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'''Randa Kassis''' ({{langx|ar|رندة قسيس}}) is a Franco-Syrian politician and a leading secular figure of the ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Jay|date=2016-11-23|title=Donald Trump Jr. Held Talks on Syria With Russia Supporters|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-jr-held-talks-on-syria-with-russia-supporters-1479920753|access-date=2020-10-06|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> She was the President of the ] of the Syrian<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astana Platform|url=https://astanaplatform.com/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=astanaplatform.com|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908131536/https://astanaplatform.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> opposition and the founder of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randa Kassis, Geneva Peace Talks 2014 {{!}} UN Web TV |url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k16/k168l1gga6 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=media.un.org |date=19 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=2012-08-23|title=Syrian dissident: Assad will fall only with Alawite help|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-opposition-idUKBRE87M0U020120823|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031070015/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-opposition-idUKBRE87M0U020120823|archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> She is a close friend of ].<ref>{{cite news |author=MEE staff |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |title=Trump's son met Moscow-backed Syrian 'opposition' politician: Donald Trump Jr met Randa Kassis before US election, strengthening expectations Trump administration will side with Russia in Syria |work=] |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706164156/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |archive-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> '''Randa Kassis''' ({{langx|ar|رندة قسيس}}) is a Franco-Syrian politician. During the ], she presented herself as a member of ], but was considered by various Syrian dissidents as a pro-] figure backed by ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Jay|date=2016-11-23|title=Donald Trump Jr. Held Talks on Syria With Russia Supporters|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-jr-held-talks-on-syria-with-russia-supporters-1479920753|access-date=2020-10-06|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> She was the President of the ] and the founder of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randa Kassis, Geneva Peace Talks 2014 {{!}} UN Web TV |url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k16/k168l1gga6 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=media.un.org |date=19 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=2012-08-23|title=Syrian dissident: Assad will fall only with Alawite help|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-opposition-idUKBRE87M0U020120823|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031070015/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-opposition-idUKBRE87M0U020120823|archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> Her group's stated aim was to achieve a political transition in Syria in cooperation by president ]
<ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Jay|date=2016-11-23|title=Donald Trump Jr. Held Talks on Syria With Russia Supporters|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-jr-held-talks-on-syria-with-russia-supporters-1479920753|access-date=2020-10-06|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> She is a close friend of ].<ref>{{cite news |author=MEE staff |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |title=Trump's son met Moscow-backed Syrian 'opposition' politician: Donald Trump Jr met Randa Kassis before US election, strengthening expectations Trump administration will side with Russia in Syria |work=] |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706164156/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |archive-date=6 July 2019}}</ref>


==Biography== ==Biography==
She was a member of the Syrian National Council until August 2012. Randa Kassis is the former president of the ] and member of the ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=2011-09-16|title=France hails Syria council, develops contacts|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-france-idUSTRE78F3SS20110916|access-date=2020-10-06}}</ref><ref name="frso1">, ''France Soir'', 11 November 2011.</ref> The Coalition of Secular and Democratic Syrians, the nucleus of a ] and democratic Syrian opposition, was created by the union of a dozen ], ], ] and ] parties, who called upon minorities in Syria to support the fight against the government of ].<ref name="afp">, ], 18 September 2011.</ref> Kassis believes in the power of minorities and their role in society, especially in Kurds and highlighted in 2013 the importance of involving Kurds in any political process in Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randa Kassis – PeaceTalks |url=https://www.peacetalks.net/pt/randa-kassis/ |access-date=2022-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kassis was a member of the ] until August 2012. She also chaired the ] and member of the ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Irish|first=John|date=2011-09-16|title=France hails Syria council, develops contacts|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-france-idUSTRE78F3SS20110916|access-date=2020-10-06}}</ref> The Coalition of Secular and Democratic Syrians, the nucleus of a ] and democratic Syrian opposition, was created by the union of a dozen ], ], ] and ] parties, who called upon minorities in Syria to support the fight against the government of ].<ref name="afp">, ], 18 September 2011.</ref>


