Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 02:26, 27 December 2024

Café des Ambassadeurs

Café-Concert at Les Ambassadeurs by Edgar Degas, 1876–77
Café des AmbassadeursLocation within Paris
Address	1 Avenue Gabriel 8th arrondissement of Paris France
Coordinates	48°52′02″N 2°19′18″E / 48.86732°N 2.32155°E / 48.86732; 2.32155
Designation	Café-concert
Opened	1830
Closed	1929

The Café des Ambassadeurs, also known as Les Ambassadeurs or Les Ambass', was a café-concert located in the Champs-Élysées district, at 1 Avenue Gabriel, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, which opened around 1830 and closed in 1929. Les Ambassadeurs had its heyday during the Belle Époque in Paris when the café-concert became a regular destination of some of the best known figures of art and the demi-monde in Paris. Painters such as Edgar Degas and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec portrayed artists and visitors at the caf'conc and almost every vaudeville and music hall entertainer that mattered in those days performed in "Les Ambass".

Early years

The Café des Ambassadeurs was founded in 1764 as an open-air café near the hotels designed to house foreign ambassadors in Paris, built to the designs of the architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel. In 1772, a small pavilion was added, and Les Ambassadeurs became an elegant meeting place where people could listen to music and drink, due to the improvements of the Champs-Élysées over the years. Around 1830, it became a café chantant when a few singers and jugglers were allowed to entertain the public on a more or less improvised stage.

In 1840, with the installation of gas lighting on the Champs-Élysées, Les Ambassadeurs became a summer café-concert, whose makeshift stage became a kiosk surrounded by greenery, with tables and chairs set up in front of it. The kiosk was replaced by a more comfortable pavilion with an outdoor stage designed by Jacques Hittorff shortly before 1843, and in 1848 a roofed bandstand to protect the artists was added. In the 1860s, the Champs-Élysées became a fashionable place to stroll, and Les Ambassadeurs was the busiest of the twenty or so cafés on the avenue.

Les Ambassadeurs was situated in one of the most beautiful districts of Paris and in the open air and had the distinct advantage in the summer season of fresh air, whereas the other stuffy indoor, gaslit establishments, generally badly arranged from the point of view of ventilation, became suffocatingly insupportable in the summer months. Most closed their doors for the summer season and the clientele moved to the Champs Elysees, where the cafconc' stars entertained under the trees in the lamplight at the summer Alcazar and Les Ambassadeurs.

Unintentionally, Les Ambassadeurs had a role in organising songwriters and composers and their fight for their rights. In 1847, three authors and composers of music, Paul Henrion, Victor Parizot and Ernest Bourget refused to pay for their drinks because their music was played there without them receiving any royalties. They were sued, but they in turn took the manager to court. This was the beginning of the SACEM (Société des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Éditeurs de Musique).

Heyday during the Belle Époque

During the 1850s and 1860s, the reputation of the establishment gradually surpassed that of the nearby Alcazar d'Été, because although it presented more or less the same acts, it was more chic and attracted a more upmarket clientele. With the arrival of Pierre Ducarre, a new director (1874 to 1902), a restaurant was added with the best chef in Paris, which transformed the place into a rendez-vous for gastronomes. (From 1882, Ducarre also was in charge of the Alcazar d'Été.) The café-concert had its heyday during the Belle Époque in Paris when Les Ambassadeurs became a regular destination of some of the best known figures of art and the demi-monde, and almost every vaudeville and music hall entertainer that mattered in those days performed there, such as Aristide Bruant, Zulma Bouffar, Polaire, Paula Brébion, Paulus, Eugénie Fougère, Anna Judic, Fragson, and last but not least Mistinguett and Yvette Guilbert.

Painters such as Edgar Degas (who painted the Café-Concert at Les Ambassadeurs and Singer with a Glove here) and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec portrayed visitors at the venue. The chansonnier Aristide Bruant, a close friend of Toulouse-Lautrec, contributed to the breakthrough of the artist. He insisted that Ducarre should commission a poster of him by Toulouse-Lautrec when he moved to Les Ambassadeurs in 1892. Toulouse-Lautrec painted a romantic and imposing picture of Bruant, with his cape thrown over his shoulders and his famous red scarf around his neck. Ducarre was appalled and ordered to take it down, but Bruant threatened to not perform if he did so. Instead, he compelled the director to cover the whole venue and stage with the poster. When the success of the chansonnier, and of his image, was overwhelming, Ducarre admitted that he had been wrong. Bruant forced him to display the now iconic poster all over Paris.

Of the many artist, Yvette Guilbert deserves special attention. Her debut in 1892 changed the atmosphere at the Ambass's overnight. Before her, the audience was noisy, the artists often heckled and bullied. With Guilbert, singers were finally able to perform in peace. For eight years, every summer, she returned to Les Ambassadeurs. In 1893, she urged Pierre Ducarre to put a roof over the garden, not only to improve acoustics, but also so that the café-concert could remain open even on rainy days.

Decline and closure

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 changed everything. Les Ambassadeurs reopened in the summer of 1915 with the stars of the moment, but the Belle Époque atmosphere was gone. As the clientele was becoming increasingly scarce, the director of the Casino Kursaal of Ostend, Edmond Sayag, decided in 1925 to transform the place into an American-style music hall, a play garden, a restaurant-theatre, a theatre and then, finally, into anything and everything. It closed in 1929 when it was demolished and replaced by a théâtre built in 1931, also called Les Ambassadeurs, and a new restaurant bearing the same name.

References

1. ^ Leslie 1978, p. 65.
2. ^ "L'Alcazar d'été et les Ambassadeurs". Du Temps des cerises aux Feuilles mortes (in French). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
3. ^ Costille 2016, p. 32 and Annex III (pp. 303–305).
4. Caradec & Weill 1980, p. 21.
5. Leslie 1978, p. 155.
6. "Ernest Bourget, défenseur du droit d'auteur, par Jacques-Marie Vaslin". Le Monde (in French). 28 September 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
7. Leslie 1978, p. 67.
8. ^ Gaillard 1990, p. 24.
9. ^ Sallée & Chauveau 1985, p. 121.
10. Néret 1999, pp. 100-102.

Sources

• Caradec, François; Weill, Alain (1980). Le café-concert (in French). Paris: Hachette/Massin. ISBN 2-01-006940-4.
• Costille, Marine (2016). Spectacles au music-hall. Le cas de quatre salles parisiennes, 1917-1940. Histoire (Thesis) (in French).
• Gaillard, Marc (1990). Les belles heures des Champs-Élysées (in French). Amiens: Martelle editions. ISBN 2-87890-050-2.
• Leslie, Peter (1978). A Hard Act to Follow: A Music Hall Review. New York: Paddington Press. ISBN 0-7092-0466-3.
• Néret, Gilles (1999). Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1864-1901. Köln: Benedikt Taschen Verlag. ISBN 3-8228-6524-9.
• Sallée, André; Chauveau, Philippe (1985). Music-hall et café-concert (in French). Paris: Bordas. ISBN 2-04-015378-0.

• Cabarets in Paris
• Entertainment venues in Paris
• Music venues completed in 1860
• Former theatres in Paris
• Champs-Élysées