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	{{Not to be confused with\|Emperor of India}}		{{Not to be confused with\|Emperor of India}}
	'''Emperor of Hindustan''' sometimes also translated as ''~~<u>~~Emperor of India~~</u>~~''<ref group="Note">Only during the period of ] in/after 16th century.</ref> was an] used by the ]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Larned \|first=Josephus Nelson \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RJE3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1706&dq=%22sultan+of+hindustan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK-Le9-buKAxWYka8BHQR5EDkQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=%22sultan%20of%20hindustan%22&f=false \|title=History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ... \|date=1895 \|publisher=C.A. Nichols Company \|language=en}}</ref> and the ]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hindustan) \|first=Jahangir (Emperor of \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22emperor+of+hindustan%22&dq=%22emperor+of+hindustan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi26aGM-ruKAxXQnK8BHSUkEA0Q6AF6BAgFEAM#%22emperor%20of%20hindustan%22 \|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India \|date=1999 \|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery \|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u9tAAAAMAAJ \|title=Journal of Historical Research \|date=1983 \|publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. \|language=en}}</ref> to signify their ] over ] and later the ].		'''Emperor of Hindustan''' sometimes also translated as ''Emperor of India''<ref group="Note">Only during the period of ] in/after 16th century.</ref> was an] used by the ]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Larned \|first=Josephus Nelson \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RJE3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1706&dq=%22sultan+of+hindustan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK-Le9-buKAxWYka8BHQR5EDkQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=%22sultan%20of%20hindustan%22&f=false \|title=History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ... \|date=1895 \|publisher=C.A. Nichols Company \|language=en}}</ref> and the ]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hindustan) \|first=Jahangir (Emperor of \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22emperor+of+hindustan%22&dq=%22emperor+of+hindustan%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi26aGM-ruKAxXQnK8BHSUkEA0Q6AF6BAgFEAM#%22emperor%20of%20hindustan%22 \|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India \|date=1999 \|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery \|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u9tAAAAMAAJ \|title=Journal of Historical Research \|date=1983 \|publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. \|language=en}}</ref> to signify their ] over ] and later the ].
	], First independent ''Emperor of ].'']]		], First independent ''Emperor of ].'']]
	], last ''Emperor of Hindustan'' before colonial rule.]]		], last ''Emperor of Hindustan'' before colonial rule.]]
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	During the rule of the ] in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to ''],'' many sources also translate ''Emperor of Hindustan'' to ''].''		During the rule of the ] in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to ''],'' many sources also translate ''Emperor of Hindustan'' to ''].''

	== History ==		== History ==
	===Delhi Sultanate===		===Delhi Sultanate===
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	===Mughal Empire===		===Mughal Empire===
	The ] was succeeded by the ], which called ~~it's~~ polity as ''Hindustan.'' By this period, ] had come to mean the entirety of the ] rather than only ].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vanina \|first=Evgenii͡a I͡Urʹevna \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA47&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man \|date=2012 \|publisher=Primus Books \|isbn=978-93-80607-19-1 \|language=en}}</ref>		The ] was succeeded by the ], which called its polity ''Hindustan.'' By this period, ] had come to mean the entirety of the ] rather than only ].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vanina \|first=Evgenii͡a I͡Urʹevna \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA47&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man \|date=2012 \|publisher=Primus Books \|isbn=978-93-80607-19-1 \|language=en}}</ref>

	== Variations ==		== Variations ==
	''The title Emperor of India'' was also used for the Mughal Emperors in some translated sources'','' a term later used by the ].		''The title Emperor of India'' was also used for the Mughal Emperors in some translated sources'','' a term later used by the ].
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	''Sultanate of Hindustan (Salṭan-i-Hindūstan)''		''Sultanate of Hindustan (Salṭan-i-Hindūstan)''