⚫ Randa Kassis initiated the ] in 2015 after her request to the President of ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/why-was-syrias-opposition-in-kazakhstan/|title=Why Was Syria's Opposition in Kazakhstan?|last=Putz|first=Catherine|date=29 May 2015|website=The diplomat}}</ref> to form a platform that could assemble moderate Syrian opponents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kz.ambafrance.org/IMG/pdf/rp_10_avril_2015.pdf?3838/...%20-|title=L'opposition syrienne suggère de tenir des consultations à Astana pour résoudre la crise en Syrie}}</ref> The first round of the Astana platform was moderated by Kazakh Ambassador Baghdad Amreyev and the opening session was chaired by the Kazakh Minister of Foreign Affairs ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2015/05/syrian-opposition-meeting-in-astana-makes-tentative-headway-in-finding-way-forward-for-peace-process/|title=Syrian Opposition Meeting in Astana Makes Tentative Headway in Finding Way Forward for Peace Process|last=May 2015|first=Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 29|date=2015-05-29|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> The second round was moderated by ], President of the Center of Political and Foreign Affairs (CPFA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2015/10/representatives-of-syrian-opposition-meet-in-astana/|title=Representatives of Syrian Opposition Meet in Astana|last=October 2015|first=Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 6|date=2015-10-06|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>
Kassis is no longer a member of the Syrian National Council, having been excluded due to her many declarations alerting the Syrian opposition about the rise of Muslim fundamentalists.<ref>{{Cite news|last=SPIEGEL|first=DER|title=Opposition Group Leader Randa Kassis on Islamist Fighters in Syria - DER SPIEGEL - International|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/opposition-group-leader-randa-kassis-on-islamist-fighters-in-syria-a-844622.html|access-date=2020-10-06|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=16 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-20|title=Sectarian Jihad in Syria: Made in the USA?|url=https://ips-dc.org/sectarian_jihad_in_syria_made_in_the_usa/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Institute for Policy Studies|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=Un nouveau parti d'opposition laïque|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/un-nouveau-parti-d-opposition-laique-506582|access-date=2020-10-06|website=L'Humanité|language=fr}}</ref>


Kassis' initiatives met with suspicion from other groups within the Syrian opposition, who saw her as a figure backed by Russia who aimed to promote her as an "acceptable" opposition. Her movement received the nickname "Moscow opposition". Bassam Barabandi, a former Syrian diplomat who defected, commented that Kassis' movement was "really her and a group of her friends" and that "No one else in Syria recognises her as an opposition except the regime".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Jay|date=2016-11-23|title=US Syria policy: signs of shift as Trump son meets pro-Russia Damascus figure|language=en |website=]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/donald-trump-jr-syria-russia-meeting-randa-kassis|access-date=2024-12-19 }}</ref>
Kassis is also an ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randa Kassis|url=https://www.lesinfluences.fr/+-Randa-Kassis-+.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.lesinfluences.fr}}</ref> She has also published a book called "Crypts of The Gods", which is a book on religions, their origins, and their ways of functioning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secularconference.com/speakers/|title=Speakers|access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> Since the beginning of the ] on March 15, 2011, she has become a leading commentator on the Syrian Conflict and the wider complexities of the Arab Spring and the future of the Middle East region.

⚫ Randa Kassis initiated the Astana platform in 2015 after her request to the President of ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/why-was-syrias-opposition-in-kazakhstan/|title=Why Was Syria's Opposition in Kazakhstan?|last=Putz|first=Catherine|date=29 May 2015|website=The diplomat}}</ref> to form a platform that could assemble moderate Syrian opponents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kz.ambafrance.org/IMG/pdf/rp_10_avril_2015.pdf?3838/...%20-|title=L'opposition syrienne suggère de tenir des consultations à Astana pour résoudre la crise en Syrie}}</ref> The first round of the ] was moderated by Kazakh Ambassador Baghdad Amreyev and the opening session was chaired by the Kazakh Minister of Foreign Affairs ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2015/05/syrian-opposition-meeting-in-astana-makes-tentative-headway-in-finding-way-forward-for-peace-process/|title=Syrian Opposition Meeting in Astana Makes Tentative Headway in Finding Way Forward for Peace Process|last=May 2015|first=Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 29|date=2015-05-29|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> The second round was moderated by ], President of the Center of Political and Foreign Affairs (CPFA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2015/10/representatives-of-syrian-opposition-meet-in-astana/|title=Representatives of Syrian Opposition Meet in Astana|last=October 2015|first=Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 6|date=2015-10-06|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>


