| Revision as of 16:40, 25 February 2024 edit2600:1700:5861:82a0:7c16:8a10:5747:9373 (talk) I removed the term "darker" as this applies to a color mixed with black, when what should be noted is that the color cerulean may vary from lighter blue tint (azure) to more intense blue (sky blue), and as well may have the hue of green mixed in with it as well, to form a bluish-green hue. People all the time incorrectly use the term "shade". The word "shade" is derived form Old English "sceadu" which means "shadow," hence any shade of a color is that color mixed with black.Tag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 21:19, 26 April 2024 edit undoCheeseyHead (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users5,707 editsm "colour"Tag: Visual editNext edit → | ||
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| {{pp-pc1}} | {{pp-pc1}} | ||
| {| align="right" | {| align="right" | ||
| |+ Cerulean as a ] on the RYB |
|+ Cerulean as a ] on the RYB colour wheel | ||
| |{{legend|#0247FE|blue}} | |{{legend|#0247FE|blue}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
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| '''Cerulean''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|uː|l|i|ə|n}}), also spelled '''caerulean''', is a variety of ] that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. |
'''Cerulean''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|uː|l|i|ə|n}}), also spelled '''caerulean''', is a variety of ] that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. The first recorded use of ''cerulean'' as a colour name in ] was in 1590.<ref name="MaerzPaul1930C">{{cite book|last1=Maerz|first1=Aloys John |last2=Paul|first2=M. Rea |title=A Dictionary of Color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQ0AAAAIAAJ|year=1930|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company|page=190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample E6}}</ref> The word is derived from the ] word '']'', "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from ''caerulum'', diminutive of ''caelum'', "heaven, sky".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cerulean&searchmode=none|title=cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary|website=Etymonline.com|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> | ||
| "Cerulean blue" is the name of a blue-green ] consisting of ] ] ({{chem|Co|2|SnO|4}}). The pigment was first synthesized in the late eighteenth century by Albrecht Höpfner, a Swiss chemist, and it was known as Höpfner blue during the first half of the nineteenth century. Art suppliers began referring to cobalt stannate as cerulean in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was not widely used by artists until the 1870s when it became available in ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Eastlaugh |first=Nicholas |title=The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments |publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2004 |isbn=9780750657495 |location=Amsterdam; Boston |pages=90 |language=English}}</ref> | "Cerulean blue" is the name of a blue-green ] consisting of ] ] ({{chem|Co|2|SnO|4}}). The pigment was first synthesized in the late eighteenth century by Albrecht Höpfner, a Swiss chemist, and it was known as Höpfner blue during the first half of the nineteenth century. Art suppliers began referring to cobalt stannate as cerulean in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was not widely used by artists until the 1870s when it became available in ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Eastlaugh |first=Nicholas |title=The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments |publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2004 |isbn=9780750657495 |location=Amsterdam; Boston |pages=90 |language=English}}</ref> | ||
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| ==Pigment characteristics== | ==Pigment characteristics== | ||
| The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is ](II) ] ({{chem|Co|2|SnO|4}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/ceruleanblue.html |series=Pigments through the Ages |title=Cerulean blue - Overview |website=webexhibits.org |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/ceruleanblue.html |series=Pigments through the Ages |title=Cerulean blue - History |website=webexhibits.org |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=cerulean blue |series=Material name |publisher=Museum of Fine Arts |place=Boston, MA |website=Cameo.mfa.org |url=http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/record.asp?key=2170&subkey=1977&MaterialName=cobalt&Search=Search |url-status=dead |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203141113/http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/record.asp?key=2170&subkey=1977&MaterialName=cobalt&Search=Search |archive-date=3 February 2009}}</ref> The pigment is a greenish-blue |
The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is ](II) ] ({{chem|Co|2|SnO|4}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/ceruleanblue.html |series=Pigments through the Ages |title=Cerulean blue - Overview |website=webexhibits.org |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/ceruleanblue.html |series=Pigments through the Ages |title=Cerulean blue - History |website=webexhibits.org |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=cerulean blue |series=Material name |publisher=Museum of Fine Arts |place=Boston, MA |website=Cameo.mfa.org |url=http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/record.asp?key=2170&subkey=1977&MaterialName=cobalt&Search=Search |url-status=dead |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203141113/http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/record.asp?key=2170&subkey=1977&MaterialName=cobalt&Search=Search |archive-date=3 February 2009}}</ref> The pigment is a greenish-blue colour. In watercolour, it has a slight chalkiness. When used in ], it loses this quality.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=St. Clair |first=Kassia |title=The Secret Lives of Color |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |year=2017 |isbn=9780143131144 |pages=182–183}}</ref> | ||
| Today, cobalt ] is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener{{efn|Rex Art colour index PB 36}} than the cobalt stannate version.{{efn|Rex Art colour index PB 35}} The chromate makes excellent turquoise colours and is identified by ''Rex Art'' and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue |website=Paintmaking |url=http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171501/http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colormaking attributes |website=Handprint.com |url=http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterb.html |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> | Today, cobalt ] is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener{{efn|Rex Art colour index PB 36}} than the cobalt stannate version.{{efn|Rex Art colour index PB 35}} The chromate makes excellent turquoise colours and is identified by ''Rex Art'' and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue |website=Paintmaking |url=http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171501/http://www.paintmaking.com/blue.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colormaking attributes |website=Handprint.com |url=http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterb.html |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> | ||
| Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both ] and ].<ref>Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". ''Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales'' 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.</ref> | Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both ] and ].<ref>Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". ''Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales'' 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.</ref> | ||
| <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> | <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> | ||
| File:PB35 Bleu Céruléum.JPG|Cerulean blue PB35 | File:PB35 Bleu Céruléum.JPG|Cerulean blue PB35 | ||
| File:Cerulean blue hue.png|A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "]" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the |
File:Cerulean blue hue.png|A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "]" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the colour of oil paint that contains the original pigment. | ||
| File:Ceruleum.png|Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint. | File:Ceruleum.png|Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint. | ||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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| In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. ] of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent colour prepared for the use of artists." Ure's ''Dictionary of Arts'' from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with ] and ]." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, ''bleu céleste'' (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, ] referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, through ceruleum is still used.<ref name=":0" /> | In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. ] of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent colour prepared for the use of artists." Ure's ''Dictionary of Arts'' from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with ] and ]." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, ''bleu céleste'' (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, ] referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, through ceruleum is still used.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney.<ref name=":0" /> Cerulean blue was only available as a |
Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney.<ref name=":0" /> Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolour in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including ], ], and ]. ] created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of ], ], and white.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=St. Clair |first=Kassia |title=The Secret Lives of Color |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |year=2017 |isbn=9780143131144 |pages=182–183}}</ref> | ||
| == Notable occurrences == | == Notable occurrences == | ||
| In 1877, ] had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series '']'' (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include ] and cerulean blue, with some areas of ]. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace ], which may not have been popular by this time."<ref>Roy, Ashok. "The Palettes of Three Impressionist Paintings". ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'' 9 (1985): 13. {{JSTOR|42616026}}.</ref> | In 1877, ] had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series '']'' (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include ] and cerulean blue, with some areas of ]. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace ], which may not have been popular by this time."<ref>Roy, Ashok. "The Palettes of Three Impressionist Paintings". ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'' 9 (1985): 13. {{JSTOR|42616026}}.</ref> | ||
| Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
| ] painted the blue coat of the woman in her '']'', 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bomford |first1=D. |title=Impressionism |last2=Kirby |first2=J. |last3=Leighton |first3=J. |last4=Roy |first4=A. |publisher=National Gallery Publications |year=1990 |series=Art in the Making |place=London, UK |pages=176–181}}</ref> | ] painted the blue coat of the woman in her '']'', 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bomford |first1=D. |title=Impressionism |last2=Kirby |first2=J. |last3=Leighton |first3=J. |last4=Roy |first4=A. |publisher=National Gallery Publications |year=1990 |series=Art in the Making |place=London, UK |pages=176–181}}</ref> | ||
| When the ] was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer ] stated that he chose the |
When the ] was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer ] stated that he chose the colour because it was "the opposite of red, the colour of war."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=St. Clair |first=Kassia |title=The Secret Lives of Color |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |year=2017 |isbn=9780143131144 |pages=182–183}}</ref> | ||
| In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain ] feast days, primarily the ] in diocese currently or formerly under the ].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2021/12/the-spanish-privilege-cerulean-blue-and.html| title=The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception| author=Shawn Tribe| accessdate=2023-07-31 }}</ref> | In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain ] feast days, primarily the ] in diocese currently or formerly under the ].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2021/12/the-spanish-privilege-cerulean-blue-and.html| title=The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception| author=Shawn Tribe| accessdate=2023-07-31 }}</ref> | ||
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| |isccname=Moderate cerulean}} | |isccname=Moderate cerulean}} | ||
| Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned |
Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned colours of cerulean. | ||
| {{Clear}} | {{Clear}} | ||
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| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
Revision as of 21:19, 26 April 2024
Shade of blue (color) For other uses, see Cerulean (disambiguation).
| blue |
| cerulean |
| teal |
| Cerulean | |
|---|---|
 Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #007BA7 |
| sRGB (r, g, b) | (0, 123, 167) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (196°, 100%, 65%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (48, 56, 234°) |
| Source | Maerz and Paul |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong greenish blue |
| B: Normalized to (byte) | |
| Cerulean (RGB) | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #0040FF |
| sRGB (r, g, b) | (0, 64, 255) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (225°, 100%, 100%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (39, 134, 264°) |
| Source | |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid blue |
| B: Normalized to (byte) | |
Cerulean (/səˈruːliən/), also spelled caerulean, is a variety of the hue of blue that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. The first recorded use of cerulean as a colour name in English was in 1590. The word is derived from the Latin word caeruleus, "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caerulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".
