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'''Mughal currency''' was ] produced and used within the ] empire. '''Mughal currency''' was ] produced and used within the ] empire.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shahpurshah Hormash |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39615/mode/2up |title=Historical Studies In Mughal Numismatics |date=1923}}</ref>


Despite India having significant gold reserves, the Mughal coins were produced primarily from imported ], as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of ] into India. Despite India having significant gold reserves, the Mughal coins were produced primarily from imported ], as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of ] into India.
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] ]
The trend of depiction of figures on coins continued during the reign of Akbar's son and successor Jahangir. However, the Ilahi creed was dropped.<ref name=":0" /> He issued ]-themed coins as well as coins bearing his own portrait, and the portrait of his father Akbar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=R. B. |date=1931 |title=The Portrait Medals and Zodiacal Coins of the Emperor Jahāngīr. II. The Zodiacal Coins (Continued) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42664263 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society |volume=11 |issue=42 |pages=91–130 |issn=0267-7504}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodivala |first=S. H. |date=1929 |title=The Chronology of the Zodiacal Coins of Jahāngīr |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42664237 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society |volume=9 |issue=35/36 |pages=296–309 |issn=0267-7504}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Portrait Coin of the Emperor Jahangir |date= |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/444854 |access-date=2024-12-26 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allan |first=J. |date=1930 |title=A Portrait Mohur of Akbar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4421189 |journal=The British Museum Quarterly |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=56–57 |doi=10.2307/4421189 |issn=0007-151X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=N.Y.) |first=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vO761l9dgZwC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=zodiac&f=false |title=Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |last2=Ekhtiar |first2=Maryam |date=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-434-7 |language=en}}</ref> The trend of depiction of figures on coins continued during the reign of Akbar's son and successor Jahangir. However, the Ilahi creed was dropped.<ref name=":0" /> He issued ]-themed coins as well as coins bearing his own portrait, and the portrait of his father Akbar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=R. B. |date=1931 |title=The Portrait Medals and Zodiacal Coins of the Emperor Jahāngīr. II. The Zodiacal Coins (Continued) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42664263 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society |volume=11 |issue=42 |pages=91–130 |issn=0267-7504}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodivala |first=S. H. |date=1929 |title=The Chronology of the Zodiacal Coins of Jahāngīr |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42664237 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society |volume=9 |issue=35/36 |pages=296–309 |issn=0267-7504}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Portrait Coin of the Emperor Jahangir |date= |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/444854 |access-date=2024-12-26 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allan |first=J. |date=1930 |title=A Portrait Mohur of Akbar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4421189 |journal=The British Museum Quarterly |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=56–57 |doi=10.2307/4421189 |issn=0007-151X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=N.Y.) |first=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vO761l9dgZwC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=zodiac&f=false |title=Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |last2=Ekhtiar |first2=Maryam |date=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-434-7 |language=en}}</ref>

During his reign, coins were also issued in the name of the empress ].<ref name=":1" />


== References == == References ==

Revision as of 02:47, 26 December 2024

Gold mohur of Akbar

Mughal currency was coinage produced and used within the Mughal empire.

Despite India having significant gold reserves, the Mughal coins were produced primarily from imported bullion, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of precious metals into India.

Metals

The coinage was primarily issued in three metals - gold (mohur), silver (rupya), and copper (dam).

History

Akbar

During Akbar's reign, Islamic orthodoxy declined, and this culminated in the replacement of Islam as the court religion by Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic religion founded by the emperor himself. This reflected in the coins, and the Islamic creed was replaced with the creed of the new religion. The restriction on the depiction of living beings in coins was also abandoned. Therefore, coins depicting hawks and even Hindu gods were issued during his reign.

Jahangir

Gold mohur from the reign of Jahangir

The trend of depiction of figures on coins continued during the reign of Akbar's son and successor Jahangir. However, the Ilahi creed was dropped. He issued Zodiac-themed coins as well as coins bearing his own portrait, and the portrait of his father Akbar.

During his reign, coins were also issued in the name of the empress Nur Jahan.

References

  1. ^ Hodivala, Shahpurshah Hormash (1923). Historical Studies In Mughal Numismatics.
  2. Ahmad, Shamoon; Hashmi, Izhar Alam (2007). "Copper Coins of Akbar from Kangra Museum". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 68: 1428–1432. ISSN 2249-1937.
  3. Chakraborty, Surendrakishore (1939). "Some Hindu Elements in Muslim Coinage of India". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3: 672–687. ISSN 2249-1937.
  4. "Akbar's Coins". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
  5. ^ Whitehead, R. B (1929). "The Portrait Medals and Zodiacal Coins of the Emperor Jahāngīr". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 9 (33): 1–25. ISSN 0267-7504.
  6. Whitehead, R. B. (1931). "The Portrait Medals and Zodiacal Coins of the Emperor Jahāngīr. II. The Zodiacal Coins (Continued)". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 11 (42): 91–130. ISSN 0267-7504.
  7. Hodivala, S. H. (1929). "The Chronology of the Zodiacal Coins of Jahāngīr". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 9 (35/36): 296–309. ISSN 0267-7504.
  8. Portrait Coin of the Emperor Jahangir, Metropolitan Museum of Art, retrieved 2024-12-26
  9. Allan, J. (1930). "A Portrait Mohur of Akbar". The British Museum Quarterly. 5 (2): 56–57. doi:10.2307/4421189. ISSN 0007-151X.
  10. N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Ekhtiar, Maryam (2011). Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-434-7.
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