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| '''Guided democracy''', also called '''managed democracy''',<ref>Rohmann, Chris (2000) A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers, ] {{ISBN|978-0-345-43706-8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vanbergen |first=Graham |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society |url=https://economic-times.co.uk/opinion/democracy-the-political-assault-on-civil-society/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> is a formally ] ] that functions as a ''de facto'' ] or, in some cases, as an ]<ref name=":0" />. Such ] are legitimized by elections, but do not change the ] policies, motives, and goals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolin |first=Sheldon S. |author-link=Sheldon Wolin |url=https://archive.org/details/democracyincorpo0000woli/page/47/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=47 |title=Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-691-13566-3 |location=Princeton |access-date= |
'''Guided democracy''', also called '''managed democracy''',<ref>Rohmann, Chris (2000) A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers, ] {{ISBN|978-0-345-43706-8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vanbergen |first=Graham |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society |url=https://economic-times.co.uk/opinion/democracy-the-political-assault-on-civil-society/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> is a formally ] ] that functions as a ''de facto'' ] or, in some cases, as an ]<ref name=":0" />. Such ] are legitimized by elections, but do not change the ] policies, motives, and goals.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Wolin |first=Sheldon S. |author-link=Sheldon Wolin |url=https://archive.org/details/democracyincorpo0000woli/page/47/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=47 |title=Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-691-13566-3 |location=Princeton |access-date=}}</ref>{{Synthesis inline|date=June 2024}}{{Additional citations needed|date=June 2024}} | ||
| In a guided democracy, the government controls elections such that the people can exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. While they follow basic ] principles, there can be major deviations towards ]. Under managed democracy, the state's continuous use of ] prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.<ref |
In a guided democracy, the government controls elections such that the people can exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. While they follow basic ] principles, there can be major deviations towards ]. Under managed democracy, the state's continuous use of ] prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.<ref name=":1" />{{Synthesis inline|date=June 2024}}{{Additional citations needed|date=June 2024}} | ||
| The concept is also related to ], also known as ''anocracy''. | The concept is also related to ], also known as ''anocracy''. | ||
| == Regimes == | == Regimes == | ||
| ⚫ | === Poland under Sanacja === | ||
| ⚫ | The ] that governed ] from 1926 to 1939<ref name="Chojnowski2009">{{cite book |last=Chojnowski |first=Andrzej |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13679 |title=Rządy pomajowe |date=2009 |isbn=978-83-11-11629-0 |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref> is considered an example of guided democracy during its first phase from 1926 to 1930.<ref name="plach2006">{{cite book |last=Plach |first=Eva |url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/0821416952_intro.pdf |title=The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935 |date=2006 |pages=13–14 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212152427/https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/0821416952_intro.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-12}}</ref>{{rp|13–14}} The regime retained much of the structures and institutions of Polish ], even though ] exercised such large influence on the government that he "assumed some of the postures of a dictator".<ref name="plach2006" /><ref name="Chojnowski2009" /> The opposition sat in the parliament and local governments, and political parties were allowed to function legally.<ref name="Chojnowski2009" /> Polish historian {{ill|Andrzej Chojnowski|pl}} notes that elections under Piłsudski's regime were still organised along the principles of parliamentary democracy,<ref name="Chojnowski2009" /> and the Sanacja regime was genuinely popular as the opposition parties were blamed for failing to prevent the ].<ref name="polska">{{cite web |title=Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl |url=http://wiadomosci.polska.pl/kalendarz/kalendarium/article.htm?id=59022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118191901/http://wiadomosci.polska.pl/kalendarz/kalendarium/article.htm?id=59022 |archive-date=January 18, 2007 |access-date=2022-08-24 |publisher=Wiadomosci.polska.pl}}</ref> While the actions of the opposition were hampered, repressions were rare and only two parties were banned: ] and ].<ref name="Chojnowski2009" /><ref name="friszke">{{cite book |last=Andrzej Friszke |first=Henryk Samsonowicz |url=http://rekrutacja.ksap.gov.pl/ksap/sites/default/files/files/ksap_xx_lat_spis.pdf#page=125 |title=KSAP XX LAT |date=2010 |pages=349–379 |chapter=Józef Piłsudski |access-date=2018-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223157/http://rekrutacja.ksap.gov.pl/ksap/sites/default/files/files/ksap_xx_lat_spis.pdf#page=125 |archive-date=2018-10-07}}</ref> | ||
| === Indonesia under Sukarno === | === Indonesia under Sukarno === | ||
| After ], the term "guided democracy" was used in ] for the approach to government under the ] from 1959 to 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsey |first=Tim |date=2021-08-20 |title=Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption |url=http://theconversation.com/soeharto-the-giant-of-modern-indonesia-who-left-a-legacy-of-violence-and-corruption-164411 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> | After ], the term "guided democracy" was used in ] for the approach to government under the ] from 1959 to 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsey |first=Tim |date=2021-08-20 |title=Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption |url=http://theconversation.com/soeharto-the-giant-of-modern-indonesia-who-left-a-legacy-of-violence-and-corruption-164411 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | === Poland under Sanacja === | ||
| ⚫ | The ] that governed ] from 1926 to 1939<ref name="Chojnowski2009">{{cite book |last=Chojnowski |first=Andrzej | |
||
| === Russia under Putin === | === Russia under Putin === | ||
| The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of ] by former Putin advisor ],<ref>{{cite news| |
