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Landmark Education

File:Landmark Education logo2.jpg
Company type	Private LLC
Industry	self-help, self-improvement, personal development, management consulting, continuing education
Founded	January 1991
Headquarters	San Francisco, California, USA
Key people	Harry Rosenberg: Director; CEO Mick Leavitt: President; Director Steven Zaffron: Director; CEO, Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD) Art Schreiber: General Counsel; Chairman, BOD; Director Joan Rosenberg: Vice President, Centers Division; Director Nancy Zapolski: Vice President, Course Development Laurel Scheaf: Director; Landmark Forum Leader Sanford Robbins: Director Brian Regnier: Course Designer
Products	The Landmark Forum, associated coursework
Revenue	8.6% to USD$76 million (2005)
Net income	USD$2.5 million (1997)
Number of employees	more than 450 employees (2006); 650 trained leaders, some of whom volunteer their time; 7,500 volunteers in "Assisting Program" (1998)
Subsidiaries	Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD) Landmark Education International, Inc. Tekniko Licensing Corporation Rancord Company, Ltd.
Website	Landmark Education homepage

Landmark Education LLC (LE) offers training and development programs in over 20 countries. An employee-owned, private company, it has its headquarters in San Francisco, California. Its introductory course has the name The Landmark Forum.

Landmark Education purchased the intellectual property of Werner Erhard and Associates, a successor to the controversial est Training, and since its founding in 1991 has developed other courses.

Landmark Education aims its courses primarily at individuals. Its subsidiary Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD) markets and delivers training and consulting to organizations. Landmark Education's subsidiary Tekniko Licensing Corporation licenses Landmark Education's "technology" to management-consulting firms.

Some critics question (for example) whether and to what degree Landmark Education courses benefit participants. Others criticise the use of volunteers by Landmark Education and examine the origins of the organization (est/WEA etc).

Corporation

Landmark Education's Charter states that the organization is "a global enterprise whose purpose is to empower and enable people and organizations to generate and fulfill new possibilities. We create and provide programs, services, and paradigms that produce extraordinary results for our customers."

Landmark Education states that over 880,000 people have taken part in its introductory program, "The Landmark Forum" since 1991. It has compiled a text entitled "Independent Research, Case Studies, and Surveys" devoted to its courses on its corporate website, and trains its own course instructors intensively in Landmark's pedagogy (also known internally as "technology").

Landmark Education regards the precise content of its courses as copyrighted material, but provides a course syllabus for the "Landmark Forum" on their public website.

Memberships and accreditations

Landmark Education and its subsidiaries hold memberships in the following professional associations and organizations:

• American Society for Training and Development
• International Society for Performance Improvement
• American Management Association
• International Association for Continuing Education and Training (Membership Details) (CEU Qualifications)
• Academy of Management

History

Landmark Education, known from May 7, 1991 to February 26, 2003 as "Landmark Education Corporation (LEC)", purchased certain rights to a presentation known as The Forum from Werner Erhard and Associates (WEA, the corporate successor of Erhard Seminars Training — est or EST). The new owners, including former staff of WEA, renamed the course The Landmark Forum, further developed its content and shortened the four-day, two-weekend WEA "Forum" to three full days. Landmark Education states that it made changes to the course content at that time, and that a major re-design of the Landmark Forum took place in 1999. Landmark Education also inherited other WE&A courses.

The group of people who purchased the rights registered themselves initially as Transnational Education, as The Centers Network, and (in Japan) as Rancord Company, Ltd.. Corporation as "Landmark Education Corporation" (LEC) took place later in 1991. In February 2003, Landmark Education LLC succeeded LEC.

The coursework and pedagogy of WEA evolved from est/Erhard Seminars Training, founded by Werner Erhard in 1971.

According to Landmark Education, Werner Erhard consults from time to time with its "Research and Design team". (See also an article in Time Magazine. ) Erhard's younger brother (Harry Rosenberg) works as Landmark Education's Chief Executive Officer, and their sister (Joan Rosenberg) serves as the Vice President of Landmark Education's Centers Division.

