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Two of those accused of supplying explosives for the bombings have a conviction for a previous 2001 offense of trafficking with ] ECO <ref> ] </ref>, an offence that did not prevent Trashorras, described as "necessary cooperator" <ref>:''The seventh prime defendant is Jose Emilio Suarez Trashorras, 30, of Spain, considered a "necessary cooperator" in the attacks by allegedly facilitating the explosives that were manufactured in Spain and stolen from a mine in the north.''</ref> from again getting a job in a mine, thus gaining access to explosives and blast equipment again <ref>: ''Trashorras worked again in a mine after the "operation Pípol"''</ref>. Two of those accused of supplying explosives for the bombings have a conviction for a previous 2001 offense of trafficking with ] ECO <ref> ] </ref>, an offence that did not prevent Trashorras, described as "necessary cooperator" <ref>:''The seventh prime defendant is Jose Emilio Suarez Trashorras, 30, of Spain, considered a "necessary cooperator" in the attacks by allegedly facilitating the explosives that were manufactured in Spain and stolen from a mine in the north.''</ref> from again getting a job in a mine, thus gaining access to explosives and blast equipment again <ref>: ''Trashorras worked again in a mine after the "operation Pípol"''</ref>.

=== Spanish policeman ===

Cellphones used in the bombings were unlocked in a shop owned by a former Spanish policeman of Syrian descent and former ] militant, Maussili Kalaji <ref> </ref>. Mr. Kalaji is not one of those accused in connection with the bombings. <ref> </ref>


==Controversies== ==Controversies==

Revision as of 14:24, 4 April 2007

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March 2004 Madrid Train Bombings
File:Ac.madrid2.jpgThe scene of one of the Madrid bombings.
LocationMadrid, Spain
Date11 March 2004
07:30 – 08:00 (UTC+1)
TargetMadrid Commuter Train System
Attack typeBackpack bombs
Deaths191
Injured2050

The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known as 11-M, 3/11, 11/3 and M-11) consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the Cercanías (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004, killing 191 people and wounding 2,050.

The alleged perpetrators were Islamist extremists, mostly of North African origin. Spanish nationals who provided the explosives were also arrested. .

It is the only terrorist act in history, according to the European Strategic Intelligence And Security Center, where non-Muslims collaborated with Muslims

The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda inspired terrorist cell. Direct al-Qaeda participation has not been established

Description of the bombings

Plaque in memory of the casualties in the 11-M terror attack in Madrid

During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías). All the affected trains were traveling on the same line and in the same direction between Alcalá de Henares and Atocha station in Madrid. It was later reported that thirteen improvised explosive devices (IEDs) had been placed on the trains. Bomb-disposal teams had dealt with two of the remaining three IEDs. The following time-line of events comes from the judicial investigation.

All four explosives-laden trains had departed the station Alcalá de Henares between 07:01 and 07:14. The explosions took place between 07:37 and 07:40 in the morning, as described below (all timings given are in local time UTC/GMT+1):

  • Atocha Station (train number 21431) — Three bombs exploded. Based on the video recording from the station security system, the first bomb exploded at 7:37, and two others exploded within 4 seconds of each other at 7:38.
  • Calle Tellez, (train number 17305), approximately 800 meters from Atocha Station — Four bombs exploded in different carriages of the train at approximately 7:39.
  • El Pozo del Tío Raimundo Station (train number 21435) — At approximately 07:38, just as the train was starting to leave the station, two bombs exploded in different carriages.
  • Santa Eugenia Station (train number 21713) — One bomb exploded at approximately 07:38.

At 08:00, emergency relief workers began arriving at the scenes of the bombings. The police reported numerous victims and spoke of 50 wounded and several dead. By 08:30 the emergency ambulance service, SAMUR (Servicio de Asistencia Municipal de Urgencia y Rescate), had set up a field hospital at a sports facility at Daoiz y Velarde. Hospitals were told to expect the arrival of many casualties. Bystanders and local residents helped relief workers. At 08:43, fire fighters reported 15 dead at El Pozo. By 09:00, the police had confirmed the death of at least 30 people —20 at El Pozo and about 10 in Santa Eugenia and Atocha.