Randa Kassis participated in the ] under the banner of the Moscow/Astana groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UN Media |date=March 2016 |title=Moscow-Astana Group - Media Stakeout |url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k15/k15rnrujca}}</ref> She is Co-President with ] of the Syrian secular and democratic opposition delegation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0WP1QM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323102755/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0WP1QM|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 23, 2016|title=United States to press Russia on Syria's Assad|date=23 March 2016|website=Reuters}}</ref> She is criticized by other opposition members for her advocacy to a political transition in cooperation with Bashar al-Assad's regime and her support of the ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|last2=Jalabi|first2=Raya|title=US Syria policy: signs of shift as Trump son meets pro-Russia Damascus figure|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/donald-trump-jr-syria-russia-meeting-randa-kassis|access-date=1 May 2017|work=]|date=23 November 2016}}</ref> Randa Kassis participated in the ] under the banner of the Moscow/Astana groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UN Media |date=March 2016 |title=Moscow-Astana Group - Media Stakeout |url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k15/k15rnrujca}}</ref> She is Co-President with ] of the Syrian secular and democratic opposition delegation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0WP1QM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323102755/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0WP1QM|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 23, 2016|title=United States to press Russia on Syria's Assad|date=23 March 2016|website=Reuters}}</ref> She is criticized by other opposition members for her advocacy to a political transition in cooperation with Bashar al-Assad's regime and her support of the ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|last2=Jalabi|first2=Raya|title=US Syria policy: signs of shift as Trump son meets pro-Russia Damascus figure|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/donald-trump-jr-syria-russia-meeting-randa-kassis|access-date=1 May 2017|work=]|date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
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==Personal== ==Personal==
Kassis is married to ] who founded the 2006 established ] ] (CPFA) and, since the early 1990s, is a close friend of Moscow and a staunch supporter of ].<ref name=PoliticoMarch2017>{{cite news |last=Crowley |first=Michael |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/connections-trump-putin-russia-ties-chart-flynn-page-manafort-sessions-214868 |title=All of Trump’s Russia Ties, in 7 Charts |work=] |date=March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322123356/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/connections-trump-putin-russia-ties-chart-flynn-page-manafort-sessions-214868 |archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=MEE staff |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |title=Trump's son met Moscow-backed Syrian 'opposition' politician: Donald Trump Jr met Randa Kassis before US election, strengthening expectations Trump administration will side with Russia in Syria |work=] |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706164156/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |archive-date=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref name=LeMonde17032017>{{cite news |last1=Sallon |first1=Hélène |last2=Vitkine |first2=Benoît |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/03/19/fabien-baussart-l-intermediaire-proche-de-moscou-qui-a-fait-venir-donald-trump-jr-a-paris_5097133_3210.html |title=Fabien Baussart, l’intermédiaire proche de Moscou qui a fait venir Donald Trump Jr à Paris: Compagnon d’une opposante syrienne adoubée par le Kremlin, l’homme d’affaires cultive ses réseaux russes depuis le début des années 1990. |trans-title=Fabien Baussart, the Moscow-close intermediary who brought Donald Trump Jr to