According to statements made by Landmark Education CEO Harry Rosenberg in 2001:

...Erhard kept the Mexican and Japanese branches of the operation...Last year, Landmark had revenues of $58 million, and ... the company has bought outright Erhard's license and his rights to Japan and Mexico.

The prior president and registered agent of Werner Erhard and Associates, (Art Schreiber), functions as Landmark Education's General Counsel and Chairman of the Landmark Education Board of Directors. Art Schreiber was Werner Erhard's personal attorney.

Structure and financials

Landmark Education LLC operates as an employee-owned for-profit private company. According to Landmark Education's fact-sheet, its employees own all the stock of the corporation, with no individual holding more than 3%. The company states that it operates in such a way as to invest its surpluses into making its programs, initiatives and services more widely available. The shareholders elect a Board of Directors annually. A list of executive officers appears in the box above.

As of 2005, Landmark Education claims that 70,000 to 80,000 people took the Landmark Forum annually, and around 50,000 take other courses offered.

As of 2006 Landmark Education maintained 52 offices in 21 countries , with more than half of its offices in North America.

Landmark Education reported revenues of $70 million for 2004; $76 million in 2005 . In 1997, Landmark had 451 employees, 7,500 volunteers in the United States alone, spent $13 million on employee salaries and bonuses, spent $4 million on travel, and made a profit of $2.5 million (which it re-invested in the expansion of the company's operations .)

Subsidiaries

Landmark Education's subsidiaries include Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD), and Tekniko Licensing Corporation.

Landmark Education Business Development

Landmark Education Business Development, founded in 1993, utilizes the "technology" of Landmark Education in providing consulting services to various companies.

The University of Southern California (USC) Marshall School of Business carried out a case study into the work of Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD) at BHP New Zealand Steel. The report concluded that the set of interventions in the organization produced a 50% improvement in safety, a 15% to 20% reduction in key benchmark costs, a 50% increase in return on capital, and a 20% increase in raw steel production. The USC makes the full report available.

Tekniko Licensing Corporation

Tekniko Licensing Corporation, originally owned by Werner Erhard, formed the successor organization to his Transformational Technologies. Werner Erhard and a management consultant named James Selman originally incorporated Transformational Technologies in 1984. Landmark Education referred to Tekniko Licensing Corporation as one of the company's "wholly owned subsidiaries". According to SEC filings, on the other hand, Terry M. Giles fully owns Tekniko Licensing Corporation, and as of March 31, 2006, SEC filings also listed Mr. Terry M. Giles as the Chairman of the Board of Landmark Education Corporation.

Courses and Programs

The Curriculum for Living is the core set of four programs that Landmark Education offers:

1. The Landmark Forum, introductory course and pre-requisite for other courses
2. The Landmark Forum in Action Seminar, optional seminar included in the tuition-cost of the Landmark Forum
3. The Landmark Advanced Course
4. The Self Expression and Leadership Program (SELP)

A full list of Landmark Education's other courses and programs, which are only available to those who have completed the Landmark Forum, is given on their corporate website.

The Landmark Forum

Logistics of the Landmark Forum

The Landmark Forum takes place over three consecutive days and an evening session (generally Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and Tuesday evening). Each full day begins at 9:00 a.m. and ends at approximately 10:00 p.m. Breaks occur approximately every 2 to 3 hours, with a 90-minute dinner break. Forum leaders assign homework for participants to carry out during breaks and after the course ends in the evening. The Tuesday evening session generally runs from 7:00 p.m. to 10:15 p.m. (in certain locations, from 7:30 p.m. to 10:45 p.m.).

Assisting Program

Chief Executive Officer Harry Rosenberg commented on the Assisting Program in a 1997 Harvard Business School case study (now out of print):

In addition to our 420 staff members around the world, the people in the Assisting Program play a critical role at Landmark. We have a remarkable group of 7500 people participating on a weekly basis. They are both committed to our work, and to getting personal value out of the Assisting Program. They know we are a for-profit business and still they commit their time and effort.

