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''']''' (born ], ]) is an ] academic currently under investigation for ], ] and ] who has also made a hotly disputed claim of part (1/128th) ] descent, despite being officially recorded as white, being brought up as white and being rejected by honest Indians. Until controversy erupted over his remarks about 9/11, he was a little known although well-paid leftist activist and author. Forced to quit as Departmental chair, he will almost certainly be terminated as Professor as well, despite having tenure.


]
'''Key Ward Churchill Claims Made By His Opponents'''
'''Ward LeRoy Churchill''' (born ], ]) is an ] writer, academic, and activist. He is currently a ]d professor of ] at the ]. The author of many books and essays, Churchill is highly outspoken on Native American issues and US foreign policy. Churchill became nationally known in ] when talk show host ] lambasted him for an essay he wrote immediately following the ]. This kicked off a media frenzy, which then expanded to include examinations of Churchill's ethnic heritage, his academic qualifications and other writings, and his activities as an ] activist. Churchill's claim to partial ] descent is disputed by various Native American groups.
* He is a wealthy, privileged white male pretending to be Native American with a best-selling book of dubious intellectual merit
* He became infamous for accusing the victims of 9/11 to be morally equivalent to ] war criminal ] who masterminded the ]
* He is being investigated for ] both for pretending to be Native American and repeated plagiarism
* He once gave training to terrorist group the ] instructing them in the use of weapons and explosives, he was investigated by the ] for his involvement in ]
* He was fast-track promoted at the University of Colorado on the basis of his ]


==Early life and education==
----


Churchill was born and grew up in a blue-collar family in ]. His parents, Maralyn and Jack Churchill, divorced while Ward was still a toddler. In March ], his mother married Henry Carlton Debo, an employee of ] in nearby ]. Churchill has two half-brothers, Tom and Danny, and a half-sister, Terry. Churchill often stayed with his grandparents for months at at time. When Ward enrolled in Elmwood High School, he went by the name Ward Debo, taking his stepfather's surname. However, when he graduated in ], he was listed in his yearbook, the ''Ulmus'', as Ward L. Churchill.


He was drafted by the ] and saw active service in ] from ] to ]. Churchill's military records, as obtained by the press through the ], show his training to have been as a projectionist and light truck driver. Churchill later received his ] and ] from Sangamon State University (now the ]).
'''$2 Million Fraud'''


In ], Churchill joined the ] as an assistant professor and was granted tenure the following year.
As this article demonstrates, critics argue that Ward Churchill is a systematic ], being guilty of fabricating his Native American heritage, academic fraud through repeated ] and invented claims against the ] Government and others he disagrees with. He is currently being investigated by the University's ]. He is also accused by other University officials of intimidating academic rivals with late night threatening telephone calls. His fraud has netted Churchill in excess of a $2 million in royalties, salary and benefits, since his hiring as a "Native American" academic.


==Writing==
He is currently a ] professor paid ''$92,000 per annum'' at the ] department at ] and was the Chairman of that department until forced to resign over multiple scandals including ] and claiming that the victims of the ] had received an appropriate "penalty."


As a scholar, Churchill has written on Native-American history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he considers the genocide inflicted on the indigenous peoples of North America by European settlers, repression which he argues continues to this day.
'''9/11 Victims were "Little Eichmanns"'''


In ''Fantasies of the Master Race'' (1992), Churchill examined the portrayals of Native Americans and the use of Native American symbols in popular American culture. He focused on such phenomena as ]'s mystery novels, the film '']'', and the ] movement, frequently finding what he sees as examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation at work. Churchill calls author ] (who claims to reveal the teachings of a ] Indian ]) the "greatest hoax since ]."
In an essay incorporated in a book called ''Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens'' he asserted the victims of the ] deserved to be killed because they were "little Eichmanns," (a reference to ] who masterminded the Nazi genocide of the Jews during World War II) playing a part in what Churchill believes is America's perfidy. Churchill claimed that the attacks were justified retaliation for American intervention in ] in ] and its bombing of ] subsequently for violating UN sanctions.


Churchill's ''Indians 'R' Us'' (1993), a sequel to ''Fantasies of the Master Race'', further explores Indian issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie ''],'' the ] killings, ], sports ]s, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken against what he characterizes as New Age exploitations of ] and Native American sacred traditions and what he scorns as the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors.
The essay denied the perpertrators of 9/11 were ], arguing they were "combat teams". He said ''"As for those in the World Trade Center, well, really, let's get a grip here, shall we? True enough, they were civilians of a sort. But innocent? Gimme a break."'' He said those killed in the attacks ''"were too busy braying, incessantly and self-importantly, into their cell phones, arranging power lunches and stock transactions, each of which translated, conveniently out of sight, mind and smelling distance, into the starved and rotting flesh of infants. If there was a better, more effective, or in fact any other way of visiting some penalty befitting their participation upon the little Eichmanns inhabiting the sterile sanctuary of the twin towers, I'd really be interested in hearing about it."''


''Struggle For The Land'' (reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill asserts that the US government systematically exploited native land and permitted the killing or displacement of the Native American peoples who once inhabited it. He details Indian efforts in the ] and ] centuries to defend the land from defoliation, strip-mining and other destructive practices.
==Life of White Privilege==


Churchill's ''A Little Matter of Genocide'' (1998) is a historical survey of systematic ] from ] to the present. He compares the treatment of North American Indians to other genocides in history, such as the ones in ] and ], and that of ], ] and ] by the ]s.
Churchill was born and grew up in the white suburban area of ] where he was not a member of any Native American tribe. He was drafted by the ] and saw active service in ] from ] to ]. Churchill's military records, as obtained by the press through the ], show his training to have been as a ] and ]. Churchill later received his ] and ] from Sangamon State University (now the ]).