			==See also==
	== List of Emperors of Hindustan ==
			*]
	===Mamluk dynasty===
			*]
	{\| class=wikitable width="100%"
	! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"\|S/N
	! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"\|Name of ruler
	! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"\|Birth Date
	! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"\|Death Date
	! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"\|Beginning of reign
	!End of reign
	!Notes
	\|-
	\|1
	\|]
	\|1150
	\|14 November 1210
	\|25 June 1206
	\|14 November 1210
	\|
	\|-
	\|2
	\|]
	\|1176
	\|June 1211
	\|December 1210
	\|June 1211
	\|
	\|-
	\|3
	\|]
	\|1192
	\|30 April 1236
	\|June 1211
	\|30 April 1236
	\|Son-in-law of Aibak
	\|-
	\|4
	\|] (Firuz I)
	\|1211
	\|19 November 1236
	\|30 April 1236
	\|19 November 1236
	\|Son of Iltutmish
	\|-
	\|5
	\|]
	\|1205<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Smithsonian "TIMELINES OF EVERYONE" \|publisher=DK \|year=2020 \|isbn=9781465499967 \|edition=1st \|location=U.S. U.K. \|publication-date=2020 \|pages=63 \|language=English}}</ref>
	\|15 October 1240
	\|November 1236
	\|20 April 1240
	\|Daughter of Iltutmish
	\|-
	\|6
	\|]
	\|9 July 1212
	\|15 May 1242
	\|20 April 1240
	\|15 May 1242
	\|Son of Iltutmish
	\|-
	\|7
	\|]
	\|1227 or 1232
	\|10 June 1246
	\|May 1242
	\|10 June 1246
	\|Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
	\|-
	\|8
	\|] (Mahmud I)
	\|1229 or 1230
	\|18 February 1266
	\|10 June 1246
	\|18 February 1266
	\|Grandson of Iltutmish
	\|-
	\|9
	\|]
	\|1216
	\|13 January 1287
	\|18 February 1266
	\|13 January 1287
	\|Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
	\|-
	\|10
	\|]
	\|1269
	\|1 February 1290
	\|13 January 1287
	\|1 February 1290
	\|Grandson of Balban
	\|-
	\|11
	\|]
	\|1285/1287
	\|13 June 1290
	\|1 February 1290
	\|13 June 1290
	\|Son of Qaiqabad
	\|}
	===Mughal dynasty===
	{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
	! style="width:8%;"\| Portrait
	! style="width:12%;"\| '''Titular Name'''
	! style="width:18%;"\| Birth Name
	! style="width:9%;"\| Birth
	! style="width:20%;"\| Reign
	! style="width:13%;"\| Death
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|1 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Babur<br />{{Uninastaliq\|بابر}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\|ظهیر الدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|14 February 1483 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\| 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
	({{time interval\|20 April 1526\|26 December 1530}})
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|26 December 1530 (aged 47) ]
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|2 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Humayun<br />{{Uninastaliq\|همایوں}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\|نصیر الدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|6 March 1508 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540
	({{time interval\|26 December 1530\|17 May 1540}})

