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{{short description|Sovereign state of the Sikh Confederacy}} {{Short description|Sikh Interwarfare}}
{{infobox military conflict
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
| conflict = Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
⚫ | partof = ]
{{refimprove|date=November 2024}}
⚫ | image =
{{Infobox country
⚫ | caption =
| conventional_long_name = '''Kanhaiya Misl'''
| native_name = ''Kanaihya Misal'' | date = 1776-1778
| common_name = '''Kanhaiya Misl''' | place = ], ]
| year_start = 1748 | coordinates =
| year_end = 1801 | map_type =
| p1 = Durrani Empire | latitude =
| flag_p1 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg | longitude =
| p11 = Singhpuria Misl | map_size =
| flag_p11 = Sikh flag.jpg | map_caption =
| s1 = Sikh Empire | map_label =
| territory = ] territory occupied by ] and ]
| flag_s1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg
| flag = Nishan Sahib | result = {{ublist|Ahluwalia-Kanhaiya victory}}
*] expelled from ]
⚫ | flag_border = no
| era = Early modern period | status =
| event_start = Split from ] | combatant1 = ]<br>]
| event_end = Merged into the ] | combatant2 = ]
| commander1 = ]<br>]<br>]
| capital = ] {{small|(initial)}}
| commander2 = ]{{WIA}}<br>]{{KIA}}<br>Mali Singh
] {{small|(later)}} ] {{small|(later)}}
| religion = {{plainlist| | strength1 =
| strength2 =
*] {{small|(rulers)}}
| strength3 =
*] {{small|(majority)}}
| casualties1 =
*]
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}} }}
The '''Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War'''
| languages_type = Common language
==Background==
| languages = ]
⚫ | title_leader = ]
| leader1 = ]
| year_leader1 = 1748–1789
⚫ | leader2 = ]
| year_leader2 = 1789–1801
| today = ], ]
}}
{{Misls}}
The '''Kanhaiya''' '''Misl''' was one of the twelve misls of the ]. It had been founded by ] ]s.<ref name=SH4>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-kanhaiya.html |title=Kanhaiya misl of Sandhu Jats |access-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815162834/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-kanhaiya.html |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}{{Qn|date=November 2024}}</ref>


== History == ==Battle==
Jai Singh Sandhu (son of Khushal Singh) of the village ] (district ]) was the founder of this ''Misl''; hence the misl came to known as Kanhaiya Misl; another founder leader of this Misl was Amar Singh of Kingra village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243621542 |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |location=New Delhi |page=119 |oclc=243621542}}</ref> ] and his brother Jhanda Singh had got initiation from the ''jatha'' of (''Nawab'') ]; when all the Sikh Jathas were organised into ], Jai Singh’s ''jatha'' was named as Kanhaiya Misl.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123308032 |title=History of the Sikhs |date=1999–2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=81-215-0540-2 |volume=IV - The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |location=New Delhi |pages=256–268 |oclc=123308032}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
], Jeewan Singh, Tara Singh and Mehtab Singh (all four from village Julka, about 6 km from village Kanha) too were senior generals of this Misl.

===Rise to Power===
] was the Viceroy of the ] from May to September 1758. Known for his strict rule, he sought to stop any disturbances brought on by ]. He did this by sending a military force led by Mir Aziz to hunt them out. As a result, a number of Sikh leaders sought shelter in the mud fort of Ram Rauni in ], including Nand Singh Sanghania, ], and ]. After that, Mir Aziz's army besieged the fort in an effort to crush the ]. ] launched many attacks on the besieging army during the siege. He made several charges while mounted on a swift horse, sliding by the attackers before turning back toward the fort. Even though he encountered resistance throughout these movements, he was always able to go back to the fort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123308032 |title=History of the Sikhs |date=1999–2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=81-215-0540-2 |volume=IV - The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |location=New Delhi |pages=256–257 |oclc=123308032}}</ref>