In ''Perversions of Justice'' (2002), Churchill argues that the US legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the US, but later adapted for application abroad, and demonstrates, he argues, the development of America's "imperial logic" which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.
In 1990, Churchill joined the University of Colorado at Boulder as an assistant professor, a $92,000 per annum position funded by taxpayers. Bill Owens, the Governor of Colorado has called on the University to terminate Churchill's tenure.


Churchill has also written several books on US state oppression. In ''Agents of Repression'' (1988), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, the authors describe what they term "the secret war" against the ] and ] carried out during the late ] and ] by the ] under the ] program. ''The COINTELPRO Papers'' (reissued 2002), also with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the bureau's activities against leftist groups suspected by the Bureau of engaging in violence, from the ] in the ] to the Central America solidarity movement in the ].
==Extremist Views and Ties with Terrorism==

As a scholar identified with extremist causes including ], Churchill has written polemically on Native-American history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he considers the genocide inflicted on the indigenous peoples of North American by European settlers (such as his ancestors), repression which he argues continues to this day (including his cultural appropriation). He also gave weapons and munitions training to the notorious terror group the ].

In ''Fantasies of the Master Race'' (1992), Churchill examined the portrayals of Native Americans and the use of Native American symbols in popular American culture. He focused on such phenomena as ]'s mystery novels, the film '']'', and the New Age movement, frequently finding what he sees as examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation at work. Critics charge that Churchill - as a white privileged man - is guilty of the same exploitation by trading on Native American suffering to build a career. Churchill calls author ] (who claims to reveal the teachings of a ] Indian ]) as the "greatest hoax since ]."

Churchill's ''Indians 'R' Us'' (1993), a sequel to ''Fantasies of the Master Race,'' further explores Indian issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie ''],'' the ] killings, ], sports ]s, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken against New Age exploitations of ] and Native American sacred traditions and what he scorns as the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors.

''Struggle For The Land'' (reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill documents what he asserts is the US government's systematic exploitation of native land and elimination of the Native American peoples who once inhabited it. He details Indian efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to defend the land from defoliation, strip-mining and other destructive practices.

Churchill's ''A Little Matter of Genocide'' (1998) is a historical survey of what he colorfully claims is systematic ] from 1492 to the present. He compares the extermination of North American Indians to other genocides in history, such as the ones in ] and ], and that of Gypsies, Poles and Jews by the ]s. Critics claim that by hijacking Native American causes that Churchill is equally guilty of repressing Native Americans by crowding out their space with his paternalistic white thoughts.

In ''Perversions of Justice'' (2002), Churchill claims that the US legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people, in a manner reminiscent of his appropriation of Native American history. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill concludes that the premises set forth therein not only spilled over onto non-Indians in the US but were also adapted for application abroad.

Churchill has also written several books on state-organized oppression. ''Agents of Repression'' (1988), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, details what the authors describe as "the secret war" against the ] and ] carried out during the late 1960s and 1970s by the FBI under the ] program. ''The Cointelpro Papers'' (reissued 2002), also with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that demonstrate the bureau's monitoring of extreme leftist political activity, particularly focused on those perpertrating violence or advocating it. Churchill and Vander Wall examine the treatment of the left from the 1950s Communist Party through the 1980s Central America communist support movement.


].'']] ].'']]


==9/11 essay controversy==
===Plagiarism and Intimidation===


Churchill wrote an essay about the 9/11 terrorist attacks in which he focused on American foreign policy actions which he argues provoked and justified the attacks. His critics reject the notion that anything could have provoked or justified the killing of 3000 innocent victims. The piece was later incorporated into a book, ''].'' (The "roosting chickens" phrase comes from ]'s equally controversial comment relating to the assassination of president ] that Kennedy "never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon.")
Churchill has been found guilty of ] several times during his academic career. The legal counsel of Daihousie University found an article written by Churchill was plagiarism.


In the essay, which subsequently became the focus of significant criticism and controversy, he compared Americans to the "good Germans" of Nazi Germany. Churchill contends that the vast majority of Americans completely ignored the civilian suffering caused by the sanctions on ] during the 1990s. He characterized these sanctions as a policy of genocide, and repeatedly referred to their effect upon the children of Iraq.
"The article ... is, in the opinion of our legal counsel, plagiarism," Daihousie spokesman Charles Crosby said in summarizing the report's findings.


In addition to the impact of the Iraq sanctions, Churchill argues that the ] policy of President ] and the history of ] against the ] world contributed to the "provocations."
Churchill has refused to comment on the finding of guilt against him.

According to Daihousie University, Churchill's victim Daihousie professor Fay Cohen asked the University not to pursue the complaint against Churchill because she was intimidated by Churchill who called her in the middle of the night and said, "I'll get you for this."

==9/11 essay scandal==

Churchill wrote an essay about the 9/11 terrorist attacks, shortly after the event as America mourned, in which he focused on American foreign policy actions which he claimed provoked the attacks. The piece was later incorporated into a book, ''].'' (The "roosting chickens" phrase comes from ]'s equally controversial comment relating to the assassination of president ] that Kennedy "never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon.")

In the essay, which subsequently became the focus of raging controversy, he compared Americans to the "good Germans" of Nazi Germany. Churchill contends that the vast majority of Americans completely ignored the civilian suffering caused by the sanction on Iraq during the 1990's. He characterized these sanctions as a policy of genocide, and made repeated mention of their effect upon the children of Iraq. Churchill is an advocate of violent protest, opposing "yuppie" activists, whom he derides for trying to prevent window breaking and other minor acts of outrage at the demonstrations which he sardonically derides as mere "sign-waving".

