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| hi im larry. smokin is bad for you so beat it. | |||
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| A '''cigarette''' is a product consumed via ] and manufactured out of ] and finely cut ] leaves, which are combined with other additives including ], then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder. Being such a common product, cigarettes have many nicknames; see ]. Cigarettes are proven to be ], a cause of ], and ].<ref name="Smoking Deformities"> {{cite web | title=Smoking While Pregnant Causes Finger, Toe Deformities | work=Science Daily | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122922.htm| accessdate=March 6 | accessyear=2007}} </ref><ref name="CDC factsheet"> </ref> | |||
| The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder for the purpose of inhalation of its smoke from the other (usually ]) end, which is usually inserted in the mouth. They are sometimes smoked with a ]. The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can apply to similar devices containing other ]s, such as ]. | |||
| A cigarette is distinguished from a ] by its smaller size (generally less than 120 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter), use of processed leaf, and white paper wrapping; cigars are typically composed entirely of whole leaf tobacco. Cigarettes were largely unknown in the ] before the ], when ] soldiers began emulating their ] ] comrades, who resorted to rolling their tobacco with ].<ref>http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/other/crimea.htm</ref> | |||
| ==Manufacturing== | |||
| Commercially manufactured cigarettes are relatively simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, ] glue, and often also a ] based filter.<ref>Clean Virginia Waterways, , ], Retrieved ] ]</ref> While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the components, in particular, the tobacco blend, which often contains over one hundred ingredients.<ref>Philip Morris USA, , Retreived ] ]</ref> | |||
| ===Paper=== | |||
| The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning ember or contain materials that control the burning rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced ash. The papers used in tipping the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the filter stabilise the mouthpiece from saliva and moderate the burning of the cigarette as well as the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or two rows of small laser-drilled air holes. Cigarette paper is often bleached with chlorine. Burning of it can create dioxins that create carcinogenic effects.<ref>JTI, {{cite web | title="Composite List of Ingredients in Non-Tobacco Materials" | url=http://www.jti.com/english/corp_responsibility/ingredients/ingredients_links/comp_tab_nonmat.aspx}} www.jti.com, Retrieved ] ]</ref> | |||
| ===Tobacco blend=== | |||
| The process of blending, like the blending of ] and ], gives the end product a consistent taste from batches of tobacco grown in different areas of a country that may change in flavour profile from year to year due to different environmental conditions.<ref name="DEMerrill">David E. Merrill, (1994), . Video presentation at ], Richmond offices. Retrieved ] ]</ref> | |||
| Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s are composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf and their processing by-products. Each cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the leaves of ''flue-cured brightleaf'', ''burley tobacco'', and ''oriental tobacco''. These leaves are selected, processed, and aged prior to blending and filling. The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several by-products such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate").<ref name="DEMerrill"/> To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these by-products are processed separately into forms where they can then be possibly added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. The most common tobacco by-products include: | |||
| *''Blended leaf (BL) sheet'': A thin dry sheet cast from a paste made with tobacco dust collected from tobacco stemming, finely milled Burley leaf stem, and ]<ref name="PCL Sheet">{{cite web | title="PCL Sheet Tobacco Cigarettes" | url=http://g2public.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/13000/13099/}}, Retrieved ] ]</ref> | |||
| *''Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet'': A paper-like material made from tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which consists of tobacco particles less than 30 ] in size (~0.599 ]) that is collected at any stage of tobacco processing.<ref name=Gellatly>Grant Gellatly, {{cite web | title=" Method and apparatus for coating reconstituted tobacco" | url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4706692.html}}, Retrieved ] ]</ref> RL is made by extracting the soluble chemicals in the tobacco by-products, processing the left-over tobacco fibres from the extraction into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted materials in concentrated form onto the paper in a fashion similar to what is done in ] | |||
| *''Expanded (ES) or Improved stems (IS)'': ES are rolled, flattened, and shredded leaf stems are expanded by being soaked in water and rapidly heated. Improved stems follow the same process but are simply steamed after shredding. Both produces are then dried. These two products look similar in appearance but are different in taste.<ref name="DEMerrill"/> | |||