Forty-one of the dead came from thirteen countries outside of Spain, including fifteen from Romania, five each from Ecuador and Peru, four from Poland, three from Colombia, two from Honduras, and one each from Bulgaria, Chile, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guinea-Bissau, France, and Morocco. The number of victims was higher than in any similar event in Spain, far surpassing the 21 killed and 40 wounded from a 1987 bombing at a Hipercor chain supermarket in Barcelona. On that occasion, responsibility was claimed by the Basque armed militant group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Fatherland and Liberty"), or ETA. It was also the worst incident of this kind in Europe since the Lockerbie bombing in 1988.

The Prosecutor, Olga Sánchez, asserted that the bombings happened 911 days after 9/11 due to (her own words) the "highly symbolic and qabbalistic charge for local al-Qaida groups" of choosing that day.

Further bombings spur investigation

Another bombing, this time on the track of a high-speed train (AVE), was attempted on 2 April but was unsuccessful. Shortly after, police identified an apartment in Leganés, south of Madrid, as the base of operations for the individuals suspected of being the material authors of the Madrid and AVE attacks. The suspected militants, headed by Jamal Zougam, Serhane Abdelmaji "the Tunisian" and Jamal Ahmidan "the Chinese", were trapped inside the apartment by a police raid on the evening of Saturday 3 April. At 9:03 pm, when the police started to assault the premises, the militants committed suicide by setting off explosives, killing themselves and one of the police officers. Investigators subsequently found that the explosives used in the Leganés explosion were of the same type as those used in the 11 March attacks (though it had not been possible to identify a brand of dynamite from samples taken from the trains) and in the thwarted bombing of the AVE line.

Based on the assumption that the militants killed at Leganés were, indeed, the individuals responsible for the train bombings, the ensuing investigation focused on how they obtained their estimated 200 kg of explosives. The investigation revealed that they had been bought from a retired miner who still had access to blasting equipment.

Five to eight suspects believed to be involved in the 11 March attacks managed to escape. ABC reported in December, 2006 that the ETA reminded Spanish Prime Minister Zapatero about the March 11 2004 as an example of what could happen unless the Government considered their petitions.

Aftermath

Main article Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings
Makeshift shrine for the victims of the attacks

In France, the Vigipirate plan was upgraded to orange level. In Italy, the Government declared a state of high alert.

On December 2004 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero claimed that the PP government wiped off the all the computer files related with the Madrid bombings, leaving only the documents on paper .

It has been reported (El País, 4 January, 2007) that new attacks were being prepared in Spain by alleged perpetrators of the 2004 Madrid train bombings.

Responsibility

According to the Spanish judiciary, a loose group of Moroccan, Syrian, and Algerian Muslims inspired by al-Qaeda and two Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants are suspected of having carried out the attacks. As of 11 April 2006, Judge Del Olmo charged 29 suspects for their involvement in the train bombings.

Direct al-Qaeda involvement has been discarded, although an al-Qaeda claim was made the day of the attacks by the Abu Hafs al Masri Brigades. U.S. officials note that this group is "notoriously unreliable"

According to The Independent, "Those who invented the new kind of rucksack bomb used in the attacks are said to have been taught in training camps in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, under instruction from members of Morocco's radical Islamist Combat Group."

According to the MIPT, the attack was carried out by individuals associated with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group.

According to Mohamed Darif, a professor of political science at Hassan II University in Mohammedia, the history of the Moroccan Combat Group is directly tied to the rise of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. According to Darif, "Since its inception at the end of the 1990s and until 2001, the role of the organisation was restricted to giving logistic support to al-Qaeda in Morocco, finding its members places to live, providing them with false papers, with the opportunity of marrying Moroccans and with false identities to allow them to travel to Europe. Since 11 September, however, which brought the Kingdom of Morocco in on the side of the fight against terrorism, the organisation switched strategies and opted for terrorist attacks within Morocco itself."

