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Revision as of 23:33, 4 February 2024 editAziyyat (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users640 editsNo edit summaryTags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit← Previous edit Revision as of 20:58, 15 February 2024 edit undo2a02:aa10:8101:b480:412a:472e:1f8e:2344 (talk) Replaced exonym "Bashkir" with endoethnonym "Bashqort"Tags: Reverted missing file addedNext edit →
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{{Other uses|Bashkir (disambiguation)}} {{Other uses|Bashkir (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bashkirs | group = Bashqorts
| native_name = {{native name|ba|Башҡорттар}} | native_name = {{native name|ba|Башҡорттар}}
| native_name_lang = | native_name_lang =
| flag = Bashkirs of Baymak rayon.jpg | flag = Bashqorts of Baymak rayon.jpg
| flag_caption = Bashkirs of ] in traditional dress | flag_caption = Bashqorts of ] in traditional dress
| image = | image =
| caption = | caption =
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| related = ], ],<ref name="Бижанова">{{Cite journal |author = Бижанова М. Р. |editor= |format= |url= http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bashkiro-kazahskie-otnosheniya-v-xviii-veke |title= Башкиро-казахские отношения в XVIII веке |journal= Вестник Башкирского Университета|type= журнал |orig-year= | agency = |edition= Вестник Башкирского университета |year= 2006 |volume= 11 |number= 4|pages = 146–147 |series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = |archive-date = |language= |quote= }}</ref> ],<ref>Кузеев Р.Г. Происхождение башкирского народа. Этнический состав, история расселения. Издательство "Наука", Москва, 1974 г.</ref><ref>Трепавлов В. В. Ногаи в Башкирии, XV—XVII вв. Княжеские роды ногайского происхождения. Уфа: Урал. науч. центр РАН, 1997. 72 с. (Материалы и исследования по истории и этнологии Башкортостана. № 2)</ref> ]<ref>Салихов А.Г. . Издательство "ГУП РБ Издательский Дом «Республика Башкортостан»", Уфа, 2017</ref> | related = ], ],<ref name="Бижанова">{{Cite journal |author = Бижанова М. Р. |editor= |format= |url= http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bashkiro-kazahskie-otnosheniya-v-xviii-veke |title= Башкиро-казахские отношения в XVIII веке |journal= Вестник Башкирского Университета|type= журнал |orig-year= | agency = |edition= Вестник Башкирского университета |year= 2006 |volume= 11 |number= 4|pages = 146–147 |series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = |archive-date = |language= |quote= }}</ref> ],<ref>Кузеев Р.Г. Происхождение башкирского народа. Этнический состав, история расселения. Издательство "Наука", Москва, 1974 г.</ref><ref>Трепавлов В. В. Ногаи в Башкирии, XV—XVII вв. Княжеские роды ногайского происхождения. Уфа: Урал. науч. центр РАН, 1997. 72 с. (Материалы и исследования по истории и этнологии Башкортостана. № 2)</ref> ]<ref>Салихов А.Г. . Издательство "ГУП РБ Издательский Дом «Республика Башкортостан»", Уфа, 2017</ref>
}} }}
The '''Bashkirs''' or '''Bashkurts''' ({{lang-ba|Башҡорттар|Başqorttar}}, {{IPA-all|bɑʂ.qʊɾt.ˈtaɾ}}; {{lang-ru|Башкиры}}, {{IPA-ru|bɐʂˈkʲirɨ|pron}}) are a ] ] ethnic group indigenous to ]. They are concentrated in ], a ] and in the broader ] of ], which spans both sides of the ], where ] meets ]. Smaller communities of Bashkirs also live in the ], the ] of ], ], ], ], ] and ] and other regions in ]; sizable minorities exist in ] and ]. The '''Bashqorts''' ({{lang-ba|Башҡорттар|Başqorttar}}, also known under an '''Bashkirs''' {{IPA-all|bɑʂ.qʊɾt.ˈtaɾ}}; {{lang-ru|Башкиры}}, {{IPA-ru|bɐʂˈkʲirɨ|pron}}) are a ] ] ethnic group indigenous to ]. They are concentrated in ], a ] and in the broader ] of ], which spans both sides of the ], where ] meets ]. Smaller communities of Bashqorts also live in the ], the ] of ], ], ], ], ] and ] and other regions in ]; sizable minorities exist in ] and ].


], 1814]] ], 1814]]
] ]
Most Bashkirs speak the ], closely related to the ] and ]s, which belong to the ] branch of the ]; they share historical and cultural affinities with the broader ]. Bashkirs are mainly ] of the ] ], or school of jurisprudence, and follow the ] doctrine. Previously nomadic and fiercely independent, the Bashkirs gradually came under Russian rule beginning in the 16th century; they have since played a major role through the history of Russia, culminating in their autonomous status within the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. Most Bashqort speak the ], closely related to the ] and ]s, which belong to the ] branch of the ]; they share historical and cultural affinities with the broader ]. Bashqorts are mainly ] of the ] ], or school of jurisprudence, and follow the ] doctrine. Previously nomadic and fiercely independent, the Bashqorts gradually came under Russian rule beginning in the 16th century; they have since played a major role through the history of Russia, culminating in their autonomous status within the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia.


== Ethnonym == == Ethnonym ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}} {{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}}
The etymology and indeed meaning of the ] ''Bashqurt'' has been for a long time under discussion. The etymology and indeed meaning of the ] ''Bashqort'' has been for a long time under discussion.


The name Bashqurt has been known since the 10th century, most researchers etymologize the name as "main/leader/head" ('''bash''') + "wolf" ('''qurt''' being an archaic name for the animal), thus "''wolf-leader''" (from the totemic hero ancestor). The name Bashqort has been known since the 10th century, most researchers etymologize the name as "main/leader/head" ('''bash''') + "wolf" ('''qort''' being an archaic name for the animal), thus "''wolf-leader''" (from the totemic hero ancestor).


This prevailing ] relates to a legend regarding the migration of the first seven Bashkir tribes from the ] valley to the Volga-Ural region. The legend relates that the Bashkirs were given a green and fertile land by the fertility goddess of ] ] (known locally also as ''Umay-əsə''), protected by the legendary Ural mountains (in alignment with the famous Bashkir epic poem "Ural-Batyr"). A wolf was sent to guide these tribes to their promised land, hence ''bash-qurt, "leading wolf"''. The ] ], P. I. Richkov, and ] provided similar etymologies in the 18th century. This prevailing ] relates to a legend regarding the migration of the first seven Bashqort tribes from the ] valley to the Volga-Ural region. The legend relates that the Bashqorts were given a green and fertile land by the fertility goddess of ] ] (known locally also as ''Umay-əsə''), protected by the legendary Ural mountains (in alignment with the famous Bashqort epic poem "Ural-Batyr"). A wolf was sent to guide these tribes to their promised land, hence ''bash-qort, "leading wolf"''. The ] ], P. I. Richkov, and ] provided similar etymologies in the 18th century.


Although this is the prevailing theory for an etymology of the term ''bashqurt'', other theories have been formulated: Although this is the prevailing theory for an etymology of the term ''bashqurt'', other theories have been formulated:


* In 1847, the historian V. S. Yumatov speculated the original meaning to have been "] or beemaster".<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=Оренбургские губернские ведомости|title=О названии башкирцев|page=297|year=1847|language=ru}}</ref> * In 1847, the historian V. S. Yumatov speculated the original meaning to have been "] or beemaster".<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=Оренбургские губернские ведомости|title=О названии башкирцев|page=297|year=1847|language=ru}}</ref>
* ] proposed ''bashqurt'' being derived from the forms ''beshgur'', ''bashgur'', which means "five ]". Since modern ''sh'' corresponds to ''l'' in ]. Therefore, Dunlop proposes the ethnonyms Bashqurt and Bulgar are equivalent.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. M. Dunlop|title=The History of the Jewish khazars|year=1967|location=New Jersey|page=34}}</ref> ] also suggested this.<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=BAŞKIRT Orta Asya Türk kavimlerinden.|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/baskirt}}</ref> * ] proposed ''bashqort'' being derived from the forms ''beshgur'', ''bashgur'', which means "five ]". Since modern ''sh'' corresponds to ''l'' in ]. Therefore, Dunlop proposes the ethnonyms Bashqort and Bulgar are equivalent.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. M. Dunlop|title=The History of the Jewish khazars|year=1967|location=New Jersey|page=34}}</ref> ] also suggested this.<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=BAŞKIRT Orta Asya Türk kavimlerinden.|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/baskirt}}</ref>
* Historian and ] A. E. Alektorov has suggested that ''Bashqurt'' meant "distinct ]".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} * Historian and ] A. E. Alektorov has suggested that ''Bashqort'' meant "distinct ]".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
*] R. M. Yusupov considered ''Bashqurt'' may originally have been an ] ] meaning "wolf-children" or "]s of heroes", on the basis of the words ''bacha'' "descendant, child" and ''gurd'' "hero" or ''gurg'' "wolf". *] R. M. Yusupov considered ''Bashqort'' may originally have been an ] ] meaning "wolf-children" or "]s of heroes", on the basis of the words ''bacha'' "descendant, child" and ''gurd'' "hero" or ''gurg'' "wolf".
* Historian and ] Mikhail Artamonov suggested that the word is a ] of the name of the ] (or ''Bwsxk''), a tribe of ] that lived in the area now known as Bashkortostan.<ref name="Golden">, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2007, pp. 422.</ref> * Historian and ] Mikhail Artamonov suggested that the word is a ] of the name of the ] (or ''Bwsxk''), a tribe of ] that lived in the area now known as Bashqortostan.<ref name="Golden">, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2007, pp. 422.</ref>
* According to the orientalist ], the ethnonym ''Bashqort'' was derived from ''beshgur'' (or ''bashgur'') which means "five tribes" in the modern Bashkir language.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} * According to the orientalist ], the ethnonym ''Bashqort'' was derived from ''beshgur'' (or ''bashgur'') which means "five tribes" in the modern Bashqort language.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
* Ethnologist N. V. Bikbulatov suggested that the term originated from the name of a legendary ] warlord named ], who ruled an area along the ] river. * Ethnologist N. V. Bikbulatov suggested that the term originated from the name of a legendary ] warlord named ], who ruled an area along the ] river.
* Ethnologist R. G. Kuzeev derived the ethnonym from the morphemes ''bash'' "leader, head" and ''qurt'' "tribe".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} * Ethnologist R. G. Kuzeev derived the ethnonym from the morphemes ''bash'' "leader, head" and ''qort'' "tribe".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
* Historian and ] ] argued the ethnonym "Bashkir" to be a ] ] reflex of the Hungarian endonym '']'' (or the ] ''Majer'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Róna-Tas |first=András |title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history |last2=Róna-Tas |first2=András |date=1999 |publisher=Central European Univ. Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-963-9116-48-1 |location=Budapest New York |pages=289-294 |translator-last=Bodoczky |translator-first=Nicholas}}</ref> * Historian and ] ] argued the ethnonym "Bashqort" to be a ] ] reflex of the Hungarian endonym '']'' (or the ] ''Majer'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Róna-Tas |first=András |title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history |last2=Róna-Tas |first2=András |date=1999 |publisher=Central European Univ. Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-963-9116-48-1 |location=Budapest New York |pages=289-294 |translator-last=Bodoczky |translator-first=Nicholas}}</ref>