| Whole tobacco can also be processed into a product called ''Expanded tobacco''. The tobacco is "puffed", or expanded, by saturating it with ] and heating the ] saturated tobacco to quickly evaporate the CO<sub>2</sub>. This quick change of ] by the CO<sub>2</sub> causes the tobacco to expand in a similar fashion as ]. This is used to produce light cigarettes by reducing the density of the tobacco and thus maintain the size of a cigarette while reducing the amount of tobacco used in each cigarette.<ref name="DEMerrill"/> | |||
| A recipe specified combination of bright-leaf, burley and oriental leaf tobacco with be mixed with ]s such as ] or ], as well as ]ing products and enhancers such as ], ], tobacco extracts, and various ]s, which are known collectively as "''casings''". The leaf tobacco will then be shredded, along with a specified amount of ''small laminate'', ''expanded tobacco'', ''BL'', ''RL'', ''ES'', and ''IS''. A ]-like flavour/fragrance, know as "''toppings''", which is most often formulated by ], will then be blended into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavour and taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain ].<ref name="DEMerrill"/> As well, they replace lost flavours due to the repeated wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally the tobacco mixture will be filled into cigarettes tubes and packaged. | |||
| In recent years, the tax policies of governments has led to the practice of using not just the leaves, but the plant stem also.<ref>http://uk.geocities.com/synergy.editorial@btinternet.com/polonium210radiationpoisoning.htm</ref> The stem is first crushed and cut to resemble the leaf before being merged or blended into the cut leaf.<ref>http://www.dickinsonlegg.com/STS/STSframeset.htm</ref> | |||
| ==Sale== | |||
| ] supermarket cigarette counter in ], ]. Other Australian states currently prohibit such large displays.]] | |||
| Before the ] many manufacturers gave away ] ], one in each packet of cigarettes. This practice was discontinued to save paper during the war and was never generally reintroduced, though for a number of years ] cigarettes included "vignette" cards depicting endangered animals and American historical events; this series was discontinued in 2003. On ], ] President ] signed the ] into law, banning ] on television in the ] starting on ], ]. However some tobacco companies attempted to circumvent the ban by marketing new brands of cigarettes as "little cigars"; examples included ], which came out almost immediately after the ban took effect, and ], which reached the market in the winter of 1973–1974 and whose ads used the slogan, "How can anything that looks so wild taste so mild." | |||
| Beginning on ], ], the sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products to people under 18 is now prohibited by law in all fifty states of the ]. The ] of purchase has been additionally raised to 19 in ], ], ], ], and ], ], and ] Counties in ].<ref name="News10Now2006">] (19 December 2006), "". Retrieved ] ]</ref> Legislation was pending ] in some other states, including ] to raise the age to 19 or even to 21. In ] and ], parents and guardians are allowed to give cigarettes to minors, but sales to minors are prohibited. | |||
| Similar laws exist in many other countries. In ], most of the provinces require smokers to be 19 years of age to purchase cigarettes (except for ], ], ] and ], where the age is 18). However, the minimum age only concerns the purchase of tobacco, not use. ], however, does have a law which prohibits the possession or use of tobacco products by all persons under 18, punishable by a $100 fine. ], and ] have a nationwide ban on the selling of all tobacco products to people under the age of 18. | |||
| In the ], cigarettes can legally be sold only to people aged 16 and over. However it is not illegal for people under this age to buy (or attempt to buy) cigarettes, which means that only the retailer is breaking the law by selling to people under the age of 16. From October 2007 in ], the legal purchase age will rise to 18 — in line with alcohol — in an attempt to increase ].<ref name="BBC2007">] (1 January 2007), . Retrieved ] ]</ref> Scotland and ] will probably follow suit. | |||
| ] | |||
| Most countries in the world have a legal smoking age of 18. Five exceptions are ], ], ], ], the ], and ], where the age is 16. Since January 1, 2007 all cigarette machines in public places in Germany must attempt to verify a customers age by requiring the insertion of a ]. ], which has one of the highest percentage of smokers in its population,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} has a legal age of 18. Another curiosity is ], one of the highest tobacco consuming nations, which requires purchasers to be 20 years of age (] in Japan is 20 years old.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html</ref>) However, due to the prevalence of cigarette ]s in the most public of places the effectiveness of an underage ban is in doubt.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In other countries, such as ], ] (especially ]), or ] it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age. | |||