The Introduction Leaders Program (ILP)

The Introduction Leaders Program forms part of the Leadership Curriculum and consists of a six-month intensive leadership-training program that prepares participants to lead Introductions to the Landmark Forum and trains people in the "distinctions" of leadership. The course forms the foundation of the training for leaders (i.e., presenters) of all of Landmark Education's other programs.

Jargon/Distinctions

Landmark Education utilizes some specific terms (some of them categorized as "distinctions") in its courses. Articles in Metroactive and in Life Positive have provided short lexicons of a few terms.

• Racket(s): Recurring complaints in tandem with a "way of being" that allow persons to justify themselves and their point of view but which can rob them of opportunities for satisfaction and joy; ways of being that allow people to justify themselves and their point of view; preconceived notions of why one is right and others are wrong.
• Strong Suit previously known as Formula for success, or Winning formula : Ways of being originating in what Landmark Education identifies as the three main transitional stages of one's life — early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. These may have worked repeatedly in the past but they can obstruct more effective approaches. Alternative definition: a way of being that has worked well in the past and that we keep using, which keeps us from perceiving new options.
• Vicious circle: Possibility-limiting concepts that determine experience and shape future experiences; a sphere where our concepts determine our experience.
• Taking a stand: Putting attention on a vision for the future; putting our attention on our vision of life that gives us self-expression
• Distinguishing ourselves and our world through language: The world consists of language and can be altered through language.
• Breakthrough: Abandoning old habits and embracing a new way of being; looking at things from a different perspective, getting a new understanding of life.
• Already/always listening: Listening to others with preconceived notions of what they really mean.
• Possibility A phenomenon that exists in and impacts the present. (As distinct from the regular usage of possibility meaning "something that perhaps might happen in the future".
• Enrollment essentially having (or creating) a conversation in which you move, touch or inspire someone by 'causing a new possibility to be present'.

Landmark Education itself has defined other terms in its literature:

• distinction / distinguish: "o distinguish something means to take something from an undifferentiated background and bring it to the foreground."

Evaluations of Landmark Education

Landmark Education relies heavily on testimonials from customers to portray its effectiveness. Studies, surveys, and opinions vary in their reported outcomes.

Studies commissioned by Landmark Education

DYG study

An analysis done for Landmark Education by DYG, Inc. and interpreted by Daniel Yankelovich, chairman of DYG, Inc., ("Analysis of The Landmark Forum and Its Benefits") consisted of a survey conducted of more than 1300 people who completed The Landmark Forum during a three-month period at some undisclosed time. Some details of the study methodology, especially concerning sampling methods and demographics of study participants, remain undefined in what Landmark Education refers to as the "Full Study".

On the other hand, Yankelovich himself personally endorses Landmark Education in his book The Magic of Dialog (2001, pages 143 - 144).

Yankelovich concluded from the survey that 90% to 95% self-reported "value" in taking the course.

Harris Interactive

A survey carried out by Harris Interactive for Landmark Education Corporation concluded that one third of respondents who had "completed the Landmark Forum" self-reported an increase of 25% or more in their incomes, 70% worried less about money and assessed themselves as more effective in managing their finances, and an unspecified percentage reported working fewer hours. Landmark Education's summary of the survey has not made it clear over what time-duration or when Harris Interactive conducted this study.

A more recent study by the same firm (http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/clientnews.asp), into the opinions of health professionals and educators, including doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists, teachers, and academicians concluded that:

Harris Interactive found that survey results showed that the vast majority of respondents held very positive views regarding Landmark Education programs as more than nine of ten agreed that Landmark’s programs were responsibly and professionally conducted, produced practical and powerful results, and made a profound difference in their lives. Moreover, nearly all respondents (96%) agreed that Landmark Education Programs provided great value.