===Conflicts with the Bhangis===

At first, Jai Singh Kanaihya and ] remained close, working together on a number of military operations against the ] and the ]. The two Sardars, however, disputed on how to divide the looted plunder after the ]. Jai Singh and ] later became tense with one another, which resulted in a fight close to ]. Neither side won a clear win, and the combat ended inconclusively.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siṅgha |first1=Bhagata |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |location=Punjab (India) |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=clashed+near+Eminabad}}</ref>

In 1774, the ] got involved in a struggle between ] and his oldest son, ], over the succession to Jammu. The conflict started when Brij Raj Dev tried to protect Ranjit Dev's inheritance and he preferred his younger son, Dalel Singh, as his successor. ] and ] decided to support Brij Raj Dev's claim when he sought allies. ] and Kanhaiya Misls' combined troops invaded ], establishing a camp east of the river. Ranjit Dev organized his own army, collaborating with ] forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |title=History of the Panjab Hill States, Volume 1 |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=Punjab Hill States (India) |isbn=9788120609426 |page=89 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=Jammu+1774&pg=PA89}}</ref>

The fighting went on for a while until ] perished when as his own revolver exploded, striking him in the forehead. The allies struggled to hold onto their position against the formidable ] Chief after losing Charat Singh. ], aware of their fragile situation, used a loyal operative to assassinate ] to shift power. After the Bhangi leader's death, Kanhiya strengthened the Kanhaiya Misl, allowing the area to settle under ], Jhanda Singh's successor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=34-35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZtS42Jxi9MC}}</ref>

After Jhanda Singh's death, the rivalry between ] and Kanhaiya misls resurfaced, causing issues for Ganda Singh. The dispute over Jhanda Singh's grant of ] to Nand Singh escalated. Nand Singh's widow proposed to ] for Pathankot and her daughter, but Tara Singh, a Kanhaiya Misl relative, seized the land under doubtful circumstances. After marrying the daughter, Tara Singh murdered both and claimed the territory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros. |isbn=9788172052171 |page=518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiluAAAAMAAJ&q=+dinanagar+1774}}</ref>

The Kanhaiya Misl rejected Ganda Singh's petition for the restitution of ] after this act outraged him. In order to oppose the Kanhaiyas, ] allied up with ] and other regional leaders, such as Ranjit Dev of Jammu. Along with the ] and ], the Kanhaiya Misl organized themselves for the conflict.

Throughout ten days, the two forces engaged in a continuous and violent battle at ]. When Ganda Singh unexpectedly passed away from sickness, the Bhangis' circumstances drastically changed. The Bhangi troops became insecure after his death and the subsequent death of his nephew Charat Singh, and they ultimately left the battlefield. Due to unclear leadership and low morale among the Bhangi allies, the Kanhaiya Misl and its alliance held their ground and won the war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=G. S. |title=The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab: Guru and post-guru period upto Ranjit Singh |date=1960 |publisher=Sharanjit |location=Punjab (India) |page=494 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7pMAAAAIAAJ&q=+dinanagar+}}</ref>

===Conquest of Kangra===
In the late 18th-century struggle for the ], the Kanhaiya Misl played a crucial role. The region was previously ruled by ] lords of the ] line. Under ], the fort was located 50 meters above the Ban Ganga. During ]'s rule, Ghamand Chand Katoch ruled, while Saif Ali Khan remained in charge.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Dilip K. |last2=Hasan |first2=S. Jamal |title=The Antiquities of Kangra |date=1984 |publisher=Munshiran Manoharlal |location=India |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsC1AAAAIAAJ&q=Saif+Ali+Khan+}}</ref>

In 1782, Raja ] sought help from Jai Singh Kanhiya to take over ]. Jai Singh sent Gurbakhsh Singh and ] to assist in the siege. After Saif Ali Khan's death, Jiwan Khan took over as defender. ] recommended financial and jagir benefits to Jiwan Khan for a peaceful surrender, but followed a different strategy. He personally paid Jiwan Khan a substantial fee in a secretive deal to persuade him to let the Kanhaiya soldiers enter the fort. This move shocked and infuriated Raja ] as Gurbakhsh Singh was able to seize control of the fort. After it, the Kanhaiya Misl took control of the whole ] area, dominating it all the way to ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=Punjab (India) |isbn=9788121501651 |edition=illustrated |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh/page/n271/mode/2up}}</ref>