== History == == History ==
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===Origins=== ===Origins===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}} {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
The Bashkir group was formed by ] tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before migrating to the ], wandered for a considerable time in the ] steppes (modern day central-southern ]), coming into contact with the ] and ] tribes. Therefore, it is possible to note that the Bashkir people originates from the same tribes which compose the modern ], ] and ], but there has been a considerable cultural and a small ethnic exchange with ] tribes. The Bashqort group was formed by ] tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before migrating to the ], wandered for a considerable time in the ] steppes (modern day central-southern ]), coming into contact with the ] and ] tribes. Therefore, it is possible to note that the Bashqort people originates from the same tribes which compose the modern ], ] and ], but there has been a considerable cultural and a small ethnic exchange with ] tribes.


The migration to the valley of the Southern Urals took place between the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, in parallel to the Kipchak migration to the north. The migration to the valley of the Southern Urals took place between the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, in parallel to the Kipchak migration to the north.
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] ]
]{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}} ]{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
The first report about Bashkirs may have been in the ] chronicle ] (636 AD). Around 40 Turkic ] tribes were named in the section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name 比干 (] ''Bǐgān'' < ] ]: *''piɪ<sup>X</sup>-kɑn'') (in '']'') were a scribal error for 比千 (''Bĭqiān'' < *''piɪ<sup>X</sup>t͡sʰen'') (in '']''), the latter reading being favored by Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheng|first=Fangyi|title=The Research on the Identification Between Tiele and the Oghuric Tribes|url=https://www.academia.edu/4314856|language=en|pages=83–84}}</ref> The first report about Bashqorts may have been in the ] chronicle ] (636 AD). Around 40 Turkic ] tribes were named in the section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name 比干 (] ''Bǐgān'' < ] ]: *''piɪ<sup>X</sup>-kɑn'') (in '']'') were a scribal error for 比千 (''Bĭqiān'' < *''piɪ<sup>X</sup>t͡sʰen'') (in '']''), the latter reading being favored by Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheng|first=Fangyi|title=The Research on the Identification Between Tiele and the Oghuric Tribes|url=https://www.academia.edu/4314856|language=en|pages=83–84}}</ref>


In the 7th century, Bashkirs were also mentioned in the Armenian ]. In the 7th century, Bashqorts were also mentioned in the Armenian ].


However, these mentions may refer to the precursors of the ] Bashkir tribes who travelled in the Aral-Syr Darya region before the migration. The ] may have mentioned "Bashkirs" when the Turkic peoples were still travelling through ] However, these mentions may refer to the precursors of the ] Bashkir tribes who travelled in the Aral-Syr Darya region before the migration. The ] may have mentioned "Bashqorts" when the Turkic peoples were still travelling through ]


In the 9th century, during the migration of the Bashkirs to the Volga-Ural region, the first ] and ] written reports about Bashkirs are attested. These include reports by ] who around 850 travelled to the Bashkir territories and outlined their borders. In the 9th century, during the migration of the Bashqorts to the Volga-Ural region, the first ] and ] written reports about Bashqorts are attested. These include reports by ] who around 850 travelled to the Bashqort territories and outlined their borders.


In the 10th century, the Persian historian and polymath ] described Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups: one inhabiting the Southern Urals, the other living on the ] near the boundaries of ].<ref group="A">These sources may have confused Bashkirs with ], since the area of Modern Bashkortostan is often referred as "]", the zone where the ] dwelled before their migration to Europe; it is believed that Bashkirs may have come into contact with these Magyar tribes, since some of the Northern Tribes of the modern Bashkirs do have genetic correspondence with Hungarians</ref> ], a contemporary of ], observed that Bashkirs were an independent people occupying territories on both sides of the ] ridge between ], ], and ]s and upstream of the ]. In the 10th century, the Persian historian and polymath ] described Bashqorts as a people divided into two groups: one inhabiting the Southern Urals, the other living on the ] near the boundaries of ].<ref group="A">These sources may have confused Bashqorts with ], since the area of Modern Bashqortostan is often referred as "]", the zone where the ] dwelled before their migration to Europe; it is believed that Bashqorts may have come into contact with these Magyar tribes, since some of the Northern Tribes of the modern Bashqorts do have genetic correspondence with Hungarians</ref> ], a contemporary of ], observed that Bashqorts were an independent people occupying territories on both sides of the ] ridge between ], ], and ]s and upstream of the ].


], ambassador of the Baghdad Caliph ] to the governor of ], wrote the first ethnographic description of the Bashkir in 922. The Bashkirs, according to Ibn Fadlan, were a warlike and powerful people, which he and his companions (a total of five thousand people, including military protection) "bewared... with the greatest threat". They were described as engaged in cattle breeding. According to ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs worshipped twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, heaven and earth, and the most prominent, the sky god. Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashkirs, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashkir. According to the testimony of Ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs were ], living on the southern slopes of the ], and occupying a vast territory up to the river ]. They were bordered by ] on the south, ] to the south-east and ] on the west. ], ambassador of the Baghdad Caliph ] to the governor of ], wrote the first ethnographic description of the Bashqorts in 922. The Bashqorts, according to Ibn Fadlan, were a warlike and powerful people, which he and his companions (a total of five thousand people, including military protection) "bewared... with the greatest threat". They were described as engaged in cattle breeding. According to ibn Fadlan, the Bashqorts worshipped twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, heaven and earth, and the most prominent, the sky god. Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashqorts, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashqort. According to the testimony of Ibn Fadlan, the Bashqorts were ], living on the southern slopes of the ], and occupying a vast territory up to the river ]. They were bordered by ] on the south, ] to the south-east and ] on the west.


The earliest source to give a geographical description of Bashkir territory, ]'s ''Divanu Lugat’it Turk'' (1072–1074), includes a map with a charted region called ''Fiyafi Bashqyrt'' (the Bashkir steppes). Despite a lack of much geographic detail, the sketch map does indicate that the Bashkirs inhabited a territory bordering on the ] and the ] valley in the west, the Ural Mountains in the north-west, and the ] valley in the east, thus giving a rough outline of the area. The earliest source to give a geographical description of Bashqorts territory, ]'s ''Divanu Lugat’it Turk'' (1072–1074), includes a map with a charted region called ''Fiyafi Bashqyrt'' (the Bashqort steppes). Despite a lack of much geographic detail, the sketch map does indicate that the Bashqorts inhabited a territory bordering on the ] and the ] valley in the west, the Ural Mountains in the north-west, and the ] valley in the east, thus giving a rough outline of the area.


] and ] mention the Bashkir in the 12th century. The 13th-century authors ], ] and ] and the 14th-century authors ] and ] also wrote about Bashkirs. ] and ] mention the Bashqorts in the 12th century. The 13th-century authors ], ] and ] and the 14th-century authors ] and ] also wrote about Bashqorts.


The first European sources to mention the Bashkirs were the works of ] and ] of the 13th century. The first European sources to mention the Bashqorts were the works of ] and ] of the 13th century.


By 1226, ] had incorporated the lands of Bashkortostan into his empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, all of Bashkortostan was a component of the ]. The brother of ], Sheibani, received the Bashkir lands east of the ]. By 1226, ] had incorporated the lands of Bashqortostan into his empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, all of Bashqortostan was a component of the ]. The brother of ], Sheibani, received the Bashqort lands east of the ].


After the disintegration of the ], the Bashkirs were divided among the ], the ] and the ], founded in the 15th century. After the disintegration of the ], the Bashqorts were divided among the ], the ] and the ], founded in the 15th century.


=== Early modern period === === Early modern period ===
] ]
], ]]] ], ]]]
In the middle of the 16th century, Bashkirs were gradually conquered by the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|location=New York|pages=188, 189}}</ref> Primary documents pertaining to the Bashkirs during this period have been lost, although some are mentioned in the ''shezhere'' (family trees) of the Bashkir.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} In the middle of the 16th century, Bashkirs were gradually conquered by the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|location=New York|pages=188, 189}}</ref> Primary documents pertaining to the Bashqorts during this period have been lost, although some are mentioned in the ''shezhere'' (family trees) of the Bashqort.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}


During the Russian Imperial period, Russians and Tatars began to migrate to Bashkortostan which led to eventual demographic changes in the region. The recruitment of Bashkirs into the Russian army and having to pay steep taxes pressured many Bashkirs to adopt a more settled lifestyle and to slowly abandon their ancient nomadic pastoralist past.<ref name=":0" /> During the Russian Imperial period, Russians and Tatars began to migrate to Bashqortostan which led to eventual demographic changes in the region. The recruitment of Bashqorts into the Russian army and having to pay steep taxes pressured many Bashqorts to adopt a more settled lifestyle and to slowly abandon their ancient nomadic pastoralist past.<ref name=":0" />


In the late 16th and early 19th centuries, Bashkirs occupied the territory from the river ] in the north, to the river heads of ] in the east, the mid-stream of the river ] (Ural) in the south; in the Middle and Southern Urals, the Cis-Urals including Volga territory and Trans-Uralsto, and the eastern bank of the ] on the south-west.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} In the late 16th and early 19th centuries, Bashqorts occupied the territory from the river ] in the north, to the river heads of ] in the east, the mid-stream of the river ] (Ural) in the south; in the Middle and Southern Urals, the Cis-Urals including Volga territory and Trans-Uralsto, and the eastern bank of the ] on the south-west.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}


