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| The '''Chinese Civil War''' was the conflict in ] between the ] (the Nationalist Party) led by ] and the ] led by ]. | The '''Chinese Civil War''' was the conflict in ] between the ] (the Nationalist Party; KMT) led by ] and the ] (CPC) led by ]. | ||
| Before the conflict, Communists and Kuomintang were allies under ]'s leadership |
Before the conflict, Communists and Kuomintang were allies under ]'s leadership. The alliance soon collapsed after the death of Sun Yat-sen. | ||
| ===First KMT-CPC United Front (1923-27)=== | |||
| ⚫ | === |
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| In July 1926, Kuomintang and Communist party decided to campaign north from southern China to remove the warlord-controlled northern China. Their army was called National Revolutionary Army. After capturing ], issues broke out between Communists and Kuomintang. On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-Shek, arguing that communist activities are socially and economically disruptive, purged communists from the ranks. Many communists were executed. Chiang was expelled for his action and formed his own government in ]. The rest of Kuomintang broke up with communists in July 1927 and joined with Chiang in February 1928. Kuomintang resumed the campaign again warlords and captured ] in June 1928. Nanjing was chosen as capital. | |||
| Under an alliance brokered by the Comintern, between the Kuomintang and the fledgling Chinese Communist Party, Communists were allowed to join the KMT as individuals while remaining in the CCP. During this period, CCP membership expanded dramatically, but the party was left exposed to a purge by rightist elements in the KMT. | |||
| ⚫ | === Northern Expedition (北伐战争) (1926 - 1928) === | ||
| The ] was a combined military and diplomatic campaign that achieved the nominal unification of China under KMT control. In July 1926, the ], commanded by ], set out to defeat the warlords in northern China. | |||
| After the Northern Expedition the KMT began to expand the areas under their ] control, first in the lower ]macro-region and then to the north and south along the coast. While the KMT continuously struggled with the development of civil society and extending the reach of the state, they were largely successful in consolidating their rule in the most critical areas of eastern China during the late 1920s and early 1930s. | |||
| ===April Purge (1927)=== | |||
| In a sharp break from the left-leaning faction headquartered in ], Chiang Kai-shek, with the aid of the Shanghai underworld, arguing that communist activities were socially and economically disruptive, turned on Communists and unionists in ], arresting and executing hundreds on ], 1927. The purge widened the rift between Chiang and ]'s Wuhan government (a contest won by Chiang Kai-shek) and destroyed the urban base of the CPC. After another round of failed uprisings that autumn, surviving Communists were either forced underground or out into the countryside. | |||
| Chiang was expelled from the KMT for his actions and formed his own government in ]. The remainder of Kuomintang broke up with communists in July 1927 and joined with Chiang in February 1928. The KMT resumed the campaign again warlords and captured ] in June 1928. | |||
| === Agrarian Revolution (土地革命战争) (1927 - 1937) === | === Agrarian Revolution (土地革命战争) (1927 - 1937) === | ||
Revision as of 06:22, 1 September 2003
The Chinese Civil War was the conflict in China between the Kuomintang (the Nationalist Party; KMT) led by Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Mao Zedong.
Before the conflict, Communists and Kuomintang were allies under Sun Yat-sen's leadership. The alliance soon collapsed after the death of Sun Yat-sen.
First KMT-CPC United Front (1923-27)
Under an alliance brokered by the Comintern, between the Kuomintang and the fledgling Chinese Communist Party, Communists were allowed to join the KMT as individuals while remaining in the CCP. During this period, CCP membership expanded dramatically, but the party was left exposed to a purge by rightist elements in the KMT.
Northern Expedition (北伐战争) (1926 - 1928)
The Northern Expedition was a combined military and diplomatic campaign that achieved the nominal unification of China under KMT control. In July 1926, the National Revolutionary Army, commanded by Chiang Kai-shek, set out to defeat the warlords in northern China.
After the Northern Expedition the KMT began to expand the areas under their de facto control, first in the lower Yangtze macro-region and then to the north and south along the coast. While the KMT continuously struggled with the development of civil society and extending the reach of the state, they were largely successful in consolidating their rule in the most critical areas of eastern China during the late 1920s and early 1930s.
April Purge (1927)
In a sharp break from the left-leaning faction headquartered in Wuhan, Chiang Kai-shek, with the aid of the Shanghai underworld, arguing that communist activities were socially and economically disruptive, turned on Communists and unionists in Shanghai, arresting and executing hundreds on April 12, 1927. The purge widened the rift between Chiang and Wang Ching-wei's Wuhan government (a contest won by Chiang Kai-shek) and destroyed the urban base of the CPC. After another round of failed uprisings that autumn, surviving Communists were either forced underground or out into the countryside.
Chiang was expelled from the KMT for his actions and formed his own government in Nanjing. The remainder of Kuomintang broke up with communists in July 1927 and joined with Chiang in February 1928. The KMT resumed the campaign again warlords and captured Beijing in June 1928.
Agrarian Revolution (土地革命战争) (1927 - 1937)
Communist Party activists retreated to the countryside where they fomented a peasant rebellion (Nanchang Uprising on August 1, 1927) and established control over several areas in southern China. Attempts by the Nationalist armies to suppress the rebellion were unsuccessful but extremely damaging to the Communist forces.
A decision was made that the bulk of the Communist force called "Red Army" (红军) to go to northern China by means of Long March (Oct 1935 - Oct 1936). The Red Army later become part of People's Liberation Army.
Second Sino-Japanese War (抗日战争) (1937 - 1945)
During World War 2, Chiang Kai-Shek refused to ally with Communists to fight against Japanese. On December 12, 1936, Kuomintang Generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng kidnapped Chiang Kai-Shek and forced him to a truce with Communists. The incident became known as the Xian Incident (西安事变). Both parties agreed to suspend fighting to focus their energies against the Japanese.
The capital was moved Chongqing City after Japanese enclosed on Nanjing.
At the end of the war Russia captured Manchuria from Japan based on the terms of Yalta Conference.
War of Liberation (解放战争) (1945 - 1949)
The conflict restarted immediately after the end of World War II. Russia returned Manchuria along with captured Japanese supplies to Chinese Communists. U.S. tried and failed to bring the two sides to negotiation. U.S. started to support Kuomintang.
Ultimately, the Communist Party was victorious. This led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the flight of the Kuomintang to Taiwan, where they continued to rule as the Republic of China.
See also: History of the Republic of China