Immediate reactions to the attacks in Spanish media assumed ETA involvement, and government officials were ready to confirm such suspicions. Because the bombs were 3 days before the general elections in Spain, the situation had many political interpretations. The massacre took place exactly two and a half years (912 days) after the September 11 terrorist attack on America in 2001. (Others suggest, however, that terrorists wishing to emphasize a connection with 9/11 would not rely on such an oblique connection as its "2 1/2 year anniversary.")

Official statements issued shortly after the Madrid attacks identified ETA as the prime suspect, but the group, which usually claims responsibility for its actions, denied any wrongdoing. Later evidence strongly pointed to the involvement of extremist Islamist groups, with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group named as a focus of investigations.

Although ETA has a history of mounting bomb attacks in Madrid, planting delayed-action bombs to kill rescue workers and using booby traps (such as explosives in wallets), as well as also having attempted to attack trains, the 11 March attacks were on a scale far exceeding anything previously attempted by any European terrorist organisation. This led some experts to point out that the tactics used were more typical of Islamic militant extremist groups, perhaps with a certain link to al-Qaeda, or maybe to a new generation of ETA activists using al-Qaeda as a role model. Observers also noted that ETA customarily issues warnings before its mass bombings and that there had been no warning for this attack. Europol director Jürgen Storbeck commented that the bombings ""could have been Eta ... But we're dealing with an attack that doesn't correspond to the modus operandi they have adopted up to now,"".. Yusuf Galan, a former ETA member, was charged for involvement in al-Qaida

All of the devices are thought to have been hidden inside backpacks. The police investigated reports of three people in ski masks getting on and off the trains several times at Alcalá de Henares between 7:00 and 7:10. A Renault Kangoo van was found parked outside the station at Alcalá de Henares containing detonators, audio tapes with Qur'anic verses, and cell phones.

The provincial chief of TEDAX (the bomb disposal experts of the Spanish police) declared on 12 July 2004 that damage in the trains could not be caused by dynamite, but by some type of military explosive, like C3 or C4. Use of Titadine (Used by ETA, and intercepted in its way to Madrid 11 days before) has also been reported.

A radio report mentioned a plastic explosive called "Special C". However, the government said that the explosive found in an unexploded device, discovered among bags thought to be victims' lost luggage, was the Spanish made Goma-2 ECO. The unexploded device contained 22lb of explosive with 2lb of nails and screws packed around it as shrapnel. . Goma-2 ECO was never before used by al-Qaida, but the explosive and the modus operandi was a ETA trademark .

Two bombs—one in Atocha and another one in El Pozo stations, numbers 11 and 12—were detonated accidentally by the TEDAX. According to the provincial chief of the TEDAX, deactivated rucksacks contained some other type of explosive. The 13th bomb, which was transferred to a police station, contained dynamite, but did not explode because there were not two wires connecting the explosives to the detonator. That bomb used a mobile phone (Mitsubishi Trium) as a timer, requiring a SIM card to activate the alarm and thereby detonate. The analysis of the SIM card allowed the police to arrest an allegued perpetrator. On Saturday, 13 March, when three Moroccans and two Hindu Indians were arrested for the attacks, it was confirmed that the attacks came from an Islamic group. Only one of the five persons (the Moroccan Jamal Zougam) detained that day was finally prosecuted .

On 3 April 2004, in Leganés, south Madrid, four Arab terrorists died in an apparent suicide explosion, killing one G.E.O. (Spanish special police assault unit) police officer and wounding eleven policemen. According to witnesses and media, between five and eight suspects escaped on that day.