=== Bashkir rebellions of the 17th–18th centuries === === Bashkir rebellions of the 17th–18th centuries ===
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], at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the victory in the ], 1913]] ], at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the victory in the ], 1913]]


The Bashkirs participated in the ], ] and ] Rebellions. In 1676, the Bashkirs rebelled under a leader named Seyid Sadir or 'Seit Sadurov', and the ] had great difficulties in ending the rebellion. The Bashkirs rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kûsyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/5874|title=Opinion: Lessons from History: Russia's Repression of the Bashkirs|first=Askold S.|last=Lozynskyj|website=Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost}}</ref> The Bashqorts participated in the ], ] and ] Rebellions. In 1676, the Bashqorts rebelled under a leader named Seyid Sadir or 'Seit Sadurov', and the ] had great difficulties in ending the rebellion. The Bashqorts rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kûsyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/5874|title=Opinion: Lessons from History: Russia's Repression of the Bashkirs|first=Askold S.|last=Lozynskyj|website=Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost}}</ref>


At the founding of ] in 1735, the ] occurred in 1735 and lasted six years.<ref>Акманов И. Г. Башкирские восстания XVII–XVIII вв. Феномен в истории народов Евразии. – Уфа: Китап, 2016</ref> Ivan Kirillov formed a plan to build the fort to be called Orenburg at ] at the confluence of the ] and the ], south-east of the Urals where the Bashkir, Kalmyk and Kazakh lands met. Work on Fort Orenburg commenced at Orsk in 1735. However, by 1743 the site of ] was moved a further 250&nbsp;km west to its current location. The next planned construction was to be a fort on the ]. The consequence of the Aral Sea fort would involve crossing Bashkir and the ] lands, some of whom had recently offered a nominal submission to the Russian Crown. At the founding of ] in 1735, the ] occurred in 1735 and lasted six years.<ref>Акманов И. Г. Башкирские восстания XVII–XVIII вв. Феномен в истории народов Евразии. – Уфа: Китап, 2016</ref> Ivan Kirillov formed a plan to build the fort to be called Orenburg at ] at the confluence of the ] and the ], south-east of the Urals where the Bashqort, Kalmyk and Kazakh lands met. Work on Fort Orenburg commenced at Orsk in 1735. However, by 1743 the site of ] was moved a further 250&nbsp;km west to its current location. The next planned construction was to be a fort on the ]. The consequence of the Aral Sea fort would involve crossing Bashqort and the ] lands, some of whom had recently offered a nominal submission to the Russian Crown.


The southern side of Bashkiria was partitioned by the Orenburg Line of forts. The forts ran from ] on the Volga east as far as the ] headwaters. It then crossed to the middle of the ] and following the river course east and then north on the eastern side of the Urals. It then went east along the ] to Ust-Uisk on the ] where it connected to the ill-defined 'Siberian Line' along the forest-steppe boundary. The southern side of Bashqortostan was partitioned by the Orenburg Line of forts. The forts ran from ] on the Volga east as far as the ] headwaters. It then crossed to the middle of the ] and following the river course east and then north on the eastern side of the Urals. It then went east along the ] to Ust-Uisk on the ] where it connected to the ill-defined 'Siberian Line' along the forest-steppe boundary.


In 1774, the Bashkirs, under the leadership of ], supported ]. In 1786, the Bashkirs achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed an ] Bashkir army from among them. In 1774, the Bashqorts, under the leadership of ], supported ]. In 1786, the Bashqorts achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed an ] Bashqort army from among them.


=== Napoleonic Wars === === Napoleonic Wars ===
], 1814]] ], 1814]]


During the ], many Bashkirs served as mercenaries in the Russian army to defend from the ] invaders during ].<ref name="rbth.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/29/how_russias_steppe_warriors_took_on_napoleons_armies_37029|title=How Russia's steppe warriors took on Napoleon's armies|last1=Vershinin|first1=Alexander|last2=RIR|first2=specially for|date=2014-07-29|website=www.rbth.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Subsequently, the Bashkir battalions were the most notable fighters during the Napoleonic wars on the north German and Dutch plateau. The Dutch and the Germans called the Bashkirs "Northern Amurs", probably because the population was not aware of who the Bashkirs actually were or where they came from, therefore the usage of "]s" in the name may be an approximation; these battalions were considered as the liberators from the ], however modern Russian military sources do not credit the Bashkirs with these accomplishments. These regiments also served in ] and the subsequent ] by the coalition forces.<ref name="rbth.com"/> During the ], many Bashkirs served as mercenaries in the Russian army to defend from the ] invaders during ].<ref name="rbth.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/29/how_russias_steppe_warriors_took_on_napoleons_armies_37029|title=How Russia's steppe warriors took on Napoleon's armies|last1=Vershinin|first1=Alexander|last2=RIR|first2=specially for|date=2014-07-29|website=www.rbth.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Subsequently, the Bashkir battalions were the most notable fighters during the Napoleonic wars on the north German and Dutch plateau. The Dutch and the Germans called the Bashqorts "Northern Amurs", probably because the population was not aware of who the Bashqorts actually were or where they came from, but also because most of the Bashqorts were drafted in a very young age (14-16); these battalions were considered as the liberators from the ], however modern Russian military sources do not credit the Bashqorts with these accomplishments. These regiments also served in ] and the subsequent ] by the coalition forces.<ref name="rbth.com"/>


=== Establishment of First Republic of Bashkortostan === === Establishment of First Republic of Bashkortostan ===
] ]
After the ], the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled by ] proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashkir Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and the autonomous entity ] on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashkortostan the first ever ] ] ] in history. After the ], the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashqort Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled by ] proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashqort Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and the autonomous entity ] on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashqortostan the first ever ] ] ] in history.


=== Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic === === Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ===
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=== World War II === === World War II ===
During ], Bashkir soldiers served in the ] to defend the ] and fought against the Germans during the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ibragimov|first=N. G.|date=1988|title=|journal=Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie|issue=3|pages=64–67|issn=0038-5239|pmid=3287647}}</ref> During ], Bashqort soldiers served in the ] to defend the ] and fought against the Germans during the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ibragimov|first=N. G.|date=1988|title=|journal=Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie|issue=3|pages=64–67|issn=0038-5239|pmid=3287647}}</ref>


=== Second declaration of independence === === Second declaration of independence ===
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On October 11, 1990, Declaration of State Sovereignty by the Supreme Council of the Republic was proclaimed. On March 31, 1992 ] signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and areas of jurisdiction and the nature of contractual relations between the authorities of the ] and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition including the ]. On October 11, 1990, Declaration of State Sovereignty by the Supreme Council of the Republic was proclaimed. On March 31, 1992 ] signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and areas of jurisdiction and the nature of contractual relations between the authorities of the ] and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition including the ].


== Bashkir tribes == == Bashqort tribes ==
North-eastern group: Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} North-eastern group: Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}


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== Genetics == == Genetics ==
] is most common among the Bashkirs]] ] is most common among the Bashkirs]]
Mitochondrial (]) analysis of Bashkir populations has shown that approximately 60% of their haplogroups have West Eurasian or ]an origins, while 40% have a Siberian or ]n origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/bashkirs.html|title=Bashkir Genetics – DNA of Russia's Turkic people of Bashkortostan|website=www.khazaria.com|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> Mitochondrial (]) analysis of Bashqort populations has shown that approximately 60% of their haplogroups have West Eurasian or ]an origins, while 40% have a Siberian or ]n origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/bashkirs.html|title=Bashkir Genetics – DNA of Russia's Turkic people of Bashkortostan|website=www.khazaria.com|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>


Genetic studies on ] have revealed that the dominant frequency for Bashkir males is the ] (R-M269 and R-M73) which is, on average, 47.6%. The second most dominant haplogroup is ] at an average frequency of 26,5%, and the third is ] at 17%. Genetic studies on ] have revealed that the dominant frequency for Bashqort males is the ] (R-M269 and R-M73) which is, on average, 47.6%. The second most dominant haplogroup is ] at an average frequency of 26,5%, and the third is ] at 17%.


Haplogroups ], ], ], were found at low incidences and are associated with Far Eastern Asians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsr221|doi = 10.1093/molbev/msr221|title = The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations|year = 2012|last1 = Yunusbayev|first1 = B.|last2 = Metspalu|first2 = M.|last3 = Jarve|first3 = M.|last4 = Kutuev|first4 = I.|last5 = Rootsi|first5 = S.|last6 = Metspalu|first6 = E.|last7 = Behar|first7 = D. M.|last8 = Varendi|first8 = K.|last9 = Sahakyan|first9 = H.|last10 = Khusainova|first10 = R.|last11 = Yepiskoposyan|first11 = L.|last12 = Khusnutdinova|first12 = E. K.|last13 = Underhill|first13 = P. A.|last14 = Kivisild|first14 = T.|last15 = Villems|first15 = R.|journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume = 29|pages = 359–365|pmid = 21917723}}</ref> East Asian haplogroup C2 * -M217 (xM48) ranged from 0% to 17%. Haplogroup O-M75 from 0% to 6%.<ref name="lob">{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816193639/http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|url-status=dead|title=Лобов А. С. Структура генофонда субпопуляций башкир. Диссертация кандидата биологических наук. — Уфа, 2009.- 131 с.|archivedate=August 16, 2011|language=ru}}</ref> Haplogroups ], ], ], were found at low incidences and are associated with Far Eastern Asians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsr221|doi = 10.1093/molbev/msr221|title = The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations|year = 2012|last1 = Yunusbayev|first1 = B.|last2 = Metspalu|first2 = M.|last3 = Jarve|first3 = M.|last4 = Kutuev|first4 = I.|last5 = Rootsi|first5 = S.|last6 = Metspalu|first6 = E.|last7 = Behar|first7 = D. M.|last8 = Varendi|first8 = K.|last9 = Sahakyan|first9 = H.|last10 = Khusainova|first10 = R.|last11 = Yepiskoposyan|first11 = L.|last12 = Khusnutdinova|first12 = E. K.|last13 = Underhill|first13 = P. A.|last14 = Kivisild|first14 = T.|last15 = Villems|first15 = R.|journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume = 29|pages = 359–365|pmid = 21917723}}</ref> East Asian haplogroup C2 * -M217 (xM48) ranged from 0% to 17%. Haplogroup O-M75 from 0% to 6%.<ref name="lob">{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816193639/http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF|url-status=dead|title=Лобов А. С. Структура генофонда субпопуляций башкир. Диссертация кандидата биологических наук. — Уфа, 2009.- 131 с.|archivedate=August 16, 2011|language=ru}}</ref>