===Conflict with the Sukerchakias===
{{Main|Battle of Achal}}
Following ]'s Sack of ], a disagreement over booty distribution led to a war between ] and Maha Singh Sukarchakia. Kanhaiya criticized Mahan Singh for hoarding wealth, while Maha Singh ] rejected his attempts to please him, leading to retribution. When Mahan Singh started preparing for battle, Jai Singh retaliated by attacking a number of Mahan Singh-controlled areas, including as Mandiala and ]. This sparked a string of clashes that ended with Jai Singh's loss and withdrawal across the Beas River in the Battle of ]. Maha Singh, with increased strength, formed alliances with ] and Raja ]. The final ] resulted from allied forces pushing on Jai Singh's fortress, ]. Jai Singh lost his son, ], in the struggle. After the defeat, he disarmed and left himself vulnerable to enemy fire. Opponents chose not to strike further, respecting the experienced leader.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=Punjab (India) |isbn=9788121501651 |page=41-43 |edition=illustrated |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35179/page/n55/mode/2up}}</ref>

==Later History==

When ] died in 1789, his daughter-in-law ] succeeded him.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia|date=2015-10-06|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317321286|page=82|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82}}</ref> The Kanhaiya Misl's widowed leader, Sada Kaur, was instrumental in forming ]'s political climate. Sada Kaur demonstrated strategic insight by convincing her father-in-law, ], to set up a matrimonial match between ], her only daughter, and Ranjit Singh, the young ] heir. Formally established in 1796, this alliance coupled the Kanhaiya Misl's success to that of ], the new leader.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z |date=1992 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=9788173805301 |page=2 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhXYAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

], one of the triumvirates who ruled over ] in the late 18th century prior to the leadership of ], was from the Kanhaiya Misl.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |date=2015-06-28 |title=HARKING BACK: Amazing genius of Gujjar Singh and his Lahore 'qila' |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1190931 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Painting of possibly Amar Singh Kingra with attendant, mid-late eighteenth century.jpg|Painting of possibly Amar Singh Kingra with attendant, mid-late eighteenth century
File:Painting of Jai Singh Kanhaiya receiving Raja Raj Singh and other hill princes with canopy overhead, ca.1774.jpg|Painting of ] receiving Raja Raj Singh and other hill princes with canopy overhead, ca.1774
File:Miniature painting of Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya with a fly-whisk attendant. Family atelier of Purkhu of Kangra, ca.1785.jpg|Miniature painting of ] with a fly-whisk attendant. Family atelier of Purkhu of Kangra, ca.1785
</gallery>


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |editor-link=Harbans Singh |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism: Volume III |year=2011 |publisher=] |isbn=978-8-17-380349-9 |oclc=888565644 |pages=102–103 |edition=3rd |entry=KANHAIYĀ MISL}}
*{{cite book |last=Siṅgha |first=Bhagata |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |year=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |pages=149–174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ |chapter=The Kanaihya Misal |oclc=622730722}}

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{Sikhism|state=collapsed}}
]
]
]
]
]

{{Sikhism-stub}}

Revision as of 22:53, 25 November 2024

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Sikh Interwarfare
Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War
Part of Sikh Interwarfare
Date1776-1778
LocationPunjab, India
Result
  • Ahluwalia-Kanhaiya victory
Territorial
changes		 Ramgarhia territory occupied by Ahluwalias and Kanhaiyas
Belligerents
Ahluwalia Misl
Kanhaiya Misl		 Ramgarhia Misl
Commanders and leaders
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Jai Singh Kanhaiya
Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya		 Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (WIA)
Tara Singh Ramgarhia †
Mali Singh

The Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War

Background

Battle

Aftermath

References