Security forces carried out a controlled explosion of a suspicious package found near the Atocha station and subsequently deactivated the two undetonated devices on the Téllez train. A third unexploded device was later brought from the station at El Pozo to a police station in Vallecas, and became a central piece of evidence for the investigation. It appears that the El Pozo bomb failed to detonate because a cell-phone alarm used to trigger the bomb was set 12 hours late.

The People's Party (PP), now in opposition, as well as certain media outlets such as El Mundo newspaper, continue to support alternative theories relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove them from power. These theories consider that the Socialist Party (PSOE), together with ETA and members of the security forces and national and foreign (Morocco) secret services, were implicated in the bombings.

Judge Del Olmo assigns the responsibility to "local cells of Islamic extremists inspired through the Internet", not GIA or Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group. These local cells would consist of hash traffickers of Moroccan origin, remotely linked to an al-Qaeda cell already captured. These groups would have bought the explosives (dynamite Goma-2 ECO) from low-level thiefs and police and Guardia Civil confidents in Asturias using money from the small-scale drug trafficking.

According to El Mundo, "the notes on the Moroccan confident 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the 3/11 leadership under surveillance."

There is also claimed to be circumstancial evidence linking the Islamists with two ETA members detained while driving in the outskirts of Madrid a van containing 500kg of explosives 11 days before the Train bombings

Police surveillance and informants

Some of the alleged perpetrators of the bombing were reportedly under surveillance by the Spanish police since January 2003. According to the Spanish newspaper El Mundo, 24 of the 29 alleged prepetrators were informers and/or controlled by the Spanish Police, Civil Guard and C.N.I. ("National Center of Intelligence") before the attacks. Two alleged perpetrators were Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants . Cellphones used in the bombings were unlocked in a shop owned by a former Spanish policeman who is not one of those accused in connection with the bombings.

Two of those accused of supplying explosives for the bombings have a conviction for a previous 2001 offense of trafficking with Goma-2 ECO , an offence that did not prevent Trashorras, described as "necessary cooperator" from again getting a job in a mine, thus gaining access to explosives and blast equipment again .

Controversies

The authorship of the bombings remains deeply controversial in Spain. Part of the Partido Popular (PP), now in opposition, as well as some media outlets point to alleged inconsistencies and contradictions in the Spanish judicial investigation. Additionally, there is controversy over the events immediately following the bombings and preceding the general elections that took place three days later. More detailed discussion of these issues can be found in the article Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings

Reactions

In the aftermath of the bombings there were massive street demonstrations across Spain as a shocked country tried to come to terms with what had happened . The international reaction was also notable, as the scale of the attack became clearer. These events are described in further detail in the article Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings

February 2007 Trial

The trial began in February 2007. According to El Pais, "the Court dismantled one by one all conspiracy theories." On the other hand, the defendants withdrew their previous declarations and denied any involvement.