In addition to the impact of the Iraq sanctions, Churchill discusses other challenges to international actors, including the Middle East policy of ] and the history of Crusades against the Islamic world. All of these, he suggests, are provocations for which Americans should not be surprised to have created - or indeed received - retaliation.


Churchill states: Churchill states:
Line 71: Line 42:
:''As for those in the World Trade Center, well, really, let's get a grip here, shall we? True enough, they were civilians of a sort. But innocent? Gimme a break. They formed a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire the "mighty engine of profit" to which the military dimension of U.S. policy has always been enslaved and they did so both willingly and knowingly.'' :''As for those in the World Trade Center, well, really, let's get a grip here, shall we? True enough, they were civilians of a sort. But innocent? Gimme a break. They formed a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire the "mighty engine of profit" to which the military dimension of U.S. policy has always been enslaved and they did so both willingly and knowingly.''


He said those killed in the attacks "were too busy braying, incessantly and self-importantly, into their cell phones, arranging power lunches and stock transactions, each of which translated, conveniently out of sight, mind and smelling distance, into the starved and rotting flesh of infants. If there was a better, more effective, or in fact any other way of visiting some penalty befitting their participation upon the little Eichmanns inhabiting the sterile sanctuary of the twin towers, I'd really be interested in hearing about it."
He also wrote:
:''If there was a better, more effective, or in fact any other way of visiting some penalty befitting their participation upon the little Eichmanns inhabiting the sterile sanctuary of the twin towers, I'd really be interested in hearing about it.''
In ], attention was drawn to the essay after he was invited to speak at ] as a member of a panel titled "Limits of Dissent". The text was then quoted on the ] ], edition of the ] program ''].'' ] initiated a grassroots campaign against Churchill imploring his viewers who disagreed with Churchill's remarks to e-mail the college. A flood of 6,000 e-mails resulted. In the ensuing uproar, the lecture was changed to a larger venue, but then was ultimately cancelled by president ] due to "credible threats of violence" (this was not a reference to Churchill's past threats of violence against rivals). In ], attention was drawn to the essay after he was invited to speak at ] as a member of a panel titled "Limits of Dissent". The text was then quoted on the ] ] edition of the ] program ''].'' ] initiated a campaign against Churchill imploring his viewers to e-mail the college. A flood of 6,000 e-mails resulted. In the ensuing uproar, the lecture was changed to a larger venue, but then was ultimately cancelled by president ] due to "credible threats of violence".
In response to what Churchill called "grossly inaccurate media coverage concerning analysis of the September 11, 2001 attacks" Churchill attempted to deny his previous justification of the attacks: In response to what Churchill called "grossly inaccurate media coverage concerning analysis of the September 11, 2001 attacks" Churchill clarified his views:


:''I am not a "defender" of the September 11 attacks, but simply pointing out that if U.S. foreign policy results in massive death and destruction abroad, we cannot feign innocence when some of that destruction is returned. I have never said that people "should" engage in armed attacks on the United States, but that such attacks are a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful U.S. policy. As Martin Luther King, quoting Robert F. Kennedy, said, "Those who make peaceful change impossible make violent change inevitable".'' :''I am not a "defender" of the September 11 attacks, but simply pointing out that if U.S. foreign policy results in massive death and destruction abroad, we cannot feign innocence when some of that destruction is returned. I have never said that people "should" engage in armed attacks on the United States, but that such attacks are a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful U.S. policy. As Martin Luther King, quoting Robert F. Kennedy, said, "Those who make peaceful change impossible make violent change inevitable".''
Line 83: Line 52:
He continues later: He continues later:


:''It is not disputed that the Pentagon was a military target, or that a CIA office was situated in the World Trade Center. Following the logic by which U.S. Defense Department spokespersons have consistently sought to justify target selection in places like Baghdad, this placement of an element of the American "command and control infrastructure" in an ostensibly civilian facility converted the Trade Center itself into a "legitimate" target. Again following U.S. military doctrine, as announced in briefing after briefing, those who did not work for the CIA but were nonetheless killed in the attack amounted to no more than "collateral damage". If the U.S. public is prepared to accept these "standards" when the are routinely applied to other people, they should not be surprised when the same standards are applied to them.'' :''It is not disputed that the Pentagon was a military target, or that a CIA office was situated in the World Trade Center. Following the logic by which U.S. Defense Department spokespersons have consistently sought to justify target selection in places like Baghdad, this placement of an element of the American "command and control infrastructure" in an ostensibly civilian facility converted the Trade Center itself into a "legitimate" target. Again following U.S. military doctrine, as announced in briefing after briefing, those who did not work for the CIA but were nonetheless killed in the attack amounted to no more than "collateral damage". If the U.S. public is prepared to accept these "standards" when they are routinely applied to other people, they should not be surprised when the same standards are applied to them.''


Following the report on Fox, Churchill became a focus of national attention. A special meeting of the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado was held on Thursday, ], 2005, to discuss the case. Republican ], governor of Colorado, called for Churchill's resignation. Churchill, however, was supported by members of his department and a portion of the student body who defend him on the grounds of ] and ]. Churchill subsequently resigned his position as chairman of the Ethnic Studies Department. Following the report on Fox, Churchill became a focus of national attention. On ], ] he resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at University of Colorado but remains a tenured professor. A special meeting of the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado was held on Thursday, ], 2005, to discuss the case. Colorado ] governor ] and other ] and ] state lawmakers have publicly called for his dismissal. Churchill's supporters among the faculty and student body claim that allegations against Churchill are a pretext to discredit a notable liberal academic, which they say undermines ], ], and ethnic studies departments nationwide.