"Cerulean blue" is the name of a blue-green pigment consisting of cobalt stannate (Co
2SnO
4). The pigment was first synthesized in the late eighteenth century by Albrecht Höpfner, a Swiss chemist, and it was known as Höpfner blue during the first half of the nineteenth century. Art suppliers began referring to cobalt stannate as cerulean in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was not widely used by artists until the 1870s when it became available in oil paint.
| Cerulean Blue | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #2A52BE |
| sRGB (r, g, b) | (42, 82, 190) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (224°, 78%, 75%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (38, 90, 260°) |
| Source | Maerz and Paul |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid blue |
| B: Normalized to (byte) | |
Pigment characteristics
The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is cobalt(II) stannate (Co
2SnO
4). The pigment is a greenish-blue colour. In watercolour, it has a slight chalkiness. When used in oil paint, it loses this quality.
Today, cobalt chromate is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener than the cobalt stannate version. The chromate makes excellent turquoise colours and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".
Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both watercolour and acrylic.
-
Cerulean blue PB35
-
A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "Hue" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the colour of oil paint that contains the original pigment.
-
Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.
History
Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted cobalt and tin oxides together. Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of Cölinblau. It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.
In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. The London Times of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent colour prepared for the use of artists." Ure's Dictionary of Arts from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with stannic acid and sulphate of lime." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, bleu céleste (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, Max Doerner referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, through ceruleum is still used.
Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the United Kingdom by colourman George Rowney, as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney. Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolour in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Picasso. Van Gogh created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of cobalt blue, cadmium yellow, and white.
Notable occurrences
In 1877, Monet had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series La Gare Saint-Lazare (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include cobalt and cerulean blue, with some areas of ultramarine. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace Prussian blue, which may not have been popular by this time."
Berthe Morisot painted the blue coat of the woman in her Summer's Day, 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ultramarine and cobalt blue.
When the United Nations was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer Oliver Lundquist stated that he chose the colour because it was "the opposite of red, the colour of war."
In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain Marian feast days, primarily the Immaculate Conception in diocese currently or formerly under the Spanish Crown.
-
Claude Monet, La Gare Saint-Lazare, 1887
-
Berthe Morisot, Summer's Day, 1879
-
Symbol of the United Nations
Other colour variations
Pale cerulean
| Cerulean (Pantone) | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #98B4D4 |
| sRGB (r, g, b) | (152, 180, 212) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (212°, 28%, 83%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (72, 33, 242°) |
| Source | Pantone TPX |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Pale blue |
| B: Normalized to (byte) | |
Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call cerulean, as the "colour of the millennium".
The source of this colour is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" colour list, colour #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.
Cerulean (Crayola)
| Cerulean (Crayola) | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #1DACD6 |
| sRGB (r, g, b) | (29, 172, 214) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (194°, 86%, 84%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (65, 64, 226°) |
| Source | Crayola |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Brilliant greenish blue |
| B: Normalized to (byte) | |
This bright tone of cerulean is the colour called cerulean by Crayola crayons.
Cerulean frost
| Cerulean Frost | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #6D9BC3 |
| sRGB (r, g, b) | (109, 155, 195) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (208°, 44%, 76%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (62, 45, 240°) |
| Source | Crayola |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Light blue |
| B: Normalized to (byte) | |
At right is displayed the colour cerulean frost.
Cerulean frost is one of the colours in the special set of metallic coloured Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colours of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.
Curious Blue
| Curious Blue | |
|---|---|
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #269DCE |
| sRGB (r, g, b) | (38, 157, 206) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (198°, 82%, 81%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (61, 65, 233°) |
| Source | |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Moderate cerulean |
| B: Normalized to (byte) | |
Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned colours of cerulean.
In nature
- Cerulean cuckooshrike
- Cerulean kingfisher
- Cerulean flycatcher
- Cerulean warbler
- Cerulean-capped manakin
See also
- The Devil Wears Prada (film) § Cerulean sweater speech
- Pusher (The X-Files episode) § "Cerulean blue is a gentle breeze"
- List of colours
- Pigment
- Blue pigments
Explanatory notes
- Rex Art colour index PB 36
- Rex Art colour index PB 35
References
- ^ Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample E6.
- "cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ^ Eastlaugh, Nicholas (2004). The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 90. ISBN 9780750657495.
- Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample L9.
- "Cerulean blue - Overview". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- "Cerulean blue - History". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- "cerulean blue". Cameo.mfa.org. Material name. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
- "Blue". Paintmaking. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- "Colormaking attributes". Handprint.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.
- Siddal, Ruth (2004). The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 90. ISBN 9780750657495.
- Höpfner, Albrecht (1789). "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber". Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens. 4: 41–47.
- St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
- Roy, Ashok. "The Palettes of Three Impressionist Paintings". National Gallery Technical Bulletin 9 (1985): 13. JSTOR 42616026.
- Bomford, D.; Kirby, J.; Leighton, J.; Roy, A. (1990). Impressionism. Art in the Making. London, UK: National Gallery Publications. pp. 176–181.
- St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
- Shawn Tribe. "The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception". Retrieved 2023-07-31.
- Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Colour Finder and the colour will appear.
- PANTONE. "About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue". PANTONE. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- "- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool". Pantone.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
External links
- A page on Cerulean Blue
- Cerulean blue at ColourLex
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