Other studies

International Society for Performance Improvement

The International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI) website contains a 2005 report of Landmark Education Business Development (LEBD)'s involvement with improving safety at Minera Escondida Ltd., which ran the largest copper-mine in the world and employed 5,000 people. The ISPI report notes that when LEBD started working with Minera Escondida, the company had a total injury-frequency rate of 23.7 accidents per million man-hours worked. Five months later, after LEBD had finished its program with Minera Escondida, the injury rate had reduced by over 50% to 11.5 accidents per million man-hours worked. ISPI reported that Landmark "created" this environment of improved safety. The ISPI awarded LEBD a "Got Results" award for its actions.

The Talent Foundation

A study by the Talent Foundation, chaired by Sir Christopher Ball (Chancellor, University of Derby), and led by Dr. Javier Bajer, used the Landmark Forum for the initial stage of a study ('"A Shortcut to Motivated and Adaptive Workforces"). The study found that:

"Within two years of participating from Landmark's three-day program, individuals showed:

• Significantly higher levels of self-esteem, motivation, and self-confidence.
• More proactive attitudes related to their learning and ability to apply new skills at work.
• More confidence in finding opportunities to apply their skills and make a difference at work."

Legal disputes

For general discussion of legal matters (not necessarily resulting in court cases) see Landmark Education and the law.

For details of litigation involving Landmark Education, see Landmark Education litigation.

In November 2006, Landmark Education used legal action designed to discover the identities of anonymous internet users who posted material, which postings Landmark Education regarded as a breach of copyright. In that case, Landmark attempted (unsuccessfully) to use the direct subpoena provisions of the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to discover the identity of the anonymous internet poster(s) – and to suppress the posting – of the French documentary Voyage au pays des nouveaux gourous in the Internet Archive, YouTube and Google.

In a 2002 article: "Psychogroups and Cults in Denmark", the researchers assert that some people have thought of Landmark Education as associated with "cultic groups" due to the "high level of one-sided sales pressure that many people report."

On June 6, 2004 Landmark Education ceased operating in Sweden. As in France, the causes of the closure included a diminishing public interest in participating, evinced in connection with very critical articles in the press and on television . The airing of two documentaries on national Swedish television by the broadcasting corporation TV4 on October 28, 2003 and on March 15, 2004 called "Lycka till salu" (Happiness for sale) in the program series "Kalla Fakta" contributed to the termination of the organization there.

Governmental classification

Austria

In Austria in 1996, the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Youth and the Family published a list of 200 groups it labelled cults (in German: Sekten)

In the International Religious Freedom Report 2005, the government of Austria included Landmark Education among the "sects":

The vast majority of groups termed "sects" by the Government are small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups is the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country include Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.

The International Religious Freedom Report 2006, however, did not list Landmark Education among the examples of cults, although the wording makes it plain that the list is not intended to be comprehensive.

Belgium

A Parliamentary Inquiry of the Belgian Chamber of People's Representatives into cults and their dangers listed and discussed Landmark Education in an official report of 28 April 1997.

France

In France, the report of the 1995 Parliamentary Commission on Cults (Unofficial English translation), published as part of its investigations a list of purported cults compiled by the general information division of the French National Police (Renseignements généraux) in association with cult-watching groups, included Landmark Education.

This report has come under fire from international groups, the United States government, and even the French Prime Minister. The group has since been dissolved.

Germany

In 1994 a report of the Senate Committee of the State of Berlin in Germany included Landmark Education in a report on cults with the sub-title "entities espousing a world view and new religions". Landmark Education sued for correction and, on May 14, 1997, the Berlin court (Volksgericht 27A) endorsed a new classification-scheme which now represented Landmark Education as a "Providor of Life Guidance"(Anbieter von Lebenshilfe).

