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== Life == == Life ==
Santos Manual was born in a village in the Bear Valley region of the ] in the 1810s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 27, 1919 |title=INDIANS MOURN FOR AGED CHIEF, AGED 108 AT DEATH |work=The Daily Report (Ontario, CA) |pages=8}}</ref> Santos Manual was born in a village in the Bear Valley region of the ] in the 1810s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 27, 1919 |title=INDIANS MOURN FOR AGED CHIEF, AGED 108 AT DEATH |work=The Daily Report (Ontario, CA) |pages=8}}</ref> An alternative account from a visitor to the reservation in 1896 gave his age as 57, which would make his birth year closer to 1839.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chittenden |first=N.H. |date=August 27, 1896 |title=Our "Noble Injuns" |work=The Highland Citrus Belt (Highland, CA) quoting an article from the Redlands Daily Facts |pages=1}}</ref>


After gold was discovered in ] in the 1860s, an influx of Americans came to the area. American settlers formed militias after the deaths of some settlers, that were not caused by the Yuhaaviatam. However, the settlers did not distinguish between the Native Americans, causing heavy losses to Yuhaaviatam in the thirty-two day campaign.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lundahl |first=Mark |date=September 8, 1985 |title=San Manuel Ancestors: Innocent Victims of Revenge by Whites? |work=The Sun (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=A4}}</ref> In 1866, Santos Manuel led the remaining members of the clan (fewer than 30)<ref name=":0" /> to the San Bernardino Valley floor to the banks of Warm Creek (a tributary of the Santa Ana River).<ref name=":0" /> Later, the tribe moved to Harlem Springs (roughly near the intersection of Victoria and Base Line in Highland, California). Here, they were "pushed out by the white men,"<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Lindsey |first=James S. |date=December 29, 1932 |title=Indian is Real 'Forgotten Man' |work=The ] (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=11}}</ref> and were forced north to land that was barely arable, or as a newspaper put it in 1903, land that "the white folks had declined."<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=February 13, 1903 |title=A sketch from the Rancheria |work=San Bernardino Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=6}}</ref> After gold was discovered in ] in the 1860s, an influx of Americans came to the area. American settlers formed militias after the deaths of some settlers, that were not caused by the Yuhaaviatam. However, the settlers did not distinguish between the Native Americans, causing heavy losses to Yuhaaviatam in the thirty-two day campaign.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lundahl |first=Mark |date=September 8, 1985 |title=San Manuel Ancestors: Innocent Victims of Revenge by Whites? |work=The Sun (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=A4}}</ref> In 1866, Santos Manuel led the remaining members of the clan (fewer than 30)<ref name=":0" /> to the San Bernardino Valley floor to the banks of Warm Creek (a tributary of the Santa Ana River).<ref name=":0" /> Later, the tribe moved to Harlem Springs (roughly near the intersection of Victoria and Base Line in Highland, California). Here, they were "pushed out by the white men,"<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Lindsey |first=James S. |date=December 29, 1932 |title=Indian is Real 'Forgotten Man' |work=The ] (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=11}}</ref> and were forced north to land that was barely arable, or as a newspaper put it in 1903, land that "the white folks had declined."<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=February 13, 1903 |title=A sketch from the Rancheria |work=San Bernardino Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=6}}</ref>


In either 1882 or 1882, the tribe moved to its present location in the foothills of San Bernardino. Contemporary accounts refer it to "Manuel's Village" and "Santa Manuel" On January 12, 1891, the 55th Congress passed "An act for the relief of the Mission Indians in the State of California." President ] established the San Manuel Reservation in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marquez |first=Deron |date=January 16, 2000 |title=Declaration of Deron Marquez in support of Motion to Dismiss Before the NLRB |url=https://sct.narf.org/documents/sanmanuelvnlrb/NLRB%20Order%20and%20Briefs/san_manuel_motion_to_dismiss.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2024 |website=Native American Rights Fund}}</ref> The reservation originally consisted of 640 acres (one square mile), most of which were foothills. Of those, 13 acres were tillable.<ref name=":2" /> In either 1882 or 1882, the tribe moved to its present location in the foothills of San Bernardino. Contemporary accounts often refer it to "Manuel's Village" and "Santa Manuel" On January 12, 1891, the 55th Congress passed "An act for the relief of the Mission Indians in the State of California." President ] established the San Manuel Reservation in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marquez |first=Deron |date=January 16, 2000 |title=Declaration of Deron Marquez in support of Motion to Dismiss Before the NLRB |url=https://sct.narf.org/documents/sanmanuelvnlrb/NLRB%20Order%20and%20Briefs/san_manuel_motion_to_dismiss.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2024 |website=Native American Rights Fund}}</ref> The reservation originally consisted of 640 acres (one square mile), most of which were foothills. Of those, 13 acres were tillable.<ref name=":2" />


Under Santos Manuel, the Yuhaaviatam attempted to keep their traditions alive, including a traditional system of justice on the reservation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 14, 1896 |title=Still Hold Their Courts |work=The Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=4}}</ref> Under Santos Manuel, the Yuhaaviatam attempted to keep their traditions alive, including a traditional system of justice on the reservation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 14, 1896 |title=Still Hold Their Courts |work=The Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA) |pages=4}}</ref>
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Captain Manuel and his men participated in the Tournament of Roses in Pasadena on January 1, 1902.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 2, 1902 |title=INDIANS AT PASADENA |work=San Bernardino Daily Sun |pages=7}}</ref> Captain Manuel and his men participated in the Tournament of Roses in Pasadena on January 1, 1902.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 2, 1902 |title=INDIANS AT PASADENA |work=San Bernardino Daily Sun |pages=7}}</ref>


Flat land was purchased for the reservation, but it took until 1910 to get it irrigated with water from the North Fork Canal east of the reservation. Flat land was purchased for the reservation, but it took until 1910 to get it irrigated with water from the North Fork Canal east of the reservation.