The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of ] by former Putin advisor ],<ref>{{cite news |last=Weir |first=Fred |date=October 1, 2003 |title=Kremlin lobs another shot at marketplace of ideas |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1001/p07s02-woeu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.07.24-012508/http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1001/p07s02-woeu.html |archive-date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2009-11-10 |newspaper=]}}</ref> by media,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2023-12-08 |title=Vladimir Putin to run for Russian president again in March 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/08/vladimir-putin-to-run-for-russian-president-again-in-march-2024 |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Sebastian |last2=Chernova |first2=Anna |last3=Sebastian |first3=Clare |last4=Picheta |first4=Rob |date=2024-02-08 |title=Russian anti-war election candidate barred from running against Putin |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/08/europe/russia-nadezhdin-election-candidate-disqualified-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> and by Russian intellectual ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2005 |title=Managed Democracy |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/07/08/106.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/2014.08.15-213156/http://web.archive.org/web/20060528104356/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/07/08/106.html |archive-date=2014-08-15 |newspaper=]}}</ref> | ||
| === Singapore under PAP === | === Singapore under PAP === | ||
| {{One source|date=June 2024|section}} | {{One source|date=June 2024|section}} | ||
| Singapore has been mentioned in the context of guided democracy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shen |first=Rujun |date=March 23, 2015 |title=All roads lead to Singapore: Asians study Lee Kuan Yew's mantra |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0MJ14R/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>{{Additional citations needed|date=June 2024}} Proponents of this view point to the dominant position in parliament of the ] (PAP), which they argue limits effective political competition. Additionally, they raise concerns about restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly, which they see as hindering the ability of opposition voices to gain traction.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} However, supporters of the PAP counter that its sustained electoral success reflects broad public approval for its governance, emphasizing the party's focus on economic development, social stability, and national unity. They further argue that Singapore's specific circumstances, including its diverse ethnic makeup and historical vulnerability, necessitate a strong and stable government, which the PAP's model is said to provide.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The debate surrounding Singapore's political system highlights the complexities of defining and evaluating "guided democracy" in the context of individual countries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} | Singapore has been mentioned in the context of guided democracy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shen |first=Rujun |date=March 23, 2015 |title=All roads lead to Singapore: Asians study Lee Kuan Yew's mantra |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0MJ14R/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>{{Additional citations needed|date=June 2024}} Proponents of this view point to the dominant position in parliament of the ] (PAP), which they argue limits effective political competition. Additionally, they raise concerns about restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly, which they see as hindering the ability of opposition voices to gain traction.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} However, supporters of the PAP counter that its sustained electoral success reflects broad public approval for its governance, emphasizing the party's focus on economic development, social stability, and national unity. They further argue that Singapore's specific circumstances, including its diverse ethnic makeup and historical vulnerability, necessitate a strong and stable government, which the PAP's model is said to provide.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The debate surrounding Singapore's political system highlights the complexities of defining and evaluating "guided democracy" in the context of individual countries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} | ||
| === United States under lobbyism === | |||
| In his book ''Democracy Incorporated'', Sheldon Wolin contends that the ] has transformed into a managed democracy dominated by corporate power and the interests of the wealthy elite. Lobbying plays a central role in this system, as corporations and wealthy individuals use their financial resources to influence legislation and policy decisions in their favor.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| Wolin highlights several key points about the influence of ] and the nature of the managed democracy:<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| * The influence of money in politics has dramatically increased, with corporations and wealthy individuals spending vast sums on lobbying and ]. This creates an uneven playing field, where the voices of ordinary citizens are dampened. | |||
| * The close relationship between corporations, lobbyists, and government officials creates a ], which is characterized by individuals moving back and forth between the private and public sectors, often serving the interests of their former employers. | |||
| * The excessive influence of money has weakened democratic institutions, with some strategically placed politicians defending the interests of special groups over the interests of the broader public, ultimately undermining the core principles of democracy. | |||
| Wolin's concept of managed democracy describes a system that is hiding the rule of a powerful elite behind a democratic facade. This elite uses its influence and financial resources to shape public opinion and manipulate the political system to serve its own agenda.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| == In popular culture == | == In popular culture == | ||
Revision as of 21:36, 28 July 2024
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Guided democracy, also called managed democracy, is a formally democratic government that functions as a de facto authoritarian government or, in some cases, as an autocratic government. Such hybrid regimes are legitimized by elections, but do not change the state's policies, motives, and goals.
In a guided democracy, the government controls elections such that the people can exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. While they follow basic democratic principles, there can be major deviations towards authoritarianism. Under managed democracy, the state's continuous use of propaganda techniques prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.
The concept is also related to semi-democracy, also known as anocracy.