The Colorado House of Representatives, with unanimous support from Republicans and Democrats, adopted a resolution condemning Churchill's statements about 9/11.
The Board of Regents of the University of Colorado, meeting in executive session at The Fitzsimons campus of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center on ] ], adopted a resolution apologizing to the American people for Churchill's statements regarding the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and ratifying Interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano's review of Churchill's actions. He was directed to investigate whether Churchill overstepped his bounds as a faculty member, whether his actions are cause for dismissal, and whether his writings are protected by the ].


The Board of Regents of the University of Colorado, meeting in executive session at The Fitzsimons campus of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center on ] 2005, adopted a resolution apologizing to the American people for Churchill's statements regarding the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and ratifying Interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano's review of Churchill's actions. He was directed to investigate whether Churchill overstepped his bounds as a faculty member, whether his actions are cause for dismissal, and whether his writings are protected by the ].
In response to Churchill's speech being cancelled at Hamilton, Hawaiian Studies Professor and Hawaiian Sovereignty movement member Haunani-Kay Trask invited him to speak at the ] on ] ], where Churchill responded to his critics, and argued for academic freedom and free speech.


In response to Churchill's speech being cancelled at Hamilton, Hawaiian Studies Professor and Hawaiian Sovereignty movement member Haunani-Kay Trask invited him to speak at the ] on ] 2005, where Churchill responded to his critics and argued for academic freedom and free speech.
A fellow professor at the University of Colorado, Emma Perez, alleges that personal attacks against Ward Churchill are an organized "test case" by ]s to stifle liberal criticism of the ] and to directly undermine the funding of ] departments nation wide. .

A fellow professor at the University of Colorado, Emma Perez, alleges that attacks against Ward Churchill are an organized "test case" by ]s to stifle liberal criticism of the ] and to directly undermine the funding of ] departments nationwide. .


The Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights gave an honorable mention award to Churchill's volume in 2004 (prior to the controversy), and has defended Churchill's right to free speech. The Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights gave an honorable mention award to Churchill's volume in 2004 (prior to the controversy), and has defended Churchill's right to free speech.


==Activism==
==Rejected by Native American community as a fraud==


Churchill has been active in Colorado ] since at least 1984. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders — including ], ], ] and ] — broke with the national AIM leadership, especially ] and ], claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. This schism continues, with the AIM claiming that the local AIM leaders are tools of the government being used against Indians. Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in ] against the ] holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver ] community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and other protesters have been arrested several times in relation to acts of ], such as blocking the parade. Churchill has been active in the ] breakaway chapter of the ] since at least ]. In ], he and other local AIM leaders — including ], ], ] and ] — broke with the national AIM leadership, especially ] and ], claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. This schism continues, with the AIM claiming that the local AIM leaders are tools of the government being used against Indians. Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the ] holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver ] community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and other protesters have been arrested several times in relation to acts of ], such as blocking the parade.


In April 1983, Churchill met ] in ] during a travel ban to that country.
==False Claims of Ethnicity and His Rejection by Legitimate Native American Leaders==


==Other controversies==
Churchill's role as a Native American activist has resulted in his claims to be of Native American descent to be closely scrutinized. Churchill has stated that he was less than one-quarter Indian , that he was an associate member of the ], not being qualified to be a full member, and that as such has had his genealogy vetted by the enrollment office. In an article in ''Socialism and Democracy'' magazine, he stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the ]."


After the 9/11 essay controversy arose, additional allegations and controversies emerged and became the subject of debate in the media and on internet ]. This included disputes over his claim of partial ] heritage and allegations of ] and ]. University of Colorado administrators have ordered an investigation into the allegations of plagiarism, which is currently in progress. He has also been accused of intimidating his colleagues.
However, some critics claim that his Native American origins are fabricated and have produced some evidence they claim contradict his stated ancestry. The Keetoowah Band has stated publicly that Ward Churchill is not a member of their tribe. Many Native American tribes require someone to be of at least one quarter tribe ancestry to join. The Keetoowah Band does not recognize associate members as members of the Keetoowah band; their requirements specifically state "a person must be 1/4 degree of Cherokee Indian ancestry or above to be a member of the United Keetoowah Band" , a qualification which Churchill does not meet.

===Ethnicity===

Many leaders in the Native American community and in the American Indian Movement have publicly disputed Churchill's claim of partial Indian heritage. Churchill has stated that he was less than one-quarter Indian , that he was an associate member of the ], not being qualified to be a full member, and that as such has had his genealogy vetted by the enrollment office. In an article in ''Socialism and Democracy'' magazine, he stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the ]."

However, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians rejects his claim of membership and has stated publicly that Ward Churchill is not a member of their tribe. Many Native American tribes require someone to be of at least one quarter tribe ancestry to join. The Keetoowah Band does not recognize associate members as members of the Keetoowah band; their requirements specifically state "a person must be 1/4 degree of Cherokee Indian ancestry or above to be a member of the United Keetoowah Band" , a qualification which Churchill does not meet.


], who was "on the tribe's ] enrollment committee and served on the tribal council for four years," stated, "He was trying to get recognized as an Indian. He could not prove he was an Indian (Cherokee) at all." ], who was "on the tribe's ] enrollment committee and served on the tribal council for four years," stated, "He was trying to get recognized as an Indian. He could not prove he was an Indian (Cherokee) at all."
], a ] ] ]/] Indian and well-known Indian activist who has known Churchill for fifteen years, said she has discussed with Churchill his claims of being a Creek Indian. She has indicated that Churchill could not name his family members that are enrolled in the Creek Tribe. ], a Cherokee researcher, has searched the ] and Keetoowah tribal rolls and according to his research there is not a listing on any of these rolls of Churchill. Creek-Cherokee historian ] did not find Churchill's family members on the Muscogee (Creek) Nation rolls. Finally, the '']'' reports that a review of Churchill matrilineal genealogy on ] shows no evidence of Native American ancestry going back to his great great grandparents. Based on Census and Social Security Administration records all matrilineal ancestors of Ward Churchill are listed either as "White" or as "race unknown" ], a ] ] ]/] Indian and well-known Indian activist who has known Churchill for fifteen years, said she has discussed with Churchill his claims of being a Creek Indian. She has indicated that Churchill could not name his family members that are enrolled in the Creek Tribe. ], a Cherokee researcher, has searched the ] and Keetoowah tribal rolls and according to his research there is not a listing on any of these rolls of Churchill. Creek-Cherokee historian ] did not find Churchill's family members on the Muscogee (Creek) Nation rolls.
The '']'' reported that a review of Churchill matrilineal genealogy on ] shows no evidence of Native American ancestry going back to his great-great-grandparents. Based on ] and ] records all matrilineal ancestors of Ward Churchill are listed either as "White" or as "race unknown"
. .