Sales and marketing practices

In an article "The Best of Est?" published in Time Magazine on March 16, 1998, Charlotte Faltermayer wrote:

Critics say Landmark is an elaborate marketing game that relies heavily on volunteers. Says Tom Johnson, an "exit counselor" often summoned by concerned parents to tend to alumni: "They tire your brain; they make you vulnerable." Says critic Liz Sumerlin: "The participants end up becoming recruiters. That's the whole purpose." Psychiatrists who speak on Landmark's behalf dispute these claims. But Sumerlin says a 1993 Forum turned her fiance (now her ex) into a robot. She organized an anti-Landmark hot line and publications clearinghouse. Landmark officials made sounds to sue her.

In 1996, Jill P. Capuzzo from The Philadelphia Inquirer, Weekend took the Landmark Forum and reported:

I made some eye-opening discoveries about myself and how I function in the world. One of the most irritating aspects of The Forum is the hard sell to sign up future participants.

Allegations of brainwashing

Three court cases involving Landmark have included the claim of brainwashing; none resulted in Landmark being ruled as brainwashing anyone. Each had a slightly different outcome:

1. In Ney vs. Landmark Education et al. (1992), Stephanie Ney sued Landmark claiming she suffered a mental breakdown following participation in the Landmark Forum. The court ruled that while her participation may or may not have played a part in her breakdown, this had no relevance as Virginia law did not allow her to claim damages since she suffered no physical harm.
2. In Been vs. Weed and Landmark Education (2002), Jason Weed claimed that the Landmark Advanced Course had caused him to experience a psychotic episode in which he killed a postal service employee. The court ruled that Landmark did not precipitate his psychosis in the Federal criminal trial of Weed. There is an ongoing wrongful death civil suit against Landmark and others by the family of the deceased.
3. In Landmark Education vs. Lell, Landmark sued Martin Lell for using the word "Brainwashing" in the title of his book on Landmark Education (Das Forum: Protokoll einer Gehirnwäsche: Der Psycho-Konzern Landmark Education , Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 1997, ISBN 3-423-36021-6). The court ruled the description "brainwashing" a matter of opinion, and let the title of the book stand.

In 1999 Landmark Education asked Dr. Raymond Fowler, a psychologist and past President of the American Psychological Association (APA), to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and appropriateness of the procedures in the Landmark Forum. Fowler reported that he saw nothing to suggest that the Landmark Forum itself would cause harm to participants, and that the course had none of the characteristics associated with a cult, and that the Landmark Forum did not place individuals at risk of "mind control", "brainwashing", or "thought control"..

Use of "loaded language"

Some articles have reported that the Landmark Education's coursework uses "loaded language" and "jargon":

A former Erhard Seminars Training disciple made the comparison to "loaded language", in an article in NOW Toronto.

In an article in New York Magazine, Vanessa Grigoriadis states that "the Forum drives its points home with loaded language, relentless repetition, and a carefully constructed environment."

The Times referred to Landmark Education's use of language as "eccentric jargon".

Religious implications

Some references to Landmark Education's courses compare them to religious subject matter:

Paul Derengowski, formerly of the Christian cult-watch group Watchman.org, states that Landmark "has theological implications". The Apologetics Index (an online Christian ministry providing research resources on what it considers cults, sects, other religious movements, doctrines, and practices) maintains a page on Landmark Education.

An opposing view appears in the article "A Very Nineties Weekend" in the international Roman-Catholic weekly The Tablet stating that several Catholic priests have endorsed Landmark, and that the Trappist monk Basil Pennington has praised the Forum for bringing about a "full human enlivenment".

Other examples of commentary from clergy appear on the Landmark Education Website.

In 1993, two years after the emergence of Landmark Education, Rev. Dr. Richard L. Dowhower conducted a survey of clergy to assess their opinions of cults, entitled "Clergy and Cults: A Survey". The 53 respondents came from the Washington, DC area and included 43 Lutheran clergy and seminarians, one Roman Catholic and one Jewish clergyman, and an Evangelical minister. The highest percentage (28%) of those questioned about "The cults I am most concerned about are", gave the answer of "Scientology, est/Forum, Lifespring".