| Some ] in the United States occasionally send an underaged teenager into a store where cigarettes are sold, and have the teen attempt to purchase cigarettes, with their own or no ID. If the vendor then completes the sale, the store is issued a fine.<ref>http://www.abc.state.va.us/licensing/downloads/underagebuyer.pdf</ref> Similar enforcement practices are regularly performed by ] Officers in the UK.<ref name="BBCYouth">], , September 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2006.</ref> | |||
| ==Contents and health effects== | |||
| {{See also|Health effects of tobacco smoking|Health issues and the effects of cannabis}} | |||
| ] has been linked to ] by ] institutions throughout the world (through the use of ]).<ref name="CDC factsheet"/><ref name="AustralianList"> </ref> Smoking men are 22 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smoking men and smoking women are 12 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smoking women.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Cigarette smoking increases the risk for many types of cancer, including cancers of the lip, ], and pharynx; esophagus; pancreas; larynx (voice box); lung; breast; ]; ]; and kidney.<ref name="CDC factsheet"/> Recent findings by the ] suggest that people smoking more than 2 packs of cigarettes per day were 20 times more likely to develop cancer than those who smoked nothing. | |||
| Certain other lung disorders, like ], are also linked to cigarette smoking. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of ], underweight, and deformed infants.<ref name="Smoking Deformities"/> Smoking also increases the chance of ] and a variety of ]s. ], the ] and ] in cigarettes,<ref name="Nicotine Addiction"> {{cite web | title=Nictine Addiction | work=American Heart Association | url=http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4753| accessdate=March 6 | accessyear=2007}} </ref><ref name="Relative Addiction"> {{cite web | title=Addictiveness of Five Commonly Used Drugs | work=ProCon.org | url=http://www.procon.org/AddictChart.htm| accessdate=March 6 | accessyear=2007}} </ref> is highly ]. Children and pets who eat tobacco or tobacco remnants may be poisoned by nicotine.<ref name="CDC factsheet"/><ref name="AustralianLIst"/> | |||
| For many years the ] presented research of its own in an attempt to counter emerging medical research about the addictive nature and adverse ]s of cigarettes. They have also tried, unsuccessfully, to create "safer" cigarettes that do not also have a drastically different "flavor" from regular ones. According to written by Congressman ] to former ] ], many of these studies were found to be flawed due to their strong bias and poor methodology. A 2001 ] accuses tobacco companies of using ] and ] to downplay the health risks of smoking and secondhand smoke. | |||
| Although "Light" and "Ultra Light" cigarettes have less nicotine and tar and may ''seem'' to be safer than full flavor ones, but generally smokers will end up smoking ''more'' lights or ultra lights to "compensate" for the lack of full flavor and thus may end up inhaling ''more'' tar and nicotine in the end. {{Fact|date=April 2007}} | |||
| ===Carcinogens=== | |||
| {{seealso|Chemicals in a cigarette|List of additives in cigarettes}} | |||
| There are over 19, known ] in cigarettes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. ]|title=Smoking and smokeless tobacco|url=http://www.drkoop.com/ency/93/002032.html|accessdate=July 15|accessyear=2006}}</ref> The following are some of the most potent carcinogens: | |||
| * ''']''' is a highly carcinogenic and mutagenic compound which is formed during the incomplete combustion of ]. Tobacco manufacturers have experimented with combustionless ] technology to allow cigarettes to be consumed without the formation of carcinogenic benzopyrenes.<ref>{{cite web | title=DNA interaction with Benzopyrene| work=DNA| url=http://www.mybiology.com/chime/dna_benzopyrene/dna_benzopyrene_text.htm| accessdate=March 5 | accessyear=2005}}</ref> | |||
| * ''']''' is a "deadly cancer-causing" compound found in cigarette smoke but not in uncured tobacco leaves. Nitrosamine forms on flue-cured tobacco leaves during the curing process through a ] between nicotine and other compounds contained in the uncured leaf and various oxides of nitrogen found in all combustion gases. Switching to ] curing has been shown to reduce nitrosamine levels to less than 0.1 parts per million.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sumner et al|title=Retrofitting Tobacco Curing Barns|url=http://www.tifton.uga.edu/tobacco/retrofitinfo.htm|accessdate=June 9|accessyear=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=]|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cigarette/history2.html|title=Search for a Safer Cigarette}}</ref> | |||
| ====Radioisotopes==== | |||