], an ] Indian and a co-founder of AIM and the national leadership of AIM have issued press releases on a number of occasions over the years stating that Churchill does not represent the American Indian Movement and is not an Indian. ], an ] Indian and a co-founder of AIM, and the national leadership of AIM have issued press releases on a number of occasions over the years stating that Churchill does not represent the American Indian Movement and is not an Indian.


In an interview in ''The Rocky Mountain News'' Churchill himself stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if (the critics) are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull". In an interview in ''The Rocky Mountain News'' Churchill himself stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if (the critics) are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull".


It is not unusual for Americans who have some Native American blood, but whose families live within the mainstream community and who know their heritage only from family tradition, to encounter difficulty proving their ethnicity to the satisfaction of administrators of ] programs . The ] ] argues that ]s of Native Americans are rampant. There has been speculation that if Churchill was hired by the University of Colorado partly because of ethnic background, he might be fired should it be proved he lied about his ancestry. His supporters argue that the problems the university has with Churchill are based on his political statements, not questions regarding his ethnicity. Others argue that an assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might be a material misrepresentation and grounds for termination . It is not unusual for Americans who have some Native American blood, but whose families live within the mainstream community and who know their heritage only from family tradition, to encounter difficulty proving their ethnicity to the satisfaction of administrators of ] programs .
The ] ] argues that ]s of Native Americans are rampant. There has been speculation that if Churchill was hired by the University of Colorado partly because of ethnic background, he might be fired should it be proved he lied about his ancestry. His supporters argue that the problems the university has with Churchill are based on his political statements, not questions regarding his ethnicity. Others argue that an assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might be a material misrepresentation and grounds for termination .


=== Allegations of fraud and plagiarism ===
==Controversies Engulfing Churchill==


*In an article "The Genocide That Wasn't: Ward Churchill's ]", sociology professor ] accuses Churchill of engaging in academic fraud by fabricating an incident in which the US Army purportedly deliberately infected ] Indians with ] in ]. In the article "The Genocide That Wasn't: Ward Churchill's Research Fraud", sociology professor ] accuses Churchill of academic fraud by fabricating an incident in which the US Army purportedly deliberately infected ] Indians with ] in ]. Brown's article argues that the sources Churchill cites do not support what Churchill claims in his piece on the alleged genocide, stating that it was Lord ], a British General and Commander-in-Chief in North America during the finale of the ], who suggested this plan in ], more than a decade before the United States government existed.
:Brown's article argues that the sources Churchill cites do not support what Churchill claims in his piece on the alleged genocide. It was Lord ], a British General and Commander-in-Chief in North America during the finale of the ], who suggested this plan in 1763, more than a decade before the United States government existed.


*In two articles published in the 1990s, ] law professor ] alleged that Churchill fraudulently made false claims about the ]. LaVelle also accuses Churchill of plagiarism. In two articles published in the 1990s, ] law professor ] alleged that Churchill fraudulently made false claims about the ]. LaVelle also accuses Churchill of plagiarism.


*Recently, allegations reappeared that Churchill plagiarized the work of professor ] of ] in Nova Scotia. An internal ] report concludes that "The article ... is, in the opinion of our legal counsel, plagiarism," Dalhousie spokesman Charles Crosby said, summarizing the report's findings in an interview with the ''Rocky Mountain News.'' Recently, allegations reappeared that Churchill plagiarized the work of professor ] of ] in ]. An internal Dalhousie University report concludes that "The article ... is, in the opinion of our legal counsel, plagiarism," Dalhousie spokesman Charles Crosby said, summarizing the report's findings in an interview with the ''Rocky Mountain News.''


In addition, there are allegations that "Winter Attack", a 1981 serigraph signed by Ward Churchill, may be a copyright infringement of a 1972 drawing by ].
*In an April 2004 interview with '']'' magazine, Churchill said:
:''"If I defined the state as being the problem, just what happens to the state? I've never fashioned myself to be a revolutionary, but it's part and parcel of what I'm talking about. You can create through consciousness a situation of flux, perhaps, in which something better can replace it. In instability there's potential. That's about as far as I go with revolutionary consciousness. I'm actually a de-evolutionary. I don't want other people in charge of the apparatus of the state as the outcome of a socially transformative process that replicates oppression. I want the state gone: transform the situation to U.S. out of North America. U.S. off the planet. Out of existence altogether."''


===Other controversial statements===
:Colorado governor ] labeled these comments "treasonous", arguing that ''"Churchill has clearly called for violence against the state, and no country is required to subsidize its own destruction. That's what we're doing with Ward Churchill."'' On ] ], the ''Denver Post'' reported that these comments would be included in the review of Churchill's tenure.