In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashkir, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%).{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashqort, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%).{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}


Near Eastern haplogroups J2 and G2 range from 0–17%.<ref name="lob"/> Near Eastern haplogroups J2 and G2 range from 0–17%.<ref name="lob"/>


Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between ], whose homeland is around the ], and Bashkirs; analysis of ]3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashkirs are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Post|first1=Helen|last2=Németh|first2=Endre|last3=Klima|first3=László|last4=Flores|first4=Rodrigo|last5=Fehér|first5=Tibor|last6=Türk|first6=Attila|last7=Székely|first7=Gábor|last8=Sahakyan|first8=Hovhannes|last9=Mondal|first9=Mayukh|last10=Montinaro|first10=Francesco|last11=Karmin|first11=Monika|date=24 May 2019|title=Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=7786|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6|pmid=31127140|pmc=6534673|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7786P|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between ], whose homeland is around the ], and Bashqorts; analysis of ]3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashqorts are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Post|first1=Helen|last2=Németh|first2=Endre|last3=Klima|first3=László|last4=Flores|first4=Rodrigo|last5=Fehér|first5=Tibor|last6=Türk|first6=Attila|last7=Székely|first7=Gábor|last8=Sahakyan|first8=Hovhannes|last9=Mondal|first9=Mayukh|last10=Montinaro|first10=Francesco|last11=Karmin|first11=Monika|date=24 May 2019|title=Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=7786|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6|pmid=31127140|pmc=6534673|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7786P|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>


According to Suslova, et al. (2012) the Bashkir population shared immune genes with both West and Eastern Eurasian populations. A Finno-Ugric origin of Bashkirs was unsupported by their findings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suslova |first1=T. A. |last2=Burmistrova |first2=A. L. |last3=Chernova |first3=M. S. |last4=Khromova |first4=E. B. |last5=Lupar |first5=E. I. |last6=Timofeeva |first6=S. V. |last7=Devald |first7=I. V. |last8=Vavilov |first8=M. N. |last9=Darke |first9=C. |title=HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals): HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars |journal=International Journal of Immunogenetics |date=October 2012 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=394–408 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x |pmid=22520580 |s2cid=20804610 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x |language=en}}</ref> According to Suslova, et al. (2012) the Bashqort population shared immune genes with both West and Eastern Eurasian populations. A Finno-Ugric origin of Bashqorts was unsupported by their findings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suslova |first1=T. A. |last2=Burmistrova |first2=A. L. |last3=Chernova |first3=M. S. |last4=Khromova |first4=E. B. |last5=Lupar |first5=E. I. |last6=Timofeeva |first6=S. V. |last7=Devald |first7=I. V. |last8=Vavilov |first8=M. N. |last9=Darke |first9=C. |title=HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals): HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars |journal=International Journal of Immunogenetics |date=October 2012 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=394–408 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x |pmid=22520580 |s2cid=20804610 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x |language=en}}</ref>


] ]
A genetic study by Yunusbayev et al. 2015 found that the Bashkirs display a significant amount of East Eurasian derived ancestry (c. 40%), of which roughly the half can be associated with Siberian ancestry maximized in modern day ], and the other half with ]s. The remainder of the Bashkirs ancestry was linked to West Eurasian, primarily European sources. The results point to admixture between local Indo-European-speakers, Uralic-speakers and Turkic-speakers. The admixture event dates to the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments. According to the authors, the admixture thus occurred after the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchak Turks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yunusbayev|first1=Bayazit|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Valeev|first4=Albert|last5=Litvinov|first5=Sergei|last6=Valiev|first6=Ruslan|last7=Akhmetova|first7=Vita|last8=Balanovska|first8=Elena|last9=Balanovsky|first9=Oleg|last10=Turdikulova|first10=Shahlo|last11=Dalimova|first11=Dilbar|last12=Nymadawa|first12=Pagbajabyn|last13=Bahmanimehr|first13=Ardeshir|last14=Sahakyan|first14=Hovhannes|last15=Tambets|first15=Kristiina|last16=Fedorova|first16=Sardana|last17=Barashkov|first17=Nikolay|last18=Khidiyatova|first18=Irina|last19=Mihailov|first19=Evelin|last20=Khusainova|first20=Rita|last21=Damba|first21=Larisa|last22=Derenko|first22=Miroslava|last23=Malyarchuk|first23=Boris|last24=Osipova|first24=Ludmila|last25=Voevoda|first25=Mikhail|last26=Yepiskoposyan|first26=Levon|last27=Kivisild|first27=Toomas|last28=Khusnutdinova|first28=Elza|last29=Villems|first29=Richard|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genet|date=21 April 2015|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006 |doi-access=free }} "For example, the present-day Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Kyrgyz span from the Volga basin to the Tien-Shan Mountains in Central Asia, yet (Fig 5) showed evidence of recent admixture ranging from the 13th to the 14th centuries. These peoples speak Turkic languages of the Kipchak-Karluk branch and their admixture ages postdate the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchak Turks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century ."</ref> A genetic study by Yunusbayev et al. 2015 found that the Bashqorts display a significant amount of East Eurasian derived ancestry (c. 40%), of which roughly the half can be associated with Siberian ancestry maximized in modern day ], and the other half with ]s. The remainder of the Bashqorts ancestry was linked to West Eurasian, primarily European sources. The results point to admixture between local Indo-European-speakers, Uralic-speakers and Turkic-speakers. The admixture event dates to the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments. According to the authors, the admixture thus occurred after the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchak Turks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yunusbayev|first1=Bayazit|last2=Metspalu|first2=Mait|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Valeev|first4=Albert|last5=Litvinov|first5=Sergei|last6=Valiev|first6=Ruslan|last7=Akhmetova|first7=Vita|last8=Balanovska|first8=Elena|last9=Balanovsky|first9=Oleg|last10=Turdikulova|first10=Shahlo|last11=Dalimova|first11=Dilbar|last12=Nymadawa|first12=Pagbajabyn|last13=Bahmanimehr|first13=Ardeshir|last14=Sahakyan|first14=Hovhannes|last15=Tambets|first15=Kristiina|last16=Fedorova|first16=Sardana|last17=Barashkov|first17=Nikolay|last18=Khidiyatova|first18=Irina|last19=Mihailov|first19=Evelin|last20=Khusainova|first20=Rita|last21=Damba|first21=Larisa|last22=Derenko|first22=Miroslava|last23=Malyarchuk|first23=Boris|last24=Osipova|first24=Ludmila|last25=Voevoda|first25=Mikhail|last26=Yepiskoposyan|first26=Levon|last27=Kivisild|first27=Toomas|last28=Khusnutdinova|first28=Elza|last29=Villems|first29=Richard|title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-speaking Nomads across Eurasia|journal=PLOS Genet|date=21 April 2015|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e1005068|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4405460|pmid=25898006 |doi-access=free }} "For example, the present-day Tatars, Bashqorts, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Kyrgyz span from the Volga basin to the Tien-Shan Mountains in Central Asia, yet (Fig 5) showed evidence of recent admixture ranging from the 13th to the 14th centuries. These peoples speak Turkic languages of the Kipchak-Karluk branch and their admixture ages postdate the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchak Turks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century ."</ref>


A full genome study by Triska et al. 2017 found that the Bashkirs "''were strongly influenced by ]s, highlighting a mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations''".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Chekanov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Stepanov |first3=Vadim |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=Elza K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun |last6=Akhmetova |first6=Vita |last7=Babalyan |first7=Konstantin |last8=Boulygina |first8=Eugenia |last9=Kharkov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Gubina |first10=Marina |last11=Khidiyatova |first11=Irina |last12=Khitrinskaya |first12=Irina |last13=Khrameeva |first13=Ekaterina E. |last14=Khusainova |first14=Rita |last15=Konovalova |first15=Natalia |date=2017-12-28 |title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=110 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5751809 |pmid=29297395 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A full genome study by Triska et al. 2017 found that the Bashkirs "''were strongly influenced by ]s, highlighting a mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations''".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Chekanov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Stepanov |first3=Vadim |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=Elza K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun |last6=Akhmetova |first6=Vita |last7=Babalyan |first7=Konstantin |last8=Boulygina |first8=Eugenia |last9=Kharkov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Gubina |first10=Marina |last11=Khidiyatova |first11=Irina |last12=Khitrinskaya |first12=Irina |last13=Khrameeva |first13=Ekaterina E. |last14=Khusainova |first14=Rita |last15=Konovalova |first15=Natalia |date=2017-12-28 |title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=110 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5751809 |pmid=29297395 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


A genetic study published in ''Scientific Reports'' in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 ]. The majority of them carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 30% of East Eurasian & broadly Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to Bashkirs. ] was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among ]. A wide variety of ]s were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements.<ref name = Neparaaczki2019>{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |display-authors=1 |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=9 |issue=16569 |pages=16569 |bibcode=2019NatSR...916569N |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5 |pmc=6851379 |pmid=31719606 |ref={{harvid|Neparáczki et al.|2019}}}}</ref> A group of Bashkirs from the ] and ] districts of the Republic of ] in the ] region who belong to the R1a subclade ] are the closest kin to the Hungarian ], from which they got separated 2000 years ago.<ref name="Nagy20">{{Citation |last1=Nagy |first1=P.L. |last2=Olasz |first2=J. |last3=Neparáczki |first3=E. |display-authors=etal |title=Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=2020 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=164–172 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z|pmid=32636469 |pmc=7809292 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=R-SUR51 Y-DNA Haplogroup|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-SUR51/|website=YFull}}</ref> A genetic study published in ''Scientific Reports'' in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 ]. The majority of them carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 30% of East Eurasian & broadly Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to Bashqorts. ] was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among ]. A wide variety of ]s were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements.<ref name = Neparaaczki2019>{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |display-authors=1 |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=9 |issue=16569 |pages=16569 |bibcode=2019NatSR...916569N |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5 |pmc=6851379 |pmid=31719606 |ref={{harvid|Neparáczki et al.|2019}}}}</ref> A group of Bashkirs from the ] and ] districts of the Republic of ] in the ] region who belong to the R1a subclade ] are the closest kin to the Hungarian ], from which they got separated 2000 years ago.<ref name="Nagy20">{{Citation |last1=Nagy |first1=P.L. |last2=Olasz |first2=J. |last3=Neparáczki |first3=E. |display-authors=etal |title=Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=2020 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=164–172 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z|pmid=32636469 |pmc=7809292 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=R-SUR51 Y-DNA Haplogroup|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-SUR51/|website=YFull}}</ref>