Regimes
Poland under Sanacja
The Sanacja regime that governed interwar Poland from 1926 to 1939 is considered an example of guided democracy during its first phase from 1926 to 1930. The regime retained much of the structures and institutions of Polish parliamentary democracy, even though Józef Piłsudski exercised such large influence on the government that he "assumed some of the postures of a dictator". The opposition sat in the parliament and local governments, and political parties were allowed to function legally. Polish historian Andrzej Chojnowski [pl] notes that elections under Piłsudski's regime were still organised along the principles of parliamentary democracy, and the Sanacja regime was genuinely popular as the opposition parties were blamed for failing to prevent the Great Depression. While the actions of the opposition were hampered, repressions were rare and only two parties were banned: Camp of Great Poland and National Radical Camp.
Indonesia under Sukarno
After World War II, the term "guided democracy" was used in Indonesia for the approach to government under the Sukarno administration from 1959 to 1966.
Russia under Putin
The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of Russia under Vladimir Putin by former Putin advisor Gleb Pavlovsky, by media, and by Russian intellectual Marat Gelman.
Singapore under PAP
 | This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "Guided democracy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) |
Singapore has been mentioned in the context of guided democracy. Proponents of this view point to the dominant position in parliament of the People's Action Party (PAP), which they argue limits effective political competition. Additionally, they raise concerns about restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly, which they see as hindering the ability of opposition voices to gain traction. However, supporters of the PAP counter that its sustained electoral success reflects broad public approval for its governance, emphasizing the party's focus on economic development, social stability, and national unity. They further argue that Singapore's specific circumstances, including its diverse ethnic makeup and historical vulnerability, necessitate a strong and stable government, which the PAP's model is said to provide. The debate surrounding Singapore's political system highlights the complexities of defining and evaluating "guided democracy" in the context of individual countries.
United States under lobbyism
In his book Democracy Incorporated, Sheldon Wolin contends that the United States has transformed into a managed democracy dominated by corporate power and the interests of the wealthy elite. Lobbying plays a central role in this system, as corporations and wealthy individuals use their financial resources to influence legislation and policy decisions in their favor.
Wolin highlights several key points about the influence of lobbying and the nature of the managed democracy:
- The influence of money in politics has dramatically increased, with corporations and wealthy individuals spending vast sums on lobbying and campaign contributions. This creates an uneven playing field, where the voices of ordinary citizens are dampened.
- The close relationship between corporations, lobbyists, and government officials creates a revolving door, which is characterized by individuals moving back and forth between the private and public sectors, often serving the interests of their former employers.
- The excessive influence of money has weakened democratic institutions, with some strategically placed politicians defending the interests of special groups over the interests of the broader public, ultimately undermining the core principles of democracy.
Wolin's concept of managed democracy describes a system that is hiding the rule of a powerful elite behind a democratic facade. This elite uses its influence and financial resources to shape public opinion and manipulate the political system to serve its own agenda.
In popular culture
| This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
In the video games Helldivers (and Helldivers 2), the playable faction, Super Earth, uses a system of managed democracy as its mode of government. Within the in-game universe, Super Earth ranks its citizens on a letter scale. During Super Earth elections, voting is handled through voting machines which select candidates for voters based on their answers to a questionnaire. The in-universe justification is that when voters directly participated in voting, they had a tendency to get confused and therefore not elect the "proper" candidates.
In the trailer for Helldivers 2, the announcing voice says "The Federation of Super Earth, keeping Managed Democracy safe, with the lives of our hero's. Protecting freedom from tyranny, with the gentle touch of an iron fist."
See also
- Conservative democracy
- Dictablanda
- Dominant-party system
- Enlightened absolutism
- Ethnic democracy
- Herrenvolk democracy
- Illiberal democracy
- Sovereign democracy
- Totalitarian democracy
- Types of democracy
References
- Rohmann, Chris (2000) A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers, Ballantine Books ISBN 978-0-345-43706-8
- ^ Vanbergen, Graham (March 28, 2024). "Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society". The Economic Times. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ Wolin, Sheldon S. (2008). Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13566-3.
- ^ Chojnowski, Andrzej (2009). Rządy pomajowe. ISBN 978-83-11-11629-0. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- ^ Plach, Eva (2006). The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935 (PDF). pp. 13–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-12. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- "Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl". Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
- Andrzej Friszke, Henryk Samsonowicz (2010). "Józef Piłsudski". KSAP XX LAT (PDF). pp. 349–379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
- Lindsey, Tim (2021-08-20). "Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- Weir, Fred (October 1, 2003). "Kremlin lobs another shot at marketplace of ideas". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- Sauer, Pjotr (2023-12-08). "Vladimir Putin to run for Russian president again in March 2024". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- Shukla, Sebastian; Chernova, Anna; Sebastian, Clare; Picheta, Rob (2024-02-08). "Russian anti-war election candidate barred from running against Putin". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- "Managed Democracy". The Moscow Times. July 8, 2005. Archived from the original on 2014-08-15.
- Shen, Rujun (March 23, 2015). "All roads lead to Singapore: Asians study Lee Kuan Yew's mantra". Reuters.