	22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
	({{time interval\|22 February 1555\|27 January 1556}})
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|27 January 1556 (aged 47) ], India
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|3 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Akbar <br />{{Uninastaliq\|اکبر}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\|جلال الدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|15 October 1542 ], Pakistan
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
	({{time interval\|11 February 1556\|27 October 1605}})
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|27 October 1605 (aged 63) ]
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|4 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Jahangir<br />{{Uninastaliq\|جهانگیر}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\| نور الدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|31 August 1569 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627
	({{time interval\|3 November 1605\|28 October 1627}})
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|28 October 1627 (aged 58) ]
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|5 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Shah Jahan<br/>{{Uninastaliq\|شاه جهان}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\|شهاب الدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|5 January 1592 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658
	({{time interval\|19 January 1628\|31 July 1658}})
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|22 January 1666 (aged 74) ]
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|6 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\| '''Aurangzeb<br /> {{Uninastaliq\|اورنگزیب }}'''
	'''Alamgir<br />{{Uninastaliq\|عالمگیر}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|محی الدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|3 November 1618 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
	({{time interval\|31 July 1658\|3 March 1707}})
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|3 March 1707 (aged 88 ], India
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|7 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Azam Shah<br />{{Uninastaliq\|اعظم شاه}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\|قطب الدين محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|28 June 1653 ], ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
	(3 months 6 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|20 June 1707 (aged 53) ], ]
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|8 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Bahadur Shah I<br />{{Uninastaliq\|بهادر شاہ}}'''
	'''Shah Alam I <br />{{Uninastaliq}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|''']'''<br />{{Uninastaliq\|مرزا محمد معظم}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|14 October 1643 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
	(4 years, 253 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|27 February 1712 (aged 68) ]
	\|-bgcolor=#66BB55
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|9 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Jahandar Shah<br />{{Uninastaliq\|جهاندار شاہ}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|معز الدین محمد }} <br /> <small> First Puppet emperor </small>
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|9 May 1661 Deccan, India
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
	(0 years, 350 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|12 February 1713 (aged 51) ], India
	\|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|10]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Farrukh Siyar<br />{{Uninastaliq\|فرخ سیر}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|معین الدین محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet emperor Under the ]</small>
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|20 August 1685 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
	(6 years, 48 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|19 April 1719 (aged 33) ], India
	\|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|11]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Rafi ud-Darajat<br />{{Uninastaliq\|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\|شمس الدین محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet emperor Under the ]</small>
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|1 December 1699
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719
	(0 years, 98 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|6 June 1719 (aged 19) ]
	\|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|12]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Shah Jahan II<br />{{Uninastaliq\|شاہ جهان دوم}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|رفع الدين محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet emperor Under the ]</small>
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|5 January 1696
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719
	(0 years, 105 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|18 September 1719 (aged 23) ]
	\|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|13]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Muhammad Shah<br />{{Uninastaliq\|محمد شاه}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|نصیر الدین محمد}}<br /><small>Puppet emperor Under the ]</small>
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|7 August 1702 ], Afghanistan
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
	(28 years, 212 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|26 April 1748 (aged 45) ], India
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|14]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Ahmad Shah Bahadur<br />{{Uninastaliq\|احمد شاہ بهادر}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|مجاهد الدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|23 December 1725 ], India
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
	(6 years, 37 days)
	\| style="text-align:center"\|1 January 1775 (aged 49) ], India
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|15]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Alamgir II<br />{{Uninastaliq\|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|عزیز اُلدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|6 June 1699 ]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
	(5 years, 180 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|16]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Shah Jahan III<br />{{Uninastaliq\|شاه جهان سوم}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|محی الملت}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|1711
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
	(0 years, 282 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|1772 (aged 60–61)
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|17]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Shah Alam II<br />{{Uninastaliq\|شاه عالم دوم}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|جلال الدین علی گوهر}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|25 June 1728 ], India
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
	(27 years, 301 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|19 November 1806 (aged 78) ], India
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|18]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Shah Jahan IV<br />{{Uninastaliq\|جهان شاه چهارم}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|]<br />{{Uninastaliq\| بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ }}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|1749 ], India
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788
	(0 years, 63 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|1790 (aged 40–41) ], India
	\|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|17]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Shah Alam II<br />{{Uninastaliq\|شاه عالم دوم}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|جلال الدین علی گوهر}}<br /><small>Puppet emperor under the ]</small>
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|25 June 1728 ], India
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
	(18 years, 339 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|19 November 1806 (aged 78) ], India
	\|- bgcolor="#F2D4CE"
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|19]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Akbar Shah II<br />{{Uninastaliq\|اکبر شاه دوم}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|میرزا اکبر}}<br /><small>Puppet emperor under the ]</small>
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|22 April 1760 ], India
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
	(30 years, 321 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|28 September 1837 (aged 77) ], India
	\|-
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|20]
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|'''Bahadur Shah II Zafar<br />{{Uninastaliq\|بهادر شاه ظفر}}'''
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|] <br />{{Uninastaliq\|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد}}
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|24 October 1775 ], India
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
	(19 years, 360 days)
	\| style="text-align:center;"\|7 November 1862 (aged 87) ]
	\|}

	== References and Notes ==		== References and Notes ==

Revision as of 07:50, 24 December 2024

Not to be confused with Emperor of India.

Emperor of Hindustan sometimes also translated as Emperor of India was animperial title used by the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire to signify their sovereignity over Northern India and later the Indian subcontinent.

The term was simultaneously used for Northern India and the Indian subcontinent during the Medieval period.

During the rule of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to Emperor of India, many sources also translate Emperor of Hindustan to Emperor of India.

History

Delhi Sultanate

After the Delhi Sultanate gained independence from the Ghurid Empire, it called it's land Hindustan, representing its sovereignity over Northern India (Punjab and the Indo-Gangetic plains) and later the Indian subcontinent.

Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that during periods of Delhi Sultanate, Hindustan simultaneously represented Northern India aswell as the entire Indian subcontinent.

Mughal Empire

The Delhi Sultanate was succeeded by the Mughal Empire, which called its polity Hindustan. By this period, Hindustan had come to mean the entirety of the Indian subcontinent rather than only Northern India.

Variations

The title Emperor of India was also used for the Mughal Emperors in some translated sources, a term later used by the British Monarchs.

Other variations were also used:

Sultan of Al-Hind (Salṭan-i-al-Hindīyyah)

Sultanate of Hindustan (Salṭan-i-Hindūstan)

References and Notes

Only during the period of Mughal Empire in/after 16th century.

Larned, Josephus Nelson (1895). History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ... C.A. Nichols Company.
Hindustan), Jahangir (Emperor of (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8.
Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, Ranchi University. 1983.
Jackson, Peter (2003-10-16). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (1989). The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent. Place Names Society of India.
Vanina, Evgenii͡a I͡Urʹevna (2012). Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-19-1.