A genetic analysis on genetic data of Hun, Avar and Magyar conqueror samples by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashkirs. Historical Magyar genome can be modeled as ~50% ], ~35% ], and ~15% ]. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maróti |first1=Zoltán |last2=Neparáczki |first2=Endre |last3=Schütz |first3=Oszkár |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Varga |first5=Gergely I. B. |last6=Kovács |first6=Bence |last7=Kalmár |first7=Tibor |last8=Nyerki |first8=Emil |last9=Nagy |first9=István |last10=Latinovics |first10=Dóra |last11=Tihanyi |first11=Balázs |last12=Marcsik |first12=Antónia |last13=Pálfi |first13=György |last14=Bernert |first14=Zsolt |last15=Gallina |first15=Zsolt |date=2022-07-11 |title=The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=2858–2870.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 |pmid=35617951 |s2cid=246191357 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }}</ref> A genetic analysis on genetic data of Hun, Avar and Magyar conqueror samples by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashqorts. Historical Magyar genome can be modeled as ~50% ], ~35% ], and ~15% ]. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maróti |first1=Zoltán |last2=Neparáczki |first2=Endre |last3=Schütz |first3=Oszkár |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Varga |first5=Gergely I. B. |last6=Kovács |first6=Bence |last7=Kalmár |first7=Tibor |last8=Nyerki |first8=Emil |last9=Nagy |first9=István |last10=Latinovics |first10=Dóra |last11=Tihanyi |first11=Balázs |last12=Marcsik |first12=Antónia |last13=Pálfi |first13=György |last14=Bernert |first14=Zsolt |last15=Gallina |first15=Zsolt |date=2022-07-11 |title=The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=2858–2870.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 |pmid=35617951 |s2cid=246191357 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Language == == Language ==
{{Main|Bashkir language}} {{Main|Bashkir language}}
] is a ] of the ] group. It has three main dialects: Southern, Eastern and North-Western located in the territory of ]. ] is a ] of the ] group. It has three main dialects: Southern, Eastern and North-Western located in the territory of ].


The ] recorded 1,152,404 Bashkir speakers in the ]. The Bashkir language is native to 1,133,339 Bashkirs (71.7% of the total number of Bashkirs, reporting mother tongue). The ] was reported as the native tongue of 230,846 Bashkirs (14.6%), and ] as the native tongue of 216,066 Bashkirs (13.7%). Most Bashkirs are ] in ] and ]. The ] recorded 1,152,404 Bashqort speakers in the ]. The Bashqort language is native to 1,133,339 Bashkirs (71.7% of the total number of Bashqorts, reporting mother tongue). The ] was reported as the native tongue of 230,846 Bashqorts (14.6%), and ] as the native tongue of 216,066 Bashqorts (13.7%). Most Bashqorts are ] in ] and ].


The first appearance of a "Bashkir" language is dated back to the ], in the form of stone inscription using a Runic alphabet, most likely, this alphabet derives from the ] variant of the ]. This archaic version of a Bashkir language would be more or less a dialect of the proto-Kipchak language, however, since then, the Bashkir language has been through a series of vowel and consonant shifts, which are a result of a common literary history shared with the ] language since the formation of the ], when the ] started to receive ] influence and became the ], most likely between the 10th and 11th centuries. The first appearance of a "Bashqort" language is dated back to the ], in the form of stone inscription using a Runic alphabet, most likely, this alphabet derives from the ] variant of the ]. This archaic version of a Bashqort language would be more or less a dialect of the proto-Kipchak language, however, since then, the Bashqort language has been through a series of vowel and consonant shifts, which are a result of a common literary history shared with the ] language since the formation of the ], when the ] started to receive ] influence and became the ], most likely between the 10th and 11th centuries.


The ] and ] languages are most likely the closest-sounding extant languages to the extinct Proto-Kipchak Bashkir language. The ] and ] languages are most likely the closest-sounding extant languages to the extinct Proto-Kipchak Bashkir language.


From an arc of time of roughly 900 years, the Bashkir language and Idel Tatar language, previously being completely different languages, "melded" into a series of dialects of a common ] language. The Idel Tatars and Bashkirs are and always were two peoples of completely different origins, cultures and identities, but because of a shared common literary history in an arc of 900 years, the two languages ended up in a common language, spoken in different dialects with features depending on the people which spoke them. From an arc of time of roughly 900 years, the Bashqort language and Idel Tatar language, previously being completely different languages, "melded" into a series of dialects of a common ] language. The Idel Tatars and Bashqorts are and always were two peoples of completely different origins, cultures and identities, but because of a shared common literary history in an arc of 900 years, the two languages ended up in a common language, spoken in different dialects with features depending on the people which spoke them.


For example, the dialects spoken by Bashkirs, tend to have an accent which mostly resembles other Kipchak languages, like ], ], ], ], and many other languages of the ] sub-group, while the dialects spoken by Idel Tatars, have accents more resembling the original ] spoken before the ]. For example, the dialects spoken by Bashqorts, tend to have an accent which mostly resembles other Kipchak languages, like ], ], ], ], and many other languages of the ] sub-group, while the dialects spoken by Idel Tatars, have accents more resembling the original ] spoken before the ].


At the beginning of the 20th century, most notably during the ], when ] and ] became two different republics, the Bashkir and Idel Tatar language were defined as two separate literary languages, each of them based on the most distinct dialects of the Volga Kipchak language spoken by the Bashkir and ] people. At the beginning of the 20th century, most notably during the ], when ] and ] became two different republics, the Bashqort and Idel Tatar language were defined as two separate literary languages, each of them based on the most distinct dialects of the Volga Kipchak language spoken by the Bashqort and ] people.


The Cyrillic alphabet is the official alphabet used to write Bashkir. The Cyrillic alphabet is the official alphabet used to write Bashqort.


== Demographics == == Demographics ==
] ]


The ethnic Bashkir population is estimated at 2 million people (2009 ]). The 2021 Russian census recorded 1,571,879 ethnic Bashkirs in ], of which 1,268,806 live in ] (31.5% of the total population of the republic). The ethnic Bashqort population is estimated at 2 million people (2009 ]). The 2021 Russian census recorded 1,571,879 ethnic Bashqorts in ], of which 1,268,806 live in ] (31.5% of the total population of the republic).


== Culture == == Culture ==
], 2016]] ], 2016]]
The Bashkirs traditionally practiced agriculture, cattle-rearing and bee-keeping. The half-nomadic Bashkirs travelled through either the mountains or the steppes, herding cattle. Wild-hive beekeeping is another attested tradition, which is practiced in the same ] near the ].<ref name=":0" /> The Bashkirs traditionally practiced agriculture, cattle-rearing and bee-keeping. The half-nomadic Bashqorts travelled through either the mountains or the steppes, herding cattle. Wild-hive beekeeping is another attested tradition, which is practiced in the same ] near the ].<ref name=":0" />


Traditional Bashkir dish ] is prepared from boiled meat and halma (a type of noodle), sprinkled with herbs and flavored with onions and some {{lang|ba-Latn|]}} (young dry cheese). Dairy is another notable feature of the ]: dishes are often served with dairy products, and few celebrations occur without the serving of {{lang|ba-Latn|qorot}} or {{lang|ba-Latn|]}} (sour cream). Traditional Bashqort dish ] is prepared from boiled meat and halma (a type of noodle), sprinkled with herbs and flavored with onions and some {{lang|ba-Latn|]}} (young dry cheese). Dairy is another notable feature of the ]: dishes are often served with dairy products, and few celebrations occur without the serving of {{lang|ba-Latn|qorot}} or {{lang|ba-Latn|]}} (sour cream).
] ]
] ]


=== Epic poems and mythology === === Epic poems and mythology ===
The Bashkirs have a rich ] referencing the genesis and early history of the people. Through the works of their ], the views of ancient Bashkirs on ], their wisdom, psychology, and moral ideals are preserved. The genre composition of the Bashkir oral tradition is diverse: ], ]s and traditions, riddles, songs (ritual, epic or lyrical), etc. The Bashqorts have a rich ] referencing the genesis and early history of the people. Through the works of their ], the views of ancient Bashqorts on ], their wisdom, psychology, and moral ideals are preserved. The genre composition of the Bashqort oral tradition is diverse: ], ]s and traditions, riddles, songs (ritual, epic or lyrical), etc.


The Bashkir poems, like the epic creations of other peoples, find origin in the ancient ], in fact the Bashkir epic tale culture can be considered a more developed and expanded version of old Turkic epic culture. Majority of the poems of Bashkir mythology have been written down and published as books at the beginning of the 20th century, these poems compose a great part of the literature of the Bashkir people and are important examples of further-developed Turkic culture. The Bashqort poems, like the epic creations of other peoples, find origin in the ancient ], in fact the Bashqort epic tale culture can be considered a more developed and expanded version of old Turkic epic culture. Majority of the poems of Bashqort mythology have been written down and published as books at the beginning of the 20th century, these poems compose a great part of the literature of the Bashqort people and are important examples of further-developed Turkic culture.


Some of these poems became important on a continental level, for example the epic poem the "]", which tells the tale of the legendary hero Ural, is the origin of the name of the ]. Other poems constitute a great part of the Bashkir national identity, other tales apart from the Ural Batyr include "]", "{{lang|ba-Latn|Qara yurga}}", "{{lang|ba-Latn|Aqhaq qola}}", "{{lang|ba-Latn|Kongur buga}}", and "{{lang|ba-Latn|Uzaq Tuzaq}}". Some of these poems became important on a continental level, for example the epic poem the "]", which tells the tale of the legendary hero Ural, is the origin of the name of the ]. Other poems constitute a great part of the Bashqort national identity, other tales apart from the Ural Batyr include "]", "{{lang|ba-Latn|Qara yurga}}", "{{lang|ba-Latn|Aqhaq qola}}", "{{lang|ba-Latn|Kongur buga}}", and "{{lang|ba-Latn|Uzaq Tuzaq}}".