In James R. Lewis' 2001 book (published 10 years after the establishment of Landmark Education), Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy, Werner Erhard, Erhard Seminars Training and The Forum are discussed. Odd Gods describes the spiritual influences of the coursework, including Zen Buddhism, Abilitism, Subud, Dianetics, Scientology and Asian spiritual leaders.

In 2002 theologians Deacon Robert Kronberg, B.Th. and Consultant Kistina Lindebjerg, B.Th. of the Dialog Center International in Denmark discussed the religious aspects of Landmark Education, stating: "Also we see a large number of people joining groups, such as Landmark and Amway, which become controversial because of their sales practices."

Specifically, Kronberg and Lindebjerg posited that Landmark Education's courses seem to fill a void in the lives of disillusioned young adults, who have not found answers in religion: "Landmark seems to appeal to young people between 20 and 35 in liberal professions who are disillusioned with or discouraged about their lives. Landmark seems to be a scientific substitute for the need for religious answers to life's fundamental questions."

See also

People associated with Landmark Education, past/present

• Harry Rosenberg - current CEO of Landmark Education and brother of Werner Erhard (John Paul Rosenberg)
• Joan Rosenberg - Vice President of Centers Division (Landmark Education) and sister of Werner Erhard (John Paul Rosenberg)
• Steven Zaffron - current CEO, Landmark Education Business Development, LEBD
• Nancy Zapolski - Vice President in charge of course development, Landmark Education; Forum leader
• Brian Regnier - founding member, Landmark Education; Forum leader, prominent course designer
• Laurel Scheaf - Forum leader, Landmark Education
• Werner Erhard/John Paul Rosenberg

Related topics

Media

• Semi-Tough, film with Burt Reynolds, (1977)
• The Century of the Self, British documentary by Adam Curtis, episode part 3 of 4 (2002)
• Voyage to the Land of the New Gurus, Documentary (2004)
• Transformation: The Life and Legacy of Werner Erhard, Documentary, (2006)

Other

• Erhard Seminars Training
• The Hunger Project
• Werner Erhard and Associates
• Fernando Flores
• Martin Heidegger
• Human Potential Movement (Maslow & Rogers and Esalen Institute)
• Large Group Awareness Training
• Self-help and Personal development
• Zen (Alan Watts)

External links

Corporate sites

• Landmark Education official website
  • Landmark Education Business Development (subsidiary)

Link directories

• Dmoz.org: Directory of links relating to Landmark Education
• Dmoz.org: Directory of links related to opposing views of Landmark Education

