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Girandoni air rifle
Girandoni system Austrian repeating air rifle, circa 1795, believed to have been taken on the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Type	Air rifle
Place of origin	Holy Roman Empire
Service history
In service	1780–1816
Used by	Austrian Empire
Production history
Designer	Bartolomeo Girandoni
Designed	1779 or 1780
No. built	1,300
Specifications
Mass	4.5 kg (9.9 lb)
Length	120 cm (3.9 ft)
Cartridge	spherical balls
Caliber	.46", 11.7 mm 146.3 grains (9.48 g), or .51", 13 mm, 201.49 grains (13.06 g)
Muzzle velocity	about 600 fps (152 m/s), 117 ft lbs (159 J)
Feed system	20/21 round magazine or hopper
Sights	Iron

The Girandoni air rifle is an air gun designed by Italian inventor Bartolomeo Girandoni circa 1779. The weapon was also known as the Windbüchse ("wind rifle" in German). One of the rifle's more famous associations is its use on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore and map the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

History and use

The Girardoni air rifle was in service with the Austrian army from 1780 to around 1815. Many references to the Girardoni air rifles mention lethal combat ranges of 125 to 150 yards and some extend that range considerably. The advantages of a high rate of fire, no smoke from propellants, and low muzzle report granted it acceptance. It did have problems and was eventually removed from service for several reasons decades after introduction. There was also a version sold to civilians after it was removed from military service.

While the detachable air reservoir was capable of around 30 shots, it took nearly 1,500 strokes of a hand pump to fill those reservoirs. Later, a wagon-mounted pump was provided. The reservoirs, made from hammered sheet iron held together with rivets and sealed by brazing, proved very difficult to manufacture using the techniques of the period and were always in short supply. The weapon was very delicate, and a small break in the reservoir could make it inoperable. It was also very different from any other weapon of the time, requiring extensive training to use.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition used the rifle in the demonstrations that they performed for nearly every Native American tribe they encountered on the expedition. Some scholars have argued that the airgun carried by Merriwether Lewis was not a Girandoni, but a Lukens, made by Isaiah Lukens of Philadelphia. However, Col. Thomas Rodney wrote the following on 8 September 1803: "Visited Captain Lewess barge. He shewed us his air gun which fired 22 times at one charge." All Lukens's known airguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, not repeaters, making it very likely that Lewis's gun was a Girandoni, the only repeating airgun of the time. Lewis stated in his journals that he purchased the airgun, but it is not known when or where he did so. Lewis fired the airgun at least 16 times to demonstrate it to various Native American tribes. On 24 January 1806, Lewis wrote "My air gun also astonishes them very much, they cannot comprehend it's shooting so often and without powder; and think that it is great medicine."

Design and capabilities

The rifle was 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed 10 lb (4.5 kg), about the same size and weight as infantry muskets of the time. It fired a .46 or .51 caliber ball and had a tubular, spring-fed magazine with a capacity of 20 balls. Some of the weapons were also made using a gravity-fed magazine. Unlike its contemporary, muzzle-loading muskets, which required the rifleman to stand up to reload with powder and ball, the shooter could reload a ball from the magazine by pulling a transverse chamber bar out of the breech which allowed a ball to be supplied to it and which then rebounded back to its original position with the aid of a spring, all while lying down.

Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman be equipped with the rifle, three compressed air reservoirs (two spare and one attached to the rifle), cleaning stick, hand pump, lead ladle and 100 lead balls, 1 in the chamber, 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes. Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather knapsack. It was also necessary to keep the leather gaskets of the reservoir moist to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage.

The air reservoir was in the club-shaped stock. With a full air reservoir, the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure. These balls were effective to approximately 125 yd (114 m) on a full air reservoir. The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied. The air reservoir was similar to the disposable carbon dioxide cartridges used on some modern air guns.

Surviving examples

Girandoni air rifles are extremely rare. There are surviving examples displayed at the Austrian Museum of Military History, Vienna, along with the world's only known example of the wagon-mounted pump for filling the rifle with air. The Cody Fireams Museum at the Buffalo Bill Center of the West has a Girandoni, as does the National Sporting Arms Museum in Springfield, Missouri and the Daisy Air Rifle Museum in Rogers, AR. The Daisy museum has over ten examples of historic Air Rifles.

See also

• Weapons of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Kunitomo air rifle

References

1. Wier, S.K. (2005). "The firearms of the Lewis and Clark Expedition" (PDF). p. 12. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
2. Girardoni air rifle as used by Lewis and Clark. A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun. at YouTube
3. Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 96-99.
4. Rodney,Thomas. A Journey Through the West: Thomas Rodney's 1803 Journal from Delaware to the Mississippi Territory, ed. Dwight L. Smith and Ray Swick. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1997. p. 50.
5. Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 99, 101.
6. Moulton, Gary. The Jpurnals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 13 Vols. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Vol. 6, p. 233.
7. Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 103.
8. ^ Prenderghast, Gerald (4 April 2018). Repeating and Multi-Fire Weapons: A History from the Zhuge Crossbow Through the AK-47. ISBN 9781476631103.
9. The Beeman article on Girardoni air rifles in the sources section and an article in the German gun magazine Visier (issue 1/2007, page 141) claim the caliber was actually .463" (11.75 mm).
10. Die Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen im österreichischen Heere, 1896, Anton Dolleczek
11. A letter detailing regulations, "Signed, Vienna, 24th January 1788"; reproduced in Baker, G; Currie, C. The Austrian Army Repeating Air Rifle 2nd Ed., 2007.
12. Military writer August Haller claimed in an 1891 treatise Die österreichische Militär-Repetier-Windbüchse that the first ten shots would be effective to about 150 paces, the next ten shots up to 120–125 paces, the next ten out to 100 paces, and then the remaining air pressure in the reservoir would be too low.

External links

• Beeman's History on Austrian Large Bore Airguns
• I Benemeriti Di Cortina D’Ampezzo
• (original 1780 example)
• Girardoni air rifle as used by Lewis and Clark. A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun.

• Italian inventions
• 1779 introductions
• Air guns