See also

Specifically about the 2004 Madrid bombings

Other

Notes

  1. iiss.org
  2. jamestown.org
  5. opendemocracy.net
  6. borrull.org
  7. guardian.co.uk
  8. newyorker.com
  9. aljazeera.net
  10. fas.org
  11. jinsa.org
  12. aijac.org.au
  13. opendemocracy.net
  14. intelligence.org
  15. atimes.com
  16. rand.org
  17. PDF Until now, there has never been any example of a terrorist action by international islamist made in collaboration with non muslims. French original: Il n'y a d'ailleurs à ce jour aucun exemple d’une action terroriste menée par des islamistes internationalistes en collaboration avec des non musulmans
  18. Spanish Indictment on the investigation of March 11
  19. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Database "the length of time between the Madrid bombings and Abu Nayaf al-Afghani’s claim has cast doubt on its authenticity.....Other sources attribute the March 11 attacks to the group Abu Dujana Al-Afghani Ansar Al-Qaeda Europe, which appears be an alias for Abu Nayaf al-Afghani. A separate al-Qaeda linked organization, the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade, also declared responsibility for the Madrid attacks, and although it faces similar questions about the validity of its claims, it is generally regarded by authorities as having carried out the attacks"] (see MIPT)
  20. The Times, February 15, 2007. Spain furious as US blocks access to Madrid bombing 'chief' The al-Qaeda leader who created, trained and directed the terrorist cell that carried out the Madrid train bombings has been held in a CIA “ghost prison” for more than a year
  21. The Independent article:"While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance."
  22. Madrid Bombing Suspect Denies Guilt, The New York Times, February 15, 2007: The cell was inspired by al-Qaida but had no direct links to it, nor did it receive financing from Osama bin Laden's terrorist organization, Spanish investigators say
  23. Al Qaeda, Madrid bombs not linked: Spanish probe, listed at borrull.org
  24. Sound of the second wave of bombs recorded in a Cellular Phone conversation
  25. Judicial Indictment - Downloadable in Spanish
  26. Broken lives (Cadena Ser, Spanish)
  27. Un factor "cabalístico" en la elección de la fecha de la matanza en los trenes, "El País", 2005 March 10th
  28. The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
  29. Suspected Madrid bombing ringleader killed (CNN)
  30. The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
  31. Madrid bomb cell neutralised (BBC Europe)
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference suspects was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. France raises alert to orange (BBC News)
  35. The Terrorist Threat to the Italian Elections (Jamestown)
  36. ' Aznar 'wiped files on Madrid bombings, The Guardian, Tuesday December 14, 2004
  37. El argelino huido tras perpetrar el 11-M preparaba nuevos atentados en España El País, 4 January, 2007
  38. The Times Bomb squad link in Spanish blast
  39. Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was also a police confident -Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados....José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...También era confidente de la policía-
  40. The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
  41. Suspects indicted in Madrid train attacks (OnlineNewsHous)
  42. The Independent article:While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance.
  43. CBS News. Madrid Massacre Probe Widens
  44. Elizabeth Nash (07 November 2006). "Madrid bombers 'were inspired by Bin Laden address'". The Independent. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. MIPT 2004 Spain overview
  46. Mohamed Darif (3/30/2004). "The Moroccan Combat Group (PDF)" (PDF). Real Instituto Elcano. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. Voters Oust Spanish Government, CBS News On Sunday, a Basque-language daily published a statement by ETA in which the group for a second time denied involvement in the attacks.
  48. BBC on preparations for the trial
  49. Madrid Massacre Probe Widens (CBS News)
  50. From Bali to Madrid, attackers seek to inflict ever-greater casualties (The Guardian)
  51. MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists Experts have played down a possible link between elements of Eta and the Islamic terrorists. But a Spaniard, Yusuf Galan, was charged in Madrid in November 2001 with involvement in al-Qa'ida. Mr Galan, a convert to Islam, had previously been a member of Eta.
  52. Spain Campaigned to Pin Blame on ETA (Washington Post)
  53. Los TEDAX revisaron "dos veces" todos los vagones del 11-M sin encontrar Goma 2 ni la mochila de Vallecas (Libertad Digital)
  54. CBS News: Madrid Massacre Probe Widens. MADRID, March 11, 2004 The bombers used titadine, a kind of compressed dynamite also found in a bomb-laden van intercepted last month as it headed for Madrid, a source at Aznar's office said, speaking on condition of anonymity. Officials blamed ETA then, too.
  55. Millions rally in anger at Madrid bombers (Daily Telegraph)