Among the white population of the San Bernardino Valley, Santos Manuel was "well respected by his white neighbors."<ref name=":3" /> Among the white population of the San Bernardino Valley, Santos Manuel was "well respected by his white neighbors."<ref name=":3" />


Santos Manuel died on October 25, 1919<ref name=":1" />, at the San Manuel Reservation, and was buried in the cemetery on the reservation with Catholic and native rights. Santos Manuel died on October 25, 1919<ref name=":1" />, at the San Manuel Reservation, and was buried in the cemetery on the reservation with Catholic and native rights on October 27, 1919.


== Legacy == == Legacy ==

Revision as of 17:48, 17 December 2024

Mission Indians chief (1814–1919)

Paakuma (1814 – October 25, 1919) known by his Spanish-language name Santos Manuel, was the Captain (chief) of the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians (now known as the Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation).

Life

Santos Manual was born in a village in the Bear Valley region of the San Bernardino Mountains in the 1810s. An alternative account from a visitor to the reservation in 1896 gave his age as 57, which would make his birth year closer to 1839.

After gold was discovered in Holcomb Valley in the 1860s, an influx of Americans came to the area. American settlers formed militias after the deaths of some settlers, that were not caused by the Yuhaaviatam. However, the settlers did not distinguish between the Native Americans, causing heavy losses to Yuhaaviatam in the thirty-two day campaign. In 1866, Santos Manuel led the remaining members of the clan (fewer than 30) to the San Bernardino Valley floor to the banks of Warm Creek (a tributary of the Santa Ana River). Later, the tribe moved to Harlem Springs (roughly near the intersection of Victoria and Base Line in Highland, California). Here, they were "pushed out by the white men," and were forced north to land that was barely arable, or as a newspaper put it in 1903, land that "the white folks had declined."

In either 1882 or 1882, the tribe moved to its present location in the foothills of San Bernardino. Contemporary accounts often refer it to "Manuel's Village" and "Santa Manuel" On January 12, 1891, the 55th Congress passed "An act for the relief of the Mission Indians in the State of California." President Benjamin Harrison established the San Manuel Reservation in 1891. The reservation originally consisted of 640 acres (one square mile), most of which were foothills. Of those, 13 acres were tillable.

Under Santos Manuel, the Yuhaaviatam attempted to keep their traditions alive, including a traditional system of justice on the reservation.

Captain Manuel and his men participated in the Tournament of Roses in Pasadena on January 1, 1902.

Flat land was purchased for the reservation, but it took until 1910 to get it irrigated with water from the North Fork Canal east of the reservation.

Among the white population of the San Bernardino Valley, Santos Manuel was "well respected by his white neighbors."

Santos Manuel died on October 25, 1919, at the San Manuel Reservation, and was buried in the cemetery on the reservation with Catholic and native rights on October 27, 1919.

Legacy

Santos Manuel's descendants have continued to lead the Yuhaaviatam. These include Geraldine Campos (great-granddaughter),

References

  1. ^ "Posthumous honorary doctorate for San Manuel Band of Mission Indians founding leader". CSUSB.org. March 17, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ "OLDEST INDIAN OF VALLY IS DEAD". Sunday Morning Index and San Bernardino News (San Bernardino, CA). October 26, 1919. p. 1.
  3. "INDIANS MOURN FOR AGED CHIEF, AGED 108 AT DEATH". The Daily Report (Ontario, CA). October 27, 1919. p. 8.
  4. Chittenden, N.H. (August 27, 1896). "Our "Noble Injuns"". The Highland Citrus Belt (Highland, CA) quoting an article from the Redlands Daily Facts. p. 1.
  5. Lundahl, Mark (September 8, 1985). "San Manuel Ancestors: Innocent Victims of Revenge by Whites?". The Sun (San Bernardino, CA). pp. A4.
  6. ^ Lindsey, James S. (December 29, 1932). "Indian is Real 'Forgotten Man'". The San Bernardino Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA). p. 11.
  7. ^ "A sketch from the Rancheria". San Bernardino Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA). February 13, 1903. p. 6.
  8. Marquez, Deron (January 16, 2000). "Declaration of Deron Marquez in support of Motion to Dismiss Before the NLRB" (PDF). Native American Rights Fund. Retrieved December 16, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. "Still Hold Their Courts". The Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA). May 14, 1896. p. 4.
  10. "INDIANS AT PASADENA". San Bernardino Daily Sun. January 2, 1902. p. 7.
  11. "Highland". The Sun (San Bernardino, CA). June 19, 1973. pp. C-12.
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