=== The Ural-Batyr and its impact === === The Ural-Batyr and its impact ===
The poem '']'' is an epic which includes deities of the ] pantheon. It takes basis on the pre-Islamic Bashkir conception of the world. In the ''Ural Batyr'' the world is three-tiered. It includes a heavenly, earthly and underworld (underwater) trinity: in the sky, the heavenly king Samrau resides, his wives are the Sun and the Moon, he has two daughters, ] and ], who are incarnated either in the form of birds or beautiful girls. In the ''Ural Batyr'', Umay is incarnated into a ] and later assumes the aspect of a beautiful girl as the story proceeds. The poem '']'' is an epic which includes deities of the ] pantheon. It takes basis on the pre-Islamic Bashqort conception of the world. In the ''Ural Batyr'' the world is three-tiered. It includes a heavenly, earthly and underworld (underwater) trinity: in the sky, the heavenly king Samrau resides, his wives are the Sun and the Moon, he has two daughters, ] and ], who are incarnated either in the form of birds or beautiful girls. In the ''Ural Batyr'', Umay is incarnated into a ] and later assumes the aspect of a beautiful girl as the story proceeds.


People live on the earth, the best of whom pledge honor and respect to the existence of nature. The third world is the underground world, where the ''Devas'' (also singular ''Deva'' or ''Div'') live, incarnated as a snake, the incarnation of the dark forces, who live underground. Through the actions and divisions of the world related in the Ural Batyr, the Bashkirs express a manichaean view of ]. The legendary hero Ural, possessing titanic power, overcoming incredible difficulties, destroys the ''deva'', and obtains "living water" (the idea of water in nature, in the pre-Islamic Bashkir pantheon of the ], is considered a spirit of life). People live on the earth, the best of whom pledge honor and respect to the existence of nature. The third world is the underground world, where the ''Devas'' (also singular ''Deva'' or ''Div'') live, incarnated as a snake, the incarnation of the dark forces, who live underground. Through the actions and divisions of the world related in the Ural Batyr, the Bashqorts express a manichaean view of ]. The legendary hero Ural, possessing titanic power, overcoming incredible difficulties, destroys the ''deva'', and obtains "living water" (the idea of water in nature, in the pre-Islamic Bashqort pantheon of the ], is considered a spirit of life).


Ural thus obtains the "living water" in order to defeat death in the name of the eternal existence of man and nature. Ural does not drink the "living water" to live eternally. Instead, he decides to sparkle it around himself, to die and donate eternity to the world, the withered earth turning green. Ural dies and from his body emerge the ]; the name of the Ural mountain range comes from this poem. Ural thus obtains the "living water" in order to defeat death in the name of the eternal existence of man and nature. Ural does not drink the "living water" to live eternally. Instead, he decides to sparkle it around himself, to die and donate eternity to the world, the withered earth turning green. Ural dies and from his body emerge the ]; the name of the Ural mountain range comes from this poem.


===Music=== ===Music===
The Bashkirs have a style of overtone singing called ''{{lang|ba-Latn|özläü}}'' (sometimes spelled ''{{lang|ba-Latn|uzlyau}}''; ] '''{{lang|ba|Өзләү}}'''), which has nearly died out. In addition, Bashkorts also sing ''{{lang|ba-Latn|uzlyau}}'' while playing the ], a national instrument. This technique of vocalizing into a ] can also be found in ] as far west as the ] and ]. The Bashqorts have a style of overtone singing called ''{{lang|ba-Latn|özläü}}'' (sometimes spelled ''{{lang|ba-Latn|uzlyau}}''; ] '''{{lang|ba|Өзләү}}'''), which has nearly died out. In addition, Bashqorts also sing ''{{lang|ba-Latn|uzlyau}}'' while playing the ], a national instrument. This technique of vocalizing into a ] can also be found in ] as far west as the ] and ].


=== Mentality === === Mentality ===
The Bashkirs give rise to the following essential characteristics of the Bashkir mentality: philosophical, poetic thinking, hospitality and courage, serenity, simplicity, modesty, tolerance, pride, a keen sense of justice and competitiveness. The fundamental value of the Bashkir mentality is humanism, it is this idea that runs through the entire axis of the culture of the people.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} The Bashqorts give rise to the following essential characteristics of the Bashqort mentality: philosophical, poetic thinking, hospitality and courage, serenity, simplicity, modesty, tolerance, pride, a keen sense of justice and competitiveness. The fundamental value of the Bashqort mentality is humanism, it is this idea that runs through the entire axis of the culture of the people.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}


== Religion == == Religion ==
] ]
] in ], Bashkortostan]] ] in ], Bashkortostan]]


In the pre-Islamic period the Bashkirs practised ] and ], and incorporated the cosmogony of ].<ref>Shireen Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, "", M.E. Sharpe Inc.</ref><ref> // Compatriot, Popular Science Magazine {{in lang|ru}}</ref> In the pre-Islamic period the Bashqorts practised ] and ], and incorporated the cosmogony of ].<ref>Shireen Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, "", M.E. Sharpe Inc.</ref><ref> // Compatriot, Popular Science Magazine {{in lang|ru}}</ref>


Bashkirs began converting to Islam in the 10th century.<ref>Shirin Akiner, "", Second edition, 1986</ref><ref name=":0" /> Arab traveler ] in 921 met some of the Bashkirs, who were already Muslims.<ref>Allen J. Frank, "", Brill, 1998</ref> The final assertion of Islam among the Bashkirs occurred in the 1320s and 1330s during the ] period. The ], burial place of the first Imam of historical Bashkortostan, is preserved in contemporary Bashkortostan. The mausoleum is a 14th-century building. ] established the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly in 1788 in ], which was the first Muslim administrative center in Russia. Bashqorts began converting to Islam in the 10th century.<ref>Shirin Akiner, "", Second edition, 1986</ref><ref name=":0" /> Arab traveler ] in 921 met some of the Bashqorts, who were already Muslims.<ref>Allen J. Frank, "", Brill, 1998</ref> The final assertion of Islam among the Bashqorts occurred in the 1320s and 1330s during the ] period. The ], burial place of the first Imam of historical Bashqortostan, is preserved in contemporary Bashqortostan. The mausoleum is a 14th-century building. ] established the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly in 1788 in ], which was the first Muslim administrative center in Russia.


Religious revival among the Bashkirs began in the early 1990s.<ref>Jeffrey E. Cole, "", Greenwood publishing group</ref> According to ] there were more than 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan in 2010.<ref> // ], 17 December 2010</ref> Religious revival among the Bashqorts began in the early 1990s.<ref>Jeffrey E. Cole, "", Greenwood publishing group</ref> According to ] there were more than 1,000 mosques in Bashqortostan in 2010.<ref> // ], 17 December 2010</ref>


The Bashkirs are predominantly ] of the ] ].<ref name="encyclopedia">"", Encyclopedia.com</ref> The Bashqorts are predominantly ] of the ] ].<ref name="encyclopedia">"", Encyclopedia.com</ref>


== Notable Bashkirs == == Notable Bashqort ==
* See ] * See ]


Revision as of 20:58, 15 February 2024

Turkic ethnic group For other uses, see Bashkir (disambiguation). Ethnic group
Bashqorts
Башҡорттар (Bashkir)
File:Bashqorts of Baymak rayon.jpgBashqorts of Baymak in traditional dress
Total population
approx. 2 million
Regions with significant populations
 Russia  1,584,554
•  Bashkortostan 1,268,806
 Kazakhstan41,000
 Uzbekistan58,500
 Ukraine4,253
 Belarus1,200
 Turkmenistan8,000
 Moldova610
 Latvia177-205
 Lithuania400
 Estonia112
 Kyrgyzstan1,111
 Georgia379
 Azerbaijan533
 Armenia145
 Tajikistan8,400
Languages
Bashkir, Russian, Tatar
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Volga Tatars, Kazakhs, Nogais, Crimean Tatars

The Bashqorts (Template:Lang-ba, also known under an Bashkirs IPA: [bɑʂ.qʊɾt.ˈtaɾ]; Template:Lang-ru, pronounced [bɐʂˈkʲirɨ]) are a Kipchak Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Russia. They are concentrated in Bashqortostan, a republic of the Russian Federation and in the broader historical region of Tarixi Bashqortostan, which spans both sides of the Ural Mountains, where Eastern Europe meets North Asia. Smaller communities of Bashqorts also live in the Republic of Tatarstan, the oblasts of Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan and other regions in Russia; sizable minorities exist in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Bashkirs in Paris during the Napoleonic Wars, 1814
Bashkirs in traditional clothing

Most Bashqort speak the Bashqort language, closely related to the Tatar and Kazakh languages, which belong to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages; they share historical and cultural affinities with the broader Turkic peoples. Bashqorts are mainly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab, or school of jurisprudence, and follow the Jadid doctrine. Previously nomadic and fiercely independent, the Bashqorts gradually came under Russian rule beginning in the 16th century; they have since played a major role through the history of Russia, culminating in their autonomous status within the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia.

Ethnonym

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The etymology and indeed meaning of the endonym Bashqort has been for a long time under discussion.

The name Bashqort has been known since the 10th century, most researchers etymologize the name as "main/leader/head" (bash) + "wolf" (qort being an archaic name for the animal), thus "wolf-leader" (from the totemic hero ancestor).

This prevailing folk etymology relates to a legend regarding the migration of the first seven Bashqort tribes from the Syr Darya valley to the Volga-Ural region. The legend relates that the Bashqorts were given a green and fertile land by the fertility goddess of Tengrism Umay (known locally also as Umay-əsə), protected by the legendary Ural mountains (in alignment with the famous Bashqort epic poem "Ural-Batyr"). A wolf was sent to guide these tribes to their promised land, hence bash-qort, "leading wolf". The ethnographers V. N. Tatishchev, P. I. Richkov, and Johann Gottlieb Georgi provided similar etymologies in the 18th century.

