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| ] of ]]] | ] of ]]] | ||
| '''Mughal currency''' was ] produced and used within the ] empire. |
'''Mughal currency''' was ] produced and used within the ] empire. | ||
| Despite India having significant gold reserves, the Mughal coins were produced primarily from imported ], as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of ] into India. | Despite India having significant gold reserves, the Mughal coins were produced primarily from imported ], as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of ] into India. | ||
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| == History == | == History == | ||
| === Humayun and the Sur Interregnum === | |||
| The ] ruled briefly when its founder ] defeated the emperor Humayun, who then sought refuge in Persia. Sher Shah introduced various reforms in terms of coinage, including the standardization of the ] (''rupiya'', or silver) and ] (copper). In 1556, the Mughals regained control of Delhi and Akbar was crowned the new emperor. He adopted the standardizations that had been introduced, and they became a part of Mughal coinage henceforth.{{sfn|Whitehead|1914|pp=xiv}} | |||
| === Akbar === | === Akbar === | ||
| During |
During his reign, Islamic orthodoxy declined, and this culminated in the replacement of Islam as the court religion by ], a syncretic religion founded by the emperor himself. This reflected in the coins, and the ] was replaced with the creed of the new religion. The restriction on the ] in coins was also abandoned. Therefore, coins depicting ] and ducks were issued. A half-mohur with representations of the Hindu gods of Rama and Sita was also issued during this period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakraborty |first=Surendrakishore |date=1939 |title=Some Hindu Elements in Muslim Coinage of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252421 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=3 |pages=672–687 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akbar’s Coins |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/akbar%E2%80%99s-coins/AQE2HlZHI9ramQ?hl=en |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=R. B |date=1929 |title=The Portrait Medals and Zodiacal Coins of the Emperor Jahāngīr |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42660670 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society |volume=9 |issue=33 |pages=1–25 |issn=0267-7504}}</ref> | ||
| === Jahangir === | === Jahangir === | ||
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| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| * {{Cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shahpurshah Hormash |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39615/mode/2up |title=Historical Studies In Mughal Numismatics |date=1923}} | |||
| * {{cite book |year=1914 |last=Whitehead |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502241/mode/2up |title=Coins Of The Mughal Emperors |first=R.B.}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 13:09, 26 December 2024
_LACMA_M.77.55.11_(1_of_2).jpg)
Mughal currency was coinage produced and used within the Mughal empire.
Despite India having significant gold reserves, the Mughal coins were produced primarily from imported bullion, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of precious metals into India.
Metals
The coinage was primarily issued in three metals - gold (mohur), silver (rupya), and copper (dam).
History
Humayun and the Sur Interregnum
The Sur Empire ruled briefly when its founder Sher Shah Suri defeated the emperor Humayun, who then sought refuge in Persia. Sher Shah introduced various reforms in terms of coinage, including the standardization of the rupee (rupiya, or silver) and dam (copper). In 1556, the Mughals regained control of Delhi and Akbar was crowned the new emperor. He adopted the standardizations that had been introduced, and they became a part of Mughal coinage henceforth.
Akbar
During his reign, Islamic orthodoxy declined, and this culminated in the replacement of Islam as the court religion by Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic religion founded by the emperor himself. This reflected in the coins, and the Islamic creed was replaced with the creed of the new religion. The restriction on the depiction of living beings in coins was also abandoned. Therefore, coins depicting hawks and ducks were issued. A half-mohur with representations of the Hindu gods of Rama and Sita was also issued during this period.
Jahangir
The trend of depiction of figures on coins continued during the reign of Akbar's son and successor Jahangir. However, the Ilahi creed was dropped. He issued Zodiac-themed coins as well as coins bearing his own portrait, and the portrait of his father Akbar.
During his reign, coins were also issued in the name of the empress Nur Jahan.
References
- Ahmad, Shamoon; Hashmi, Izhar Alam (2007). "Copper Coins of Akbar from Kangra Museum". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 68: 1428–1432. ISSN 2249-1937.
- Whitehead 1914, pp. xiv.
- Chakraborty, Surendrakishore (1939). "Some Hindu Elements in Muslim Coinage of India". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3: 672–687. ISSN 2249-1937.
- "Akbar's Coins". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
- ^ Whitehead, R. B (1929). "The Portrait Medals and Zodiacal Coins of the Emperor Jahāngīr". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 9 (33): 1–25. ISSN 0267-7504.
- Whitehead, R. B. (1931). "The Portrait Medals and Zodiacal Coins of the Emperor Jahāngīr. II. The Zodiacal Coins (Continued)". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 11 (42): 91–130. ISSN 0267-7504.
- Hodivala, S. H. (1929). "The Chronology of the Zodiacal Coins of Jahāngīr". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 9 (35/36): 296–309. ISSN 0267-7504.
- Portrait Coin of the Emperor Jahangir, Metropolitan Museum of Art, retrieved 2024-12-26
- Allan, J. (1930). "A Portrait Mohur of Akbar". The British Museum Quarterly. 5 (2): 56–57. doi:10.2307/4421189. ISSN 0007-151X.
- N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Ekhtiar, Maryam (2011). Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-434-7.
- Cite error: The named reference
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Bibliography
- Hodivala, Shahpurshah Hormash (1923). Historical Studies In Mughal Numismatics.
- Whitehead, R.B. (1914). Coins Of The Mughal Emperors.