In an April 2004 interview with '']'' magazine, Churchill said:
:On March 25, 2005, speaking at an event organized by his publisher, AK Express, Churchhill, in response to a question regarding his opinion about ] and any suggested alternatives, declared, "Capitalism is BAD!" With respect to alternatives he suggested looking to traditional solutions rather than to other Eurocentric alternatives such as the "Marxian," regarding which he said no one he knew found attractive<!---Booktv (C-span 2 on the weekends) April 10, 2005-->
:''"If I defined the state as being the problem, just what happens to the state? I've never fashioned myself to be a revolutionary, but it's part and parcel of what I'm talking about. You can create through consciousness a situation of flux, perhaps, in which something better can replace it. In instability there's potential. That's about as far as I go with revolutionary consciousness. I'm actually a de-evolutionary. I don't want other people in charge of the apparatus of the state as the outcome of a socially transformative process that replicates oppression. I want the state gone: transform the situation to U.S. out of North America. U.S. off the planet. Out of existence altogether."''


Colorado governor Bill Owens labeled these comments "treasonous", arguing that ''"Churchill has clearly called for violence against the state, and no country is required to subsidize its own destruction. That's what we're doing with Ward Churchill."'' On ] 2005, the ''Denver Post'' reported that these comments would be included in the review of Churchill's tenure. An investigation into allegations of plagiarism started by adminstrators at the University of Colorado is currently in progress.
*In addition, there are allegations that "Winter Attack", a 1981 serigraph signed by Ward Churchill, may be a copyright infringement of a 1972 drawing by ].


==Published works== ==Published works==

Revision as of 19:45, 21 April 2005

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Ward Churchill

Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2, 1947) is an American writer, academic, and activist. He is currently a tenured professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The author of many books and essays, Churchill is highly outspoken on Native American issues and US foreign policy. Churchill became nationally known in 2005 when talk show host Bill O'Reilly lambasted him for an essay he wrote immediately following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. This kicked off a media frenzy, which then expanded to include examinations of Churchill's ethnic heritage, his academic qualifications and other writings, and his activities as an American Indian activist. Churchill's claim to partial American Indian descent is disputed by various Native American groups.

Early life and education

Churchill was born and grew up in a blue-collar family in Elmwood, Illinois. His parents, Maralyn and Jack Churchill, divorced while Ward was still a toddler. In March 1950, his mother married Henry Carlton Debo, an employee of Caterpillar in nearby Peoria. Churchill has two half-brothers, Tom and Danny, and a half-sister, Terry. Churchill often stayed with his grandparents for months at at time. When Ward enrolled in Elmwood High School, he went by the name Ward Debo, taking his stepfather's surname. However, when he graduated in 1965, he was listed in his yearbook, the Ulmus, as Ward L. Churchill.

He was drafted by the US Army and saw active service in Vietnam from 1966 to 1968. Churchill's military records, as obtained by the press through the Freedom of Information Act, show his training to have been as a projectionist and light truck driver. Churchill later received his B.A. and M.A. from Sangamon State University (now the University of Illinois at Springfield).

In 1990, Churchill joined the University of Colorado at Boulder as an assistant professor and was granted tenure the following year.

Writing

As a scholar, Churchill has written on Native-American history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he considers the genocide inflicted on the indigenous peoples of North America by European settlers, repression which he argues continues to this day.

In Fantasies of the Master Race (1992), Churchill examined the portrayals of Native Americans and the use of Native American symbols in popular American culture. He focused on such phenomena as Tony Hillerman's mystery novels, the film Dances with Wolves, and the New Age movement, frequently finding what he sees as examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation at work. Churchill calls author Carlos Castaneda (who claims to reveal the teachings of a Yaqui Indian shaman) the "greatest hoax since Piltdown Man."

Churchill's Indians 'R' Us (1993), a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race, further explores Indian issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie Black Robe, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation killings, Leonard Peltier, sports mascots, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken against what he characterizes as New Age exploitations of shamanism and Native American sacred traditions and what he scorns as the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors.

Struggle For The Land (reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill asserts that the US government systematically exploited native land and permitted the killing or displacement of the Native American peoples who once inhabited it. He details Indian efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to defend the land from defoliation, strip-mining and other destructive practices.

Churchill's A Little Matter of Genocide (1998) is a historical survey of systematic ethnic cleansing from 1492 to the present. He compares the treatment of North American Indians to other genocides in history, such as the ones in Cambodia and Armenia, and that of Gypsies, Poles and Jews by the Nazis.

In Perversions of Justice (2002), Churchill argues that the US legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the US, but later adapted for application abroad, and demonstrates, he argues, the development of America's "imperial logic" which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.

Churchill has also written several books on US state oppression. In Agents of Repression (1988), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, the authors describe what they term "the secret war" against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and '70s by the FBI under the COINTELPRO program. The COINTELPRO Papers (reissued 2002), also with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the bureau's activities against leftist groups suspected by the Bureau of engaging in violence, from the Communist Party in the 1950s to the Central America solidarity movement in the 1980s.

File:On the Justice of Roosting Chickens.jpg
The cover of On the Justice of Roosting Chickens.

9/11 essay controversy

Churchill wrote an essay about the 9/11 terrorist attacks in which he focused on American foreign policy actions which he argues provoked and justified the attacks. His critics reject the notion that anything could have provoked or justified the killing of 3000 innocent victims. The piece was later incorporated into a book, On the Justice of Roosting Chickens. (The "roosting chickens" phrase comes from Malcolm X's equally controversial comment relating to the assassination of president John F. Kennedy that Kennedy "never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon.")

In the essay, which subsequently became the focus of significant criticism and controversy, he compared Americans to the "good Germans" of Nazi Germany. Churchill contends that the vast majority of Americans completely ignored the civilian suffering caused by the sanctions on Iraq during the 1990s. He characterized these sanctions as a policy of genocide, and repeatedly referred to their effect upon the children of Iraq.