Although this is the prevailing theory for an etymology of the term bashqurt, other theories have been formulated:

  • In 1847, the historian V. S. Yumatov speculated the original meaning to have been "beekeeper or beemaster".
  • Douglas Morton Dunlop proposed bashqort being derived from the forms beshgur, bashgur, which means "five oghurs". Since modern sh corresponds to l in Bulgar language. Therefore, Dunlop proposes the ethnonyms Bashqort and Bulgar are equivalent. Zeki Velidi Togan also suggested this.
  • Historian and ethnologist A. E. Alektorov has suggested that Bashqort meant "distinct nation".
  • Anthropologist R. M. Yusupov considered Bashqort may originally have been an Iranian compound word meaning "wolf-children" or "descendants of heroes", on the basis of the words bacha "descendant, child" and gurd "hero" or gurg "wolf".
  • Historian and archaeologist Mikhail Artamonov suggested that the word is a corruption of the name of the Bušxk' (or Bwsxk), a tribe of Scythia that lived in the area now known as Bashqortostan.
  • According to the orientalist Douglas Morton Dunlop, the ethnonym Bashqort was derived from beshgur (or bashgur) which means "five tribes" in the modern Bashqort language.
  • Ethnologist N. V. Bikbulatov suggested that the term originated from the name of a legendary Khazar warlord named Bashgird, who ruled an area along the Yayıq river.
  • Ethnologist R. G. Kuzeev derived the ethnonym from the morphemes bash "leader, head" and qort "tribe".
  • Historian and linguist András Róna-Tas argued the ethnonym "Bashqort" to be a Bulgar Turkic reflex of the Hungarian endonym Magyar (or the Old Hungarian Majer).

History

Main article: History of Bashkortostan

Origins

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The Bashqort group was formed by Turkic tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before migrating to the Southern Urals, wandered for a considerable time in the Aral-Syr Darya steppes (modern day central-southern Kazakhstan), coming into contact with the Pecheneg-Oghuz and Kimak-Kipchak tribes. Therefore, it is possible to note that the Bashqort people originates from the same tribes which compose the modern Kazakhs, Kyrgyzes and Nogais, but there has been a considerable cultural and a small ethnic exchange with Oghuz tribes.

The migration to the valley of the Southern Urals took place between the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, in parallel to the Kipchak migration to the north.

Middle Ages

Mausoleum of Husseinbek of the 14th century in Bashkortostan
Mausoleum of Turakhan of the 15th century in Bashkortostan
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The first report about Bashqorts may have been in the Chinese chronicle Book of Sui (636 AD). Around 40 Turkic Tiele tribes were named in the section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name 比干 (Mandarin Bǐgān < Middle Chinese ZS: *piɪ-kɑn) (in Book of Wei) were a scribal error for 比千 (Bĭqiān < *piɪt͡sʰen) (in History of the Northern Dynasties), the latter reading being favored by Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming.

In the 7th century, Bashqorts were also mentioned in the Armenian Ashkharatsuyts.

However, these mentions may refer to the precursors of the Kipchak Bashkir tribes who travelled in the Aral-Syr Darya region before the migration. The Book of Sui may have mentioned "Bashqorts" when the Turkic peoples were still travelling through southern Siberia.

In the 9th century, during the migration of the Bashqorts to the Volga-Ural region, the first Arab and Persian written reports about Bashqorts are attested. These include reports by Sallam al-Tardjuman who around 850 travelled to the Bashqort territories and outlined their borders.

In the 10th century, the Persian historian and polymath Abu Zayd al-Balkhi described Bashqorts as a people divided into two groups: one inhabiting the Southern Urals, the other living on the Danube plain near the boundaries of Byzantium. Ibn Rustah, a contemporary of Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, observed that Bashqorts were an independent people occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountains ridge between Volga, Kama, and Tobol Rivers and upstream of the Yaik river.

Ahmad ibn Fadlan, ambassador of the Baghdad Caliph Al-Muqtadir to the governor of Volga Bulgaria, wrote the first ethnographic description of the Bashqorts in 922. The Bashqorts, according to Ibn Fadlan, were a warlike and powerful people, which he and his companions (a total of five thousand people, including military protection) "bewared... with the greatest threat". They were described as engaged in cattle breeding. According to ibn Fadlan, the Bashqorts worshipped twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, heaven and earth, and the most prominent, the sky god. Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashqorts, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashqort. According to the testimony of Ibn Fadlan, the Bashqorts were Turks, living on the southern slopes of the Urals, and occupying a vast territory up to the river Volga. They were bordered by Oghuz Turks on the south, Pechenegs to the south-east and Bulgars on the west.

The earliest source to give a geographical description of Bashqorts territory, Mahmud al-Kashgari's Divanu Lugat’it Turk (1072–1074), includes a map with a charted region called Fiyafi Bashqyrt (the Bashqort steppes). Despite a lack of much geographic detail, the sketch map does indicate that the Bashqorts inhabited a territory bordering on the Caspian Sea and the Volga valley in the west, the Ural Mountains in the north-west, and the Irtysh valley in the east, thus giving a rough outline of the area.

Said Al-Andalusi and Muhammad al-Idrisi mention the Bashqorts in the 12th century. The 13th-century authors Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Yaqut al-Hamawi and Qazvini and the 14th-century authors Al-Dimashqi and Abu'l-Fida also wrote about Bashqorts.

The first European sources to mention the Bashqorts were the works of Joannes de Plano Carpini and William of Rubruquis of the 13th century.

By 1226, Genghis Khan had incorporated the lands of Bashqortostan into his empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, all of Bashqortostan was a component of the Golden Horde. The brother of Batu-Khan, Sheibani, received the Bashqort lands east of the Ural Mountains.

After the disintegration of the Mongol Empire, the Bashqorts were divided among the Nogai Horde, the Khanate of Kazan and the Khanate of Sibir, founded in the 15th century.

Early modern period

Bashkir riders
Bashkir sculpture in the haven of Veessen, Netherlands

In the middle of the 16th century, Bashkirs were gradually conquered by the Tsardom of Russia. Primary documents pertaining to the Bashqorts during this period have been lost, although some are mentioned in the shezhere (family trees) of the Bashqort.

During the Russian Imperial period, Russians and Tatars began to migrate to Bashqortostan which led to eventual demographic changes in the region. The recruitment of Bashqorts into the Russian army and having to pay steep taxes pressured many Bashqorts to adopt a more settled lifestyle and to slowly abandon their ancient nomadic pastoralist past.

In the late 16th and early 19th centuries, Bashqorts occupied the territory from the river Sylva in the north, to the river heads of Tobol in the east, the mid-stream of the river Yaik (Ural) in the south; in the Middle and Southern Urals, the Cis-Urals including Volga territory and Trans-Uralsto, and the eastern bank of the river Volga on the south-west.

Bashkir rebellions of the 17th–18th centuries

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This Bashkir wears a medallion, which identifies him as the village chief. Photo by G. Fisher, Orenburg, 1892
Davlekanovo (Ufa Governorate). Kumis cooking, the beginning of the 20th century
Bashkirs in Orenburg, at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, 1913

The Bashqorts participated in the 1662–64, 1681–84 and 1704–11 Rebellions. In 1676, the Bashqorts rebelled under a leader named Seyid Sadir or 'Seit Sadurov', and the Russian army had great difficulties in ending the rebellion. The Bashqorts rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kûsyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials.

At the founding of Orenburg in 1735, the fourth insurrection occurred in 1735 and lasted six years. Ivan Kirillov formed a plan to build the fort to be called Orenburg at Orsk at the confluence of the Or River and the Ural River, south-east of the Urals where the Bashqort, Kalmyk and Kazakh lands met. Work on Fort Orenburg commenced at Orsk in 1735. However, by 1743 the site of Orenburg was moved a further 250 km west to its current location. The next planned construction was to be a fort on the Aral Sea. The consequence of the Aral Sea fort would involve crossing Bashqort and the Kazakh Lesser Horde lands, some of whom had recently offered a nominal submission to the Russian Crown.

The southern side of Bashqortostan was partitioned by the Orenburg Line of forts. The forts ran from Samara on the Volga east as far as the Samara River headwaters. It then crossed to the middle of the Ural River and following the river course east and then north on the eastern side of the Urals. It then went east along the Uy River to Ust-Uisk on the Tobol River where it connected to the ill-defined 'Siberian Line' along the forest-steppe boundary.

In 1774, the Bashqorts, under the leadership of Salavat Yulayev, supported Pugachev's Rebellion. In 1786, the Bashqorts achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed an irregular Bashqort army from among them.

Napoleonic Wars

Bashkirs
William Allan, 1814

During the Napoleonic Wars, many Bashkirs served as mercenaries in the Russian army to defend from the French invaders during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Subsequently, the Bashkir battalions were the most notable fighters during the Napoleonic wars on the north German and Dutch plateau. The Dutch and the Germans called the Bashqorts "Northern Amurs", probably because the population was not aware of who the Bashqorts actually were or where they came from, but also because most of the Bashqorts were drafted in a very young age (14-16); these battalions were considered as the liberators from the French, however modern Russian military sources do not credit the Bashqorts with these accomplishments. These regiments also served in Battle of Paris and the subsequent occupation of France by the coalition forces.

Establishment of First Republic of Bashkortostan

Bashkirs in traditional national costume

After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashqort Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled by Äxmätzäki Wälidi Tıwğan proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashqort Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and the autonomous entity Bashkurdistan on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashqortostan the first ever democratic Turkic republic in history.

Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

In March 1919, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed based on agreements of the Russian Government.

World War II

During World War II, Bashqort soldiers served in the Red Army to defend the Soviet Union and fought against the Germans during the German invasion of the Soviet Union.

Second declaration of independence

On October 11, 1990, Declaration of State Sovereignty by the Supreme Council of the Republic was proclaimed. On March 31, 1992 Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and areas of jurisdiction and the nature of contractual relations between the authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition including the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Bashqort tribes

North-eastern group: Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey.

Northwest group: Baylar, Balyksy, Bulyar, Gaina, Gere, Duvaney, Elan, Adyak, Adey, Irekte, Kanly, Karshin, Kirghiz, Taz, Tanyp, Uvanysh, Un, Uran, Jurmi.

South-eastern group: Burzyan, Kypsak, Tamyan, Tangaur, Usergan, Jurmaty.

Southwest group: Ming.

Genetics

Haplogroup R1b is most common among the Bashkirs

Mitochondrial (mtDNA) analysis of Bashqort populations has shown that approximately 60% of their haplogroups have West Eurasian or European origins, while 40% have a Siberian or East Asian origin.