| ''']''' from the ] decay sequence are an oft cited but disputed cause of cigarette-induced lung cancers. In particular, the radioisotope ]-210 has been measured in cigarette smoke at levels of 0.0263 - 0.036 pCi.<ref>{{cite-web|url=http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/documents/TG/TECHGUID/TG238.pdf|author=] Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine|title=Radiological Sources of Potential Exposure and/or Contamination}}</ref> ]-210, an ] emitter, has been identified by the ] as a cause of lung cancer in humans when inhaled, and is also a causal agent for diseases such as liver and ], ], leukemia, cirrhosis of the liver, and ].<ref>{{cite web| author=]|title=Understanding Radiation: Alpha Particles|url=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/alpha.htm|accessdate=June 9|accessyear=2006}}</ref> Furthermore, the majority of cigarette-induced lung cancers are ], which are characteristic of the type of damage produced by ] radiation such as that of polonium-210.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Is Strongly Associated with Cigarette Smoking: Further Evidence from a Prospective Study of Women|url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/156/12/1114|author=P. Yang et al.|publisher=American Journal of Epidemiology|year=]}}</ref> | |||
| In ], Winters et al. published a paper in the ] which showed skeletons of cigarette smokers contained deposits of ]-210 and polonium-210.<ref>{{cite paper|author=Winters et al.|date=]|title=Radioactivity in Cigarette Smoke|publisher=New England Journal of Medicine}}</ref> | |||
| In ], ] ] ] published a paper in which he experimentally calculated that smokers who die of lung cancer have been exposed to 80-100 ] (0.8 to 1 ]) of radiation.<ref>{{cite web|author=]|year=]|title=Radiation Dose at Bronchial Bifurcations of Smokers from Indoor Exposure to Radon Progeny|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/5/1285|accessdate=June 9|accessyear=2006}}</ref> Former ] ] cited radioisotopes in cigarette smoke as being responsible for 90 percent of smoking-related deaths.<ref>{{cite web|author=]|year=]|title=Can people get poisoned by indirect exposure to polonium-210?|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/polonium-210.htm|accessdate=December 13|accessyear=2006}}</ref> The presence of radioactivity in cigarette smoke was used by Koop and other government officials to justify banning smoking from US-bound commercial ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/jnci;81/6/396|author=]|title=Passive Smoking: Exposure Occurs on Commercial Flights}}</ref> | |||
| Other studies suggest there is no correlation between levels of radioisotopes and smoking-related cancers, noting there are not enough Polonium-210 compounds in cigarette smoke to significantly impact lung cancer in smokers. (Bogden ''et al''., 1981; ; Hecht 1999 is a review which cites<ref>{{cite journal| author=] | title=Polonium-210: a questionable risk factor in smoking related carcinogenesis | Banbury Report 3: a safe cigarette? Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1980. p. 93-104}}</ref>). | |||
| NC 07 | |||
| ==Consumption== | |||
| ] (2006) with graphic ]]] | |||
| Approximately 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced globally each year by the ], smoked by over 1.1 billion people, which is more than 1/6 of the world's total population. | |||
| <table style="text-align:center"> | |||
| <tr><th colspan=3>Smoking Prevalence by Gender</th></tr> | |||
| <tr><td></td><th colspan=2>PERCENT SMOKING</th></tr> | |||
| <tr><th>REGION</th><th>MEN</th><th>WOMEN</th></tr> | |||
| <tr><td align="left">Africa</td><td>29</td><td>4</td></tr> | |||
| <tr><td align="left">]</td><td>35</td><td>22</td></tr> | |||
| <tr><td align="left">Eastern ]</td><td>35</td><td>4</td></tr> | |||
| <tr><td align="left">Europe</td><td>46</td><td>26</td></tr> | |||
| <tr><td align="left">]</td><td>44</td><td>4</td></tr> | |||
| <tr><td align="left">]</td><td>60</td><td>8</td></tr> | |||
| <tr><td colspan=3>(2000, ] estimates)</td></tr> | |||
| </table> | |||
| ==Smoking bans== | |||
| ] | |||
| Many governments impose ], especially in public areas. The primary justification has been the alleged negative health effects of ]. Laws vary ] and locality. See: | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Cigarette advertising== | |||
| In many parts of the world tobacco advertising and even sponsorship of sporting events has been outlawed. The ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship in the ] in 2005 has prompted the Formula One Management to look for races in areas that allow the heavily tobacco sponsored teams to display their ], and has also led to some of the more popular races on the calendar being cancelled in favor of more tobacco friendly markets. However pressure from a small number of enthusiastic fans has seen some of these decisions reverse. | |||
| ==Cultural difference== | |||
| People in North America are often surprised when they come across a reference to a cigarette as a fag in British and Australian culture. This is because in North America a fag exclusively refers to people who are homosexuals. For other colloquialisms for cigarette, see the ] entry for . | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Bogden JD, Kemp FW, Buse M, Thind IS, Louria DB, Forgacs J, Llanos G, Moncoya Terrones I. (1981) Composition of tobaccos from countries with high and low incidences of lung cancer. I. Selenium, polonium-210, Alternaria, tar, and nicotine. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute''. '''66''': 27-31. | |||
| *Hecht SS (1999) Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute'' | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 19:28, 13 April 2007
hi im larry. smokin is bad for you so beat it.
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