In addition to the impact of the Iraq sanctions, Churchill argues that the Middle East policy of President Lyndon Johnson and the history of Crusades against the Islamic world contributed to the "provocations."

Churchill states:

As for those in the World Trade Center, well, really, let's get a grip here, shall we? True enough, they were civilians of a sort. But innocent? Gimme a break. They formed a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire the "mighty engine of profit" to which the military dimension of U.S. policy has always been enslaved and they did so both willingly and knowingly.

He said those killed in the attacks "were too busy braying, incessantly and self-importantly, into their cell phones, arranging power lunches and stock transactions, each of which translated, conveniently out of sight, mind and smelling distance, into the starved and rotting flesh of infants. If there was a better, more effective, or in fact any other way of visiting some penalty befitting their participation upon the little Eichmanns inhabiting the sterile sanctuary of the twin towers, I'd really be interested in hearing about it."

In January of 2005, attention was drawn to the essay after he was invited to speak at Hamilton College as a member of a panel titled "Limits of Dissent". The text was then quoted on the January 28 2005 edition of the Fox News Channel program The O'Reilly Factor. Bill O'Reilly initiated a campaign against Churchill imploring his viewers to e-mail the college. A flood of 6,000 e-mails resulted. In the ensuing uproar, the lecture was changed to a larger venue, but then was ultimately cancelled by president Joan Stewart due to "credible threats of violence".

In response to what Churchill called "grossly inaccurate media coverage concerning analysis of the September 11, 2001 attacks" Churchill clarified his views:

I am not a "defender" of the September 11 attacks, but simply pointing out that if U.S. foreign policy results in massive death and destruction abroad, we cannot feign innocence when some of that destruction is returned. I have never said that people "should" engage in armed attacks on the United States, but that such attacks are a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful U.S. policy. As Martin Luther King, quoting Robert F. Kennedy, said, "Those who make peaceful change impossible make violent change inevitable".

He continues later:

It is not disputed that the Pentagon was a military target, or that a CIA office was situated in the World Trade Center. Following the logic by which U.S. Defense Department spokespersons have consistently sought to justify target selection in places like Baghdad, this placement of an element of the American "command and control infrastructure" in an ostensibly civilian facility converted the Trade Center itself into a "legitimate" target. Again following U.S. military doctrine, as announced in briefing after briefing, those who did not work for the CIA but were nonetheless killed in the attack amounted to no more than "collateral damage". If the U.S. public is prepared to accept these "standards" when they are routinely applied to other people, they should not be surprised when the same standards are applied to them.

Following the report on Fox, Churchill became a focus of national attention. On January 31, 2005 he resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at University of Colorado but remains a tenured professor. A special meeting of the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado was held on Thursday, February 3, 2005, to discuss the case. Colorado Republican governor Bill Owens and other Democrat and Republican state lawmakers have publicly called for his dismissal. Churchill's supporters among the faculty and student body claim that allegations against Churchill are a pretext to discredit a notable liberal academic, which they say undermines freedom of speech, academic freedom, and ethnic studies departments nationwide.

The Colorado House of Representatives, with unanimous support from Republicans and Democrats, adopted a resolution condemning Churchill's statements about 9/11.

The Board of Regents of the University of Colorado, meeting in executive session at The Fitzsimons campus of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center on February 3 2005, adopted a resolution apologizing to the American people for Churchill's statements regarding the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and ratifying Interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano's review of Churchill's actions. He was directed to investigate whether Churchill overstepped his bounds as a faculty member, whether his actions are cause for dismissal, and whether his writings are protected by the First Amendment.

In response to Churchill's speech being cancelled at Hamilton, Hawaiian Studies Professor and Hawaiian Sovereignty movement member Haunani-Kay Trask invited him to speak at the University of Hawaii on February 22 2005, where Churchill responded to his critics and argued for academic freedom and free speech.

A fellow professor at the University of Colorado, Emma Perez, alleges that attacks against Ward Churchill are an organized "test case" by neo-conservatives to stifle liberal criticism of the War on Terror and to directly undermine the funding of ethnic studies departments nationwide. .

The Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights gave an honorable mention award to Churchill's volume in 2004 (prior to the controversy), and has defended Churchill's right to free speech.

Activism

Churchill has been active in the Denver breakaway chapter of the American Indian Movement since at least 1984. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders — including Russell Means, Glen Morris, Bob Robideau and David Hill — broke with the national AIM leadership, especially Clyde Bellecourt and Vernon Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. This schism continues, with the AIM claiming that the local AIM leaders are tools of the government being used against Indians. Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian-American community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and other protesters have been arrested several times in relation to acts of civil disobedience, such as blocking the parade.

In April 1983, Churchill met Muammar al-Qaddafi in Libya during a travel ban to that country.

Other controversies

After the 9/11 essay controversy arose, additional allegations and controversies emerged and became the subject of debate in the media and on internet blogs. This included disputes over his claim of partial Native American heritage and allegations of academic fraud and plagiarism. University of Colorado administrators have ordered an investigation into the allegations of plagiarism, which is currently in progress. He has also been accused of intimidating his colleagues.

Ethnicity

Many leaders in the Native American community and in the American Indian Movement have publicly disputed Churchill's claim of partial Indian heritage. Churchill has stated that he was less than one-quarter Indian , that he was an associate member of the Keetoowah tribe, not being qualified to be a full member, and that as such has had his genealogy vetted by the enrollment office. In an article in Socialism and Democracy magazine, he stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians."

However, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians rejects his claim of membership and has stated publicly that Ward Churchill is not a member of their tribe. Many Native American tribes require someone to be of at least one quarter tribe ancestry to join. The Keetoowah Band does not recognize associate members as members of the Keetoowah band; their requirements specifically state "a person must be 1/4 degree of Cherokee Indian ancestry or above to be a member of the United Keetoowah Band" , a qualification which Churchill does not meet.