Paris: A companion of a Syrian opposition leader endorsed by the Kremlin, the businessman has been cultivating his Russian networks since the early 1990s. |language=fr |work=] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319143213/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/03/19/fabien-baussart-l-intermediaire-proche-de-moscou-qui-a-fait-venir-donald-trump-jr-a-paris_5097133_3210.html |archive-date=19 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=LeMonde04102016>{{cite news |last1=Piel |first1=Simon |last2=Tilouine |first2=Joan |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/10/04/l-affaire-squarcini-embarrasse-la-direction-du-renseignement-interieur_5007953_1653578.html |title=L’affaire Squarcini embarrasse la Direction du renseignement intérieur |trans-title=The Squarcini affair embarrasses the Directorate of Internal Intelligence |language=fr |work=] |date=4 October 2016 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004123310/https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/10/04/l-affaire-squarcini-embarrasse-la-direction-du-renseignement-interieur_5007953_1653578.html |archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref> Kassis is married to ] who founded in 2006 a ] called the ] (CPFA) and, since the early 1990s, is a close friend of Moscow and a staunch supporter of ].<ref name=PoliticoMarch2017>{{cite news |last=Crowley |first=Michael |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/connections-trump-putin-russia-ties-chart-flynn-page-manafort-sessions-214868 |title=All of Trump’s Russia Ties, in 7 Charts |work=] |date=March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322123356/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/connections-trump-putin-russia-ties-chart-flynn-page-manafort-sessions-214868 |archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=MEE staff |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |title=Trump's son met Moscow-backed Syrian 'opposition' politician: Donald Trump Jr met Randa Kassis before US election, strengthening expectations Trump administration will side with Russia in Syria |work=] |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706164156/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/trumps-son-met-moscow-backed-syrian-opposition-politician |archive-date=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref name=LeMonde17032017>{{cite news |last1=Sallon |first1=Hélène |last2=Vitkine |first2=Benoît |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/03/19/fabien-baussart-l-intermediaire-proche-de-moscou-qui-a-fait-venir-donald-trump-jr-a-paris_5097133_3210.html |title=Fabien Baussart, l’intermédiaire proche de Moscou qui a fait venir Donald Trump Jr à Paris: Compagnon d’une opposante syrienne adoubée par le Kremlin, l’homme d’affaires cultive ses réseaux russes depuis le début des années 1990. |trans-title=Fabien Baussart, the Moscow-close intermediary who brought Donald Trump Jr to Paris: A companion of a Syrian opposition leader endorsed by the Kremlin, the businessman has been cultivating his Russian networks since the early 1990s. |language=fr |work=] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319143213/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/03/19/fabien-baussart-l-intermediaire-proche-de-moscou-qui-a-fait-venir-donald-trump-jr-a-paris_5097133_3210.html |archive-date=19 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=LeMonde04102016>{{cite news |last1=Piel |first1=Simon |last2=Tilouine |first2=Joan |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/10/04/l-affaire-squarcini-embarrasse-la-direction-du-renseignement-interieur_5007953_1653578.html |title=L’affaire Squarcini embarrasse la Direction du renseignement intérieur |trans-title=The Squarcini affair embarrasses the Directorate of Internal Intelligence |language=fr |work=] |date=4 October 2016 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004123310/https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/10/04/l-affaire-squarcini-embarrasse-la-direction-du-renseignement-interieur_5007953_1653578.html |archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 13:51, 19 December 2024