References and footnotes

1. Harry Rosenberg quote as Director
2. ^ Cite error: The named reference BOD19AUG2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
3. Landmark Financial Information, Landmark Education Corporate Website
4. ^ The est of Friends, Metroactive Features, July 15, 1998 issue of Metro, Metro Publishing Inc.
5. The Landmark Seminar Leader Program, Landmark Education website, 2006, states: "Seminar leaders are accomplished women and men who volunteer their time and talent..."
6. ^ See quote: "'This letter serves as the consent by Landmark Education Corporation for the use of the name "Landmark Education International, Inc." by our wholly-owned subsidiary, currently known as Werner Erhard and Associates International, Inc."., Articles of Incorporation, January 16, 1991
7. Werner Erhardt Biography
8. Landmark Education 2020 Charter
9. Landmark Education For the Media, Landmark Education website
10. Independent Research, Case Studies, and Surveys
11. Landmark Forum Course Syllabus
12. Limited Liability Company, incorporation, Legal Document, California Secretary of State, February 26, 2003, Agent for Service of Process, Arthur Schreiber, Esq.
13. Pressman, Steven, Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. ISBN 0-312-09296-2, p.254.(out of print)
14. Secretary of State of California website, record: Landmark Education LLP Landmark Education registration
15. Time Magazine article, Werner Erhard, Time Magazine
16. Pay Money, Be Happy, New York Magazine, July 9, 2001.
17. ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION (DOMESTIC), Art Schreiber, President and Registered Agent, June 22, 1987.
18. When it comes to Landmark Education Corporation, There's no meeting of the Minds., Westword, Steve Jackson, April 24, 1996.
    That got Sumerlin into some unusual reading of her own: angry correspondence from Landmark officials, including Art Schreiber, Landmark's current president and Erhard's former attorney, and Harry Rosenberg, Erhard's brother, who's on the Landmark board.
19. Better Business Bureau, June 19, 2006, report, Landmark Education Corporation, Better Business Bureau
20. Landmark Education Corporate Website, fact-sheet, accessed November 27, 2006
21. Landmark Education Corporate Website, note: unverified vague and approximate information
22. Landmark Education website, retrieved 2006-10-25
23. Revenues, 2004
24. Landmark education, website, Revenues, 2005
25. Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman, pg. 217., St. Martin's Press
    "In July 1984 a company named Transformational Technologies was incorporated in the state of New York. The corporate charter listed a successful management consultant, a small, wiry man named James Selman, as the company's chief executive officer, but the sole owner of the new firm was Werner Erhard. Selman was a longtime est enthusiast, having gone through the training in 1975 while he was a partner at the prominent management consulting firm Touche Ross. He later quit to work for Erhard, and now he was ready to put into place one of Erhard's long-standing objectives - applying the principles of est to the world of big business. Together Erhard and Selman embarked on a plan to sell, at a handsome price, franchises in Transformational Technologies to independent business consultants who then would be licensed to utilize Erhard's est-influenced "technology". Within eighteen months nearly fifty franchises had been sold at a cost of $25,000 apiece. The franchise agreement also required each independedt consultant to pay a portion of his or her revenues to Erhard's company.
26. Tekniko Administrative Manger, Landmark Education website.
    "The qualified candidate would be accountable for managing all administrative and financial aspects of one of Landmark Education’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Tekniko Licensing Corporation. Working with Landmark Education Business Development, this person acts a liaison and resource for a wide variety of corporations that License Tekniko’s Technology for use in their corporations."
27. Case Financial Inc · DEFM14A, SEC filings, May 3, 2000. "Mr. Giles is the owner of Tekniko Licensing Corporation, which licenses intellectual properties owned by Tekniko to businesses throughout the world.
28. Pacific Biometrics, filings, Form SB-2, April 7, 2006. "Mr. Giles currently also serves as Chairman of Giles Enterprises, a private holding company for various business enterprises, as Chairman of the Board of Landmark Education Corporation, a private company providing seminars on personal growth and responsibility, as Chairman of Mission Control Productivity, Inc., a private company, and as the owner of GWE, LLC, a private company specializing in lender financing.
29. Harvard Business School study: Landmark Education Corporation: Selling a Paradigm Shift, Karen Hopper Wruck, Mikelle Fisher Eastley, 1997, case # 9-898-081, page 13., quote, CEO Harry Rosenberg.
30. Bhattacharya, Anupama (May 1999). "Master of Fate". Life Positive. Retrieved September 20, 2006.
31. Landmark Forum course syllabus
32. Daniel Yankelovich: The Magic of Dialog: Transforming Conflict into Cooperation. New York: Touchstone, 2001. ISBN 0-684-86566-1
33. The Harris Survey: Money: The Impact of Landmark's Programs on Participants' Income Levels
34. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/newsletters/clientnews/2007_LandmarkEducation.pdf