Genetic studies on Y-DNA haplogroups have revealed that the dominant frequency for Bashqort males is the haplogroup R1b (R-M269 and R-M73) which is, on average, 47.6%. The second most dominant haplogroup is haplogroup R1a at an average frequency of 26,5%, and the third is haplogroup N1c at 17%.

Haplogroups C, O, D1, were found at low incidences and are associated with Far Eastern Asians. East Asian haplogroup C2 * -M217 (xM48) ranged from 0% to 17%. Haplogroup O-M75 from 0% to 6%.

In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashqort, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%).

Near Eastern haplogroups J2 and G2 range from 0–17%.

Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between Hungarians, whose homeland is around the Ural Mountains, and Bashqorts; analysis of haplogroup N3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashqorts are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions.

According to Suslova, et al. (2012) the Bashqort population shared immune genes with both West and Eastern Eurasian populations. A Finno-Ugric origin of Bashqorts was unsupported by their findings.

Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia.

A genetic study by Yunusbayev et al. 2015 found that the Bashqorts display a significant amount of East Eurasian derived ancestry (c. 40%), of which roughly the half can be associated with Siberian ancestry maximized in modern day Nganasans, and the other half with Ancient Northeast Asians. The remainder of the Bashqorts ancestry was linked to West Eurasian, primarily European sources. The results point to admixture between local Indo-European-speakers, Uralic-speakers and Turkic-speakers. The admixture event dates to the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments. According to the authors, the admixture thus occurred after the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchak Turks from the Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century.

A full genome study by Triska et al. 2017 found that the Bashkirs "were strongly influenced by Ancient North Eurasians, highlighting a mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations".

A genetic study published in Scientific Reports in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin. The majority of them carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 30% of East Eurasian & broadly Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to Bashqorts. Haplogroup I2a1a2b was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among South Slavs. A wide variety of phenotypes were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements. A group of Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region who belong to the R1a subclade R1a-SUR51 are the closest kin to the Hungarian Árpád dynasty, from which they got separated 2000 years ago.

A genetic analysis on genetic data of Hun, Avar and Magyar conqueror samples by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashqorts. Historical Magyar genome can be modeled as ~50% Mansi-like, ~35% Sarmatian-like, and ~15% Hun/Xiongnu-like. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC.

Language

Main article: Bashkir language

Bashqort language is a Turkic language of the Kipchak group. It has three main dialects: Southern, Eastern and North-Western located in the territory of historical Bashkortostan.

The Russian census of 2010 recorded 1,152,404 Bashqort speakers in the Russian Federation. The Bashqort language is native to 1,133,339 Bashkirs (71.7% of the total number of Bashqorts, reporting mother tongue). The Tatar language was reported as the native tongue of 230,846 Bashqorts (14.6%), and Russian as the native tongue of 216,066 Bashqorts (13.7%). Most Bashqorts are bilingual in Bashqort and Russian.

The first appearance of a "Bashqort" language is dated back to the 9th century AD, in the form of stone inscription using a Runic alphabet, most likely, this alphabet derives from the Yenisei variant of the old Turkic runic script. This archaic version of a Bashqort language would be more or less a dialect of the proto-Kipchak language, however, since then, the Bashqort language has been through a series of vowel and consonant shifts, which are a result of a common literary history shared with the Idel Tatar language since the formation of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation, when the Oghuric Volga Bulgars started to receive Kipchak Turkic influence and became the Idel Tatars, most likely between the 10th and 11th centuries.

The Nogai and Karachay-Balkar languages are most likely the closest-sounding extant languages to the extinct Proto-Kipchak Bashkir language.

From an arc of time of roughly 900 years, the Bashqort language and Idel Tatar language, previously being completely different languages, "melded" into a series of dialects of a common "Volga Kipchak" or "Volga Turki" language. The Idel Tatars and Bashqorts are and always were two peoples of completely different origins, cultures and identities, but because of a shared common literary history in an arc of 900 years, the two languages ended up in a common language, spoken in different dialects with features depending on the people which spoke them.

For example, the dialects spoken by Bashqorts, tend to have an accent which mostly resembles other Kipchak languages, like Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Nogai, Karakalpak, and many other languages of the Kipchak sub-group, while the dialects spoken by Idel Tatars, have accents more resembling the original Oghuric Volga-Bulgar language spoken before the Cuman invasion.

At the beginning of the 20th century, most notably during the Russian revolution, when Bashkortostan and Tatarstan became two different republics, the Bashqort and Idel Tatar language were defined as two separate literary languages, each of them based on the most distinct dialects of the Volga Kipchak language spoken by the Bashqort and Idel Tatar people.

The Cyrillic alphabet is the official alphabet used to write Bashqort.

Demographics

The area settled by the Bashqorts according to the national census of 2010.

The ethnic Bashqort population is estimated at 2 million people (2009 SIL Ethnologue). The 2021 Russian census recorded 1,571,879 ethnic Bashqorts in Russia, of which 1,268,806 live in Bashqortostan (31.5% of the total population of the republic).

Culture

Bashkirs in traditional clothing, Ufa, 2016

The Bashkirs traditionally practiced agriculture, cattle-rearing and bee-keeping. The half-nomadic Bashqorts travelled through either the mountains or the steppes, herding cattle. Wild-hive beekeeping is another attested tradition, which is practiced in the same Burzyansky District near the Kapova Cave.

Traditional Bashqort dish bishbarmaq is prepared from boiled meat and halma (a type of noodle), sprinkled with herbs and flavored with onions and some ]] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text (pos 9)/Latn script subtag mismatch (help) (young dry cheese). Dairy is another notable feature of the Bashqort cuisine: dishes are often served with dairy products, and few celebrations occur without the serving of qorot or ]] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text (pos 9)/Latn script subtag mismatch (help) (sour cream).

Bashkir embroidery pattern
The mosque in the Bashkir village of Yahya. Photo by S. M. Prokudin-Gorskii, 1910

Epic poems and mythology

The Bashqorts have a rich folklore referencing the genesis and early history of the people. Through the works of their oral folk art, the views of ancient Bashqorts on nature, their wisdom, psychology, and moral ideals are preserved. The genre composition of the Bashqort oral tradition is diverse: epic and fairy tales, legends and traditions, riddles, songs (ritual, epic or lyrical), etc.

The Bashqort poems, like the epic creations of other peoples, find origin in the ancient Turkic mythology, in fact the Bashqort epic tale culture can be considered a more developed and expanded version of old Turkic epic culture. Majority of the poems of Bashqort mythology have been written down and published as books at the beginning of the 20th century, these poems compose a great part of the literature of the Bashqort people and are important examples of further-developed Turkic culture.

Some of these poems became important on a continental level, for example the epic poem the "Ural Batyr", which tells the tale of the legendary hero Ural, is the origin of the name of the Ural mountains. Other poems constitute a great part of the Bashqort national identity, other tales apart from the Ural Batyr include "Aqbuzat", "Qara yurga", "Aqhaq qola", "Kongur buga", and "Uzaq Tuzaq".

The Ural-Batyr and its impact

The poem Ural Batyr is an epic which includes deities of the Tengrist pantheon. It takes basis on the pre-Islamic Bashqort conception of the world. In the Ural Batyr the world is three-tiered. It includes a heavenly, earthly and underworld (underwater) trinity: in the sky, the heavenly king Samrau resides, his wives are the Sun and the Moon, he has two daughters, Umay and Aikhylu, who are incarnated either in the form of birds or beautiful girls. In the Ural Batyr, Umay is incarnated into a swan and later assumes the aspect of a beautiful girl as the story proceeds.

People live on the earth, the best of whom pledge honor and respect to the existence of nature. The third world is the underground world, where the Devas (also singular Deva or Div) live, incarnated as a snake, the incarnation of the dark forces, who live underground. Through the actions and divisions of the world related in the Ural Batyr, the Bashqorts express a manichaean view of good and evil. The legendary hero Ural, possessing titanic power, overcoming incredible difficulties, destroys the deva, and obtains "living water" (the idea of water in nature, in the pre-Islamic Bashqort pantheon of the Turkic mythology, is considered a spirit of life).

Ural thus obtains the "living water" in order to defeat death in the name of the eternal existence of man and nature. Ural does not drink the "living water" to live eternally. Instead, he decides to sparkle it around himself, to die and donate eternity to the world, the withered earth turning green. Ural dies and from his body emerge the Ural Mountains; the name of the Ural mountain range comes from this poem.

Music

The Bashqorts have a style of overtone singing called özläü (sometimes spelled uzlyau; Bashqort Өзләү), which has nearly died out. In addition, Bashqorts also sing uzlyau while playing the kurai, a national instrument. This technique of vocalizing into a flute can also be found in folk music as far west as the Balkans and Hungary.

Mentality

The Bashqorts give rise to the following essential characteristics of the Bashqort mentality: philosophical, poetic thinking, hospitality and courage, serenity, simplicity, modesty, tolerance, pride, a keen sense of justice and competitiveness. The fundamental value of the Bashqort mentality is humanism, it is this idea that runs through the entire axis of the culture of the people.

Religion

Bashqorts in the midday prayer in the vicinity of the village Muldakaevo. Photo by Maxim Dmitriev, 1890
Mosque of Twenty-Five Prophets in Ufa, Bashkortostan

In the pre-Islamic period the Bashqorts practised animism and shamanism, and incorporated the cosmogony of Tengrism.

Bashqorts began converting to Islam in the 10th century. Arab traveler Ibn Fadlan in 921 met some of the Bashqorts, who were already Muslims. The final assertion of Islam among the Bashqorts occurred in the 1320s and 1330s during the Golden Horde period. The Mausoleum of Hussein-Bek, burial place of the first Imam of historical Bashqortostan, is preserved in contemporary Bashqortostan. The mausoleum is a 14th-century building. Catherine the Great established the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly in 1788 in Ufa, which was the first Muslim administrative center in Russia.

Religious revival among the Bashqorts began in the early 1990s. According to Talgat Tadzhuddin there were more than 1,000 mosques in Bashqortostan in 2010.

The Bashqorts are predominantly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab.

Notable Bashqort

See also

Notes

  1. These sources may have confused Bashqorts with Hungarians, since the area of Modern Bashqortostan is often referred as "Magna Hungaria", the zone where the Magyar tribes dwelled before their migration to Europe; it is believed that Bashqorts may have come into contact with these Magyar tribes, since some of the Northern Tribes of the modern Bashqorts do have genetic correspondence with Hungarians

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