known as ]. It was the last ruling party of Southern Rhodesia prior to the country's ] (UDI), and the ruling party of Rhodesia from 1965 until 1979. Led first by ], and, from 1964, by ], the Rhodesian Front was the successor to the ], which was the main opposition party in Southern Rhodesia when the territory was a part of the ]. The RF was formed in March 1962 and carried the ] in Southern Rhodesia that December, and remained in power until 1979. |
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==History and ideology== |
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==History and ideology== |
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The RF had fifteen founding principles, which included the preservation of each racial group's right to maintain its own identity, the preservation of "proper standards" through a policy of advancement through merit, the maintenance of the ], which formalised the racial imbalance in the ownership and distribution of land, opposition to compulsory ], job protection for white workers, and the practice of ]. Historians have generally defined the party as ] and wanting to maintain white Rhodesian interests by staunchly opposing majority rule, which the RF argued (citing other post-colonial African nations as examples) would lead to a collapse in economic development, law and order, and the emergence of a ] regime in Rhodesia. The party also encouraged the emigration of whites from other African former colonies to Rhodesia.<ref>Selby thesis: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615023739/http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf |date=15 June 2007 }}</ref> In contrast to the ideology of the South African ], the RF allowed for democratic opposition and did not advocate social '']'' (under the RF, marriage, relationships and intermingling between whites and non-white persons was possible and legal, albeit uncommon). Black Rhodesians were allowed to vote for candidates on separate and smaller electoral rolls in parliamentary elections following the UDI. However, the RF wanted to continue the maintenance of the government's right to provide separate amenities for different races, such as education and public sector resources, and maintained an all-white membership, which resulted in it facing accusations of racism from both within Rhodesia and abroad.<ref> Refugee Review Tribunal. Retrieved 20 December 2022</ref> Ian Smith and the RF also claimed that they based their policies, ideas, and democratic principles on merit and "not on colour or nationalism." The party also claimed that a system of merit and separate economic advancement would ultimately result in an "equal partnership between black and white" as an alternative to majority rule.<ref name=hall22>* {{cite magazine |title=Rhodesia's Face of Defiance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVYEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22&pg=PA22 |last=Hall |first=Lee |magazine=] |date=27 May 1966 |access-date=11 June 2013 |page=22}}</ref> In 1977, the party had a schism in which the more hardline wing broke off to form the ] (RAP), which opposed Smith's proposals to negotiate a settlement with black nationalist leaders. |
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The RF had fifteen founding principles, which included the preservation of each racial group's right to maintain its own identity, the preservation of "proper standards" through a policy of advancement through merit. Historians have generally defined the party as ] and wanting to maintain Rhodesian interests by staunchly opposing majority rule, which the RF argued (citing other post-colonial African nations as examples) would lead to a collapse in economic development, law and order, and the emergence of a ] regime in Rhodesia. <ref>Selby thesis: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615023739/http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf |date=15 June 2007 }}</ref> In contrast to the ideology of the South African ], the RF allowed for democratic opposition and did not advocate social '']'' (under the RF, marriage, relationships and intermingling between whites and non-white persons was possible and legal, albeit uncommon). Black Rhodesians were allowed to vote for candidates on electoral rolls in parliamentary elections following the UDI. Ian Smith and the RF also claimed that they based their policies, ideas, and democratic principles on merit and "not on colour or nationalism." The party also claimed that a system of merit and separate economic advancement would ultimately result in an "equal partnership between black and white" as an alternative to majority rule.<ref name=hall22>* {{cite magazine |title=Rhodesia's Face of Defiance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVYEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22&pg=PA22 |last=Hall |first=Lee |magazine=] |date=27 May 1966 |access-date=11 June 2013 |page=22}}</ref> In 1977, the party had a schism in which the more hardline wing broke off to form the ] (RAP), which opposed Smith's proposals to negotiate a settlement with black nationalist leaders. |
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In the ] leading to the country's independence in 1980, as the Republic of ], the RF won all 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the power-sharing agreement that it had forged. On 6 June 1981, the party changed its name to the ], and on 21 July 1984, it became the ] (CAZ). Eleven of its 20 parliamentarians defected over the following four years, but the party again won 15 of the 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the ]. In 1986, the CAZ opened its membership to Zimbabweans of all colours and all ethnic groups.<ref>, '']'', July 23, 1984, p. A5.</ref> In October 1987, the ruling government of ] officially abolished all reserved seats for whites.<ref>, '']'', August 25, 1987</ref> When these were abolished many white MPs became independents or joined the ruling ] party. |
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In the ] leading to the country's independence in 1980, as the Republic of ], the RF won all 20 parliamentary seats in the power-sharing agreement that it had forged. On 6 June 1981, the party changed its name to the ], and on 21 July 1984, it became the ] (CAZ). Eleven of its 20 parliamentarians defected over the following four years, but the party again won 15 of the 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the ]. <ref>, '']'', July 23, 1984, p. A5.</ref> In October 1987, the ruling government of ] officially abolished all reserved seats for whites.<ref>, '']'', August 25, 1987</ref> When these were abolished many white MPs became independents or joined the ruling ] party. |
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==Electoral history== |
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==Electoral history== |
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| 11,613 (White Roll) |
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| 13,621 (White Roll) |
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| 83.0% |
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| 83.0% |
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| {{Composition bar|20|100|{{party color|Rhodesian Front}}}} |
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The RF had fifteen founding principles, which included the preservation of each racial group's right to maintain its own identity, the preservation of "proper standards" through a policy of advancement through merit. Historians have generally defined the party as conservative and wanting to maintain Rhodesian interests by staunchly opposing majority rule, which the RF argued (citing other post-colonial African nations as examples) would lead to a collapse in economic development, law and order, and the emergence of a communist regime in Rhodesia. In contrast to the ideology of the South African National Party, the RF allowed for democratic opposition and did not advocate social apartheid (under the RF, marriage, relationships and intermingling between whites and non-white persons was possible and legal, albeit uncommon). Black Rhodesians were allowed to vote for candidates on electoral rolls in parliamentary elections following the UDI. Ian Smith and the RF also claimed that they based their policies, ideas, and democratic principles on merit and "not on colour or nationalism." The party also claimed that a system of merit and separate economic advancement would ultimately result in an "equal partnership between black and white" as an alternative to majority rule. In 1977, the party had a schism in which the more hardline wing broke off to form the Rhodesian Action Party (RAP), which opposed Smith's proposals to negotiate a settlement with black nationalist leaders.
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