Ernestine Berry, who was "on the tribe's Keetoowah Band enrollment committee and served on the tribal council for four years," stated, "He was trying to get recognized as an Indian. He could not prove he was an Indian (Cherokee) at all." Suzan Shown Harjo, a Hodulgee Muscogee Creek/Cheyenne Indian and well-known Indian activist who has known Churchill for fifteen years, said she has discussed with Churchill his claims of being a Creek Indian. She has indicated that Churchill could not name his family members that are enrolled in the Creek Tribe. David Cornsilk, a Cherokee researcher, has searched the Cherokee Nation and Keetoowah tribal rolls and according to his research there is not a listing on any of these rolls of Churchill. Creek-Cherokee historian Robert W. Trepp did not find Churchill's family members on the Muscogee (Creek) Nation rolls.

The Denver Post reported that a review of Churchill matrilineal genealogy on Ancestry.com shows no evidence of Native American ancestry going back to his great-great-grandparents. Based on Census and Social Security Administration records all matrilineal ancestors of Ward Churchill are listed either as "White" or as "race unknown" .

Dennis Banks, an Anishinabe Indian and a co-founder of AIM, and the national leadership of AIM have issued press releases on a number of occasions over the years stating that Churchill does not represent the American Indian Movement and is not an Indian.

In an interview in The Rocky Mountain News Churchill himself stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if (the critics) are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull".

It is not unusual for Americans who have some Native American blood, but whose families live within the mainstream community and who know their heritage only from family tradition, to encounter difficulty proving their ethnicity to the satisfaction of administrators of affirmative action programs .

The National Review's John J. Miller argues that ethnic impersonations of Native Americans are rampant. There has been speculation that if Churchill was hired by the University of Colorado partly because of ethnic background, he might be fired should it be proved he lied about his ancestry. His supporters argue that the problems the university has with Churchill are based on his political statements, not questions regarding his ethnicity. Others argue that an assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might be a material misrepresentation and grounds for termination .

Allegations of fraud and plagiarism

In the article "The Genocide That Wasn't: Ward Churchill's Research Fraud", sociology professor Thomas Brown accuses Churchill of academic fraud by fabricating an incident in which the US Army purportedly deliberately infected Mandan Indians with smallpox in 1837. Brown's article argues that the sources Churchill cites do not support what Churchill claims in his piece on the alleged genocide, stating that it was Lord Jeffrey Amherst, a British General and Commander-in-Chief in North America during the finale of the French and Indian War, who suggested this plan in 1763, more than a decade before the United States government existed.

In two articles published in the 1990s, University of New Mexico law professor John LaVelle alleged that Churchill fraudulently made false claims about the General Allotment Act. LaVelle also accuses Churchill of plagiarism.

Recently, allegations reappeared that Churchill plagiarized the work of professor Fay G. Cohen of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia. An internal Dalhousie University report concludes that "The article ... is, in the opinion of our legal counsel, plagiarism," Dalhousie spokesman Charles Crosby said, summarizing the report's findings in an interview with the Rocky Mountain News.

In addition, there are allegations that "Winter Attack", a 1981 serigraph signed by Ward Churchill, may be a copyright infringement of a 1972 drawing by Thomas E. Mails. News coverage, and a comparison of the works in question

Other controversial statements

In an April 2004 interview with Satya magazine, Churchill said:

"If I defined the state as being the problem, just what happens to the state? I've never fashioned myself to be a revolutionary, but it's part and parcel of what I'm talking about. You can create through consciousness a situation of flux, perhaps, in which something better can replace it. In instability there's potential. That's about as far as I go with revolutionary consciousness. I'm actually a de-evolutionary. I don't want other people in charge of the apparatus of the state as the outcome of a socially transformative process that replicates oppression. I want the state gone: transform the situation to U.S. out of North America. U.S. off the planet. Out of existence altogether."

Colorado governor Bill Owens labeled these comments "treasonous", arguing that "Churchill has clearly called for violence against the state, and no country is required to subsidize its own destruction. That's what we're doing with Ward Churchill." On February 6 2005, the Denver Post reported that these comments would be included in the review of Churchill's tenure. An investigation into allegations of plagiarism started by adminstrators at the University of Colorado is currently in progress.

Published works

Books

  • 1983
    • Marxism and Native Americans / edited by Ward Churchill, ISBN 0896081788
  • 1986
    • Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the role of armed struggle, ISBN 1902593588.
  • 1988
    • Agents of Repression: The FBI's secret wars against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement by Ward Churchill, James Vanderwall, ISBN 0896082938.
  • 1990
    • The COINTELPRO Papers : Documents from the FBI's secret wars against domestic dissent / by Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, ISBN 0896083594
  • 1994
    • ' ' Indians Are Us? : Culture and Genocide in Native North America , ISBN 1567510205
  • 1995
    • ' ' Since Predator Came : Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation , 1883930030
  • 1996
    • From A Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995, ISBN 0896085538.
  • 1998
    • A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present, hardcover ISBN 0872863433, paperback ISBN 0872863239.
    • ' ' Fantasies of the Master Race : Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians' ' , ISBN 0872863484
  • 2002
    • Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide, and Colonization, hardcover ISBN 0872864154, paperback ISBN 0872864146.
    • Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, ISBN 0415931568.
  • 2003
    • Perversions of Justice : Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law ' ' , ISBN 0872864111
    • On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality, ISBN 1902593790.
    • Life in Occupied America, ISBN 1902593723.
  • 2004
    • Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The genocidal impact of American Indian residential schools, ISBN 0872864340.

Audio and video

External links

Articles related to 9/11 essay controversy

Disputes over Churchill's ethnicity

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