Syrian politician
Randa Kassis
Syrian Opposition leader Randa KassisSyrian Opposition leader Randa Kassis
LeaderSyrian Opposition
Personal details
Born (1970-10-08) 8 October 1970 (age 54)
Damascus, Syria
NationalitySyrian, French
OccupationPolitician and a leading figure of the Syrian opposition
Known forLeading secular female figure

Randa Kassis (Arabic: رندة قسيس) is a Franco-Syrian politician. During the Syrian Civil War, she presented herself as a member of Syrian opposition, but was considered by various Syrian dissidents as a pro-Assad regime figure backed by Russia. She was the President of the Astana Platform and the founder of the Movement of the Pluralistic Society. Her group's stated aim was to achieve a political transition in Syria in cooperation by president Bashar al-Assad She is a close friend of Sergey Lavrov.

Biography

Kassis was a member of the Syrian National Council until August 2012. She also chaired the Coalition of Secular and Democratic Syrians and member of the Syrian National Council. The Coalition of Secular and Democratic Syrians, the nucleus of a secular and democratic Syrian opposition, was created by the union of a dozen Muslim, Christian, Arab and Kurdish parties, who called upon minorities in Syria to support the fight against the government of Bashar al-Assad.

Randa Kassis initiated the Astana platform in 2015 after her request to the President of Kazakhstan to form a platform that could assemble moderate Syrian opponents. The first round of the Astana platform was moderated by Kazakh Ambassador Baghdad Amreyev and the opening session was chaired by the Kazakh Minister of Foreign Affairs Erland Idrissov. The second round was moderated by Fabien Baussart, President of the Center of Political and Foreign Affairs (CPFA).

Kassis' initiatives met with suspicion from other groups within the Syrian opposition, who saw her as a figure backed by Russia who aimed to promote her as an "acceptable" opposition. Her movement received the nickname "Moscow opposition". Bassam Barabandi, a former Syrian diplomat who defected, commented that Kassis' movement was "really her and a group of her friends" and that "No one else in Syria recognises her as an opposition except the regime".

Randa Kassis participated in the 2016 Geneva Peace Talks under the banner of the Moscow/Astana groups. She is Co-President with Qadri Jamil of the Syrian secular and democratic opposition delegation. She is criticized by other opposition members for her advocacy to a political transition in cooperation with Bashar al-Assad's regime and her support of the Russian intervention in the civil war.

In 2017, Kassis invited many members of the Syrian opposition, academics and constitutionalists with the help of French constitutionalist expert Xavier Latour, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey Yasar Yakis and former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy Giulio Terzi, in order to start drafting a new constitution for Syria.

On 30 January 2018 Randa Kassis, along with other members of the Astana platform, participated in the Syrian National Congress as President of the Astana platform. Kassis emphasized the importance of creating a constitutional committee in order to facilitate the peace process in Syria, which the UN and Astana troika – Russian, Iran and Turkey – later agreed to create.

October 2018, Kassis worked to include many political factions of the opposition to reach a road map to peace. The document was drawn up by representatives of the opposition invited to Rome by Sant'Egidio, an organisation closed to the Vatican.

Personal

Kassis is married to Fabien Baussart who founded in 2006 a think tank called the Center of Political and Foreign Affairs (CPFA) and, since the early 1990s, is a close friend of Moscow and a staunch supporter of Vladimir Putin.

See also

Bibliography

  • Crypts of the Gods, Randa Kassis, Editions E- Kutub, 2013 (EN)
  • Le Chaos Syrien, printemps arabes et minorités face à l'islamisme, Randa Kassis and Alexandre del Valle, Editions Dhow, 2014 (FR)
  • Comprendre le chaos syrien, des révolutions arabes au jihad mondial, L'Artilleur, coll. Toucan essais, 2016 (FR)
  • La Syrie et le Retour de la Russie, Editions des Syrtes, 2018 (FR)

See also

References

  1. Solomon, Jay (2016-11-23). "Donald Trump Jr. Held Talks on Syria With Russia Supporters". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  2. "Randa Kassis, Geneva Peace Talks 2014 | UN Web TV". media.un.org. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  3. Irish, John (2012-08-23). "Syrian dissident: Assad will fall only with Alawite help". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  4. Solomon, Jay (2016-11-23). "Donald Trump Jr. Held Talks on Syria With Russia Supporters". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  5. MEE staff (24 November 2016). "Trump's son met Moscow-backed Syrian 'opposition' politician: Donald Trump Jr met Randa Kassis before US election, strengthening expectations Trump administration will side with Russia in Syria". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  6. Irish, John (2011-09-16). "France hails Syria council, develops contacts". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  7. "Les partis d'opposition laïcs syriens unissent leurs forces à Paris", Agence France-Presse, 18 September 2011.
  8. Putz, Catherine (29 May 2015). "Why Was Syria's Opposition in Kazakhstan?". The diplomat.
  9. "L'opposition syrienne suggère de tenir des consultations à Astana pour résoudre la crise en Syrie" (PDF).
  10. May 2015, Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 29 (2015-05-29). "Syrian Opposition Meeting in Astana Makes Tentative Headway in Finding Way Forward for Peace Process". The Astana Times. Retrieved 2019-10-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. October 2015, Malika Orazgaliyeva in International on 6 (2015-10-06). "Representatives of Syrian Opposition Meet in Astana". The Astana Times. Retrieved 2019-10-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. Solomon, Jay (2016-11-23). "US Syria policy: signs of shift as Trump son meets pro-Russia Damascus figure". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
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