35. International Society for Performance Improvement, award to LEBD, award, Landmark Education Business Development
36. The Talent Foundation website
37. The Talent Foundation Study: A Shortcut to Motivated and Adaptive Workforces,Full study
38. ^ "Psychogroups and Cults in Denmark", Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2002, by Deacon Robert Kronberg, B.Th. and Consultant Kistina Lindebjerg, B.Th. of the Dialog Center International in Denmark.
39. Landmark Education lägger ned verksamheten, March 21, 2004.
40. Kalla Faktas Uppfoljning om Landmark Education, 2004, Lofgrens Analys AB.
41. "Sekten : Wissen schützt. Eine Information des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Jugend und Familie, Stubenbastei 5, 1010 Wien, 1996 (Sects : Knowledge protects. Information from the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Youth and the Family, Stubenbastei 5, 1010 Wien, 1996)
42. International Religious Freedom Report 2005, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
43. Enquête Parlementaire visant à élaborer une politique en vue de lutter contre les practiques illégales des sectes et le danger qu'elles représentent pour la société et pour les personnes, particulièrement les mineurs d'âge. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems. Partie II. http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/pdf/49/0313/49K0313008.pdf -- bilingual report in French and Flemish, retrieved 2007-01-08.
44. "Sekten" - Risiken und Nebenwirkungen: Informationen zu ausgewählten neuen religiõsen und weltanschaulichen Bewegungen und Psychoangeboten. Herausgeben von der Senatsverwaltung fũr Schule, Jugend and Sport. Redaktion: Anne Rũhle, Ina Kunst. Stand: Dezember 1997. Downloadable in PDF form from http://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/sen-familie/sog_psychogruppen_sekten/risiken_und_nebenwirkungen_1.pdf Retrieved 2007-02-06.
    Quoted text extracts from the Table of Contents in the original German:
    7 Ausgewählte Anbieter
    7.1 Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund ...
    7.2 Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund ...
    7.3 Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund ...
    7.4 Anbieter von Lebenshilfe
    kommerziell:
    7.4.1 Bruno Grõning-Freundeskreise
    7.4.2 Kontext Seminar GmbH
    7.4.3 Landmark Education (LE)
    7.4.4 Art Reade
    7.4.5 Scientology
    7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
    nicht kommerziell:
    7.4.7 Verein zur Fõrderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntniss (VPM)
    7.5 Okkultismus/Satanismus
    7.6 Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe
45. Jill P. Capuzzo, The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1996, The Scoop About the Landmark Forum
46. Dr. Raymond Fowler, past President of the American Psychological Association, analysis of the Landmark Forum, 1995, Landmark Education Corporate Website, Document number "L-014E". 'I saw nothing in the Landmark Forum I attended to suggest that it would be harmful to any participant. ... the Landmark Forum is nothing like psychotherapy ... has none of the characteristics typical of a cult ...does not place individuals at risk of any form of "mind control" "brainwashing" or "thought control."'
47. In the grip of the therapy tough-guys: I'm pretending to be a client of the Landmark Forum, but I get the shakes so bad I can't take it, Enzo Di Matteo, NOW Toronto, April, 2000.
    "The "milieu control," use of "loaded language" and "organized peer pressure," former EST disciple Kevin Garvey says, are all part of "a patterned exercise designed and orchestrated to undercut any comprehensible discussion, all behind the facade of being this profound self-exploration." "
48. Pay Money, Be Happy, For thousands of new yorkers, happiness is a $375, three-day self-help Seminar. Welcome to EST: The Next Generation, New York Magazine, Vanessa Grigoriadis, July 9, 2001.
    Like those organizations, the Forum drives its points home with loaded language, relentless repetition, and a carefully constructed environment. "We controlled even subtle things like the quality of light and the sound that came out of the microphones," says White. "The style of lettering on all the signs had to be exactly the same or it was a really big deal. We covered the mirrors. We put all the chairs in a specific order."
49. "The Story of Our Lives.", The Times, Vanora Bennett, July 2000.
50. "Landmark Forum", The Skeptic's Dictionary, Robert T. Carroll, Published by John Wiley & Sons, August 15, 2003, ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
51. Apologetics Index, page, Landmark Education
52. "A Very Nineties Weekend", The Tablet, Annabel Miller, 29/05/1999; (requires free registration to access). "Several Catholic priests and religious sisters have endorsed Landmark. The Trappist monk Basil Pennington has praised the Forum for bringing about a "full human enlivenment" which make people "more lively" in the practice of whatever faith they have.
53. Clergy and Cults: A Survey, The Rev. Richard L. Dowhower, D. D., Cult Observer, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1994).
54. ^ Lews, James R. (2001). Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 382–387. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

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