  56. MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists For the first time in its history al-Qa'ida has used not the cheap and primitive fertiliser-based bombs familiar in attacks from Yemen to Istanbul, but Goma 2 ECO gelignite, detonated by mobile phones. This sophisticated twin technique has previously been the trademark of Eta, the Basque separatist group.
  57. La Policía encuentra una decimotercera mochila bomba en la comisaría de Puente de Vallecas (El Mundo)
  58. http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2004/03/18/enespecial/1079606797.html
  59. Libertad digital, los enigmas del 11-M 6. Las primeras detenciones Las detenciones de los hindúes
  60. Al Qaeda reivindica los atentados en un vídeo hallado en Madrid (El Mundo)
  61. A Strike At Europe's Heart (Time)
  62. Spain’s 11-M and the right’s revenge (Open Democracy)
  63. Los agujeros negros del 11-M (El Mundo)
  64. El auto de procesamiento por el 11-M (El Mundo)
  65. Across the Divide (Time)
  66. Las notas del confidente marroquí 'Cartagena' prueban que la Policía controlaba a la cúpula del 11-M (El Mundo)
  67. MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists Connections have also been drawn between the drivers of a van found on the outskirts of Madrid on 29 February containing 500kg of explosive and the Islamists: the two men in the van are alleged to be members of Eta, and also to have been among a group of Basques who expressed strong support for Iraq against the Anglo-American invasion. But so far the evidence does not go beyond the circumstantial.
  68. El Mundo: 34 de los 40 que el juez implica en el 11-M estaban bajo control policial
  69. Un inspector asegura que perseguían a varios de los acusados desde enero de 2003, ABC:An inspector assures that several accused were being pursued since January 2003
  70. "The notes of the Moroccan confident 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the 3/11 leadership under surveillance."
  71. Spain: State Funeral For Madrid Bombing Victims Gathers World Leaders: The main suspect remains Moroccan Jamal Zougam, who allegedly had close ties to Islamist militants and who has been under watch by Spanish, French, and Moroccan agents since 2001
  72. Madrid bombing accused ‘under watch since 2002’
  73. Spanish investigators confident The lead suspect is Jamal Zougam, who allegedly has close ties with Islamist militants and has been under watch by Spanish, French and Moroccan agents since 2001 at least.
  74. 34 over 40 alleged perpetrators were controlled by the Police
  75. 11-M: ¿Culpa in vigilando? Police made a follow-up on the prosecuted, due to his condition of being suspects of Islamic terrorists. De los acusados...la policía venía haciendo un seguimiento por su calidad de sospechosos de ser terroristas islámicos
  76. ABC Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...
  77. Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was also a police confident -Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados....José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...También era confidente de la policía-
  78. The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
  79. ABC Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...
  80. Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...he do not inform about the preparations. José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was a National Police confident about guns, explosive and drug smugling-Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados... no informó sobre los preparativos...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras... era confidente de la Policía Nacional-
  81. The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
  82. Cellphones used for March 11 were unlocked in a phone shop owned by... a Spanish police officer. And not just any police officer: It was Maussili Kalaji
  83. Un inspector asegura que perseguían a varios de los acusados desde enero de 2003
  84. ABC Trashorras y Toro, condenados a más de 10 años de cárcel por tráfico de drogas y tenencia de explosivos
  85. Madrid bombings trial: Key defendant refuses to testify:The seventh prime defendant is Jose Emilio Suarez Trashorras, 30, of Spain, considered a "necessary cooperator" in the attacks by allegedly facilitating the explosives that were manufactured in Spain and stolen from a mine in the north.
  86. Trashorras volvió a trabajar a la mina tras la "operación Pipol": Trashorras worked again in a mine after the "operation Pípol"
  87. Newspaper Spat Over Madrid Bombs Conspiracy The Guardian
  88. Spanish Terrogate, National Review
  89. Millions pack Madrid's streets CNN
  90. Comienza en Madrid el juicio por el mayor atentado islamista registrado en Europa, El Pais, February 15, 2007 Template:Es icon
  91. El Morabit niega ahora haber sido avisado de los atentados del 11-M, El Mundo, February 20, 2007 Template:Es icon
  92. "Madrid bombing 'mastermind' protests innocence", Feb 15, 2007, 1:59 PM ET AFP, Yahoo News (here Template:En icon

External links

In English

Disputing statements made by Spanish government and judiciary

Rebuttals

In Spanish

Disputing statements made by Spanish government and judiciary


Rebuttals

Documentary about the bombings

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