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{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Turkeys}}
The '''Republic of Turkey''' is a country located in ] with a small part of its territory (3%) in southeastern ]. Until ], the country was the center of the ]. The ]n peninsula, between the ] and the ], forms the core of the country.
{{Taxobox_image | image = ] | caption = ]}}
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
Turkey is bordered to the west by ] and ] and to the east by ], ], ] and ]; to the south by ] and ].
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = ]ia}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = ]}}
|+<big><big>'''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'''<br/>Republic of Turkey</big></big>
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = ]}}
|-
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = ]}}
| style="background:#ffffff;" align=center colspan=2 |
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = '''Meleagrididae'''}}
{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
{{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = '''''Meleagris'''''}}
|-
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
| align=center width=296 | ]
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Species}}
|-
'']''<br>
| align=center width=296 | ]
'']''
|}
{{Taxobox_end}}
|-
A '''Turkey''' is either of two species of large ]s in the ] family with fan-shaped tails and wattled necks. As with many galliform species, the female is smaller than the male, and less colourful. With their wingspans of 1.5-1.8 metres, the turkeys are by far the largest birds in the open forests in which they live, and are rarely mistaken for any other birds.
| align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | <small>''] (unofficial):<br/>Peace in the Homeland, Peace in the World<br/>(]: Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh)''</small>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']'''<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; Total<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; % water || ]<br/>&nbsp;]<br/>&nbsp;1.3%
|-
| ''']'''<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; Total (])<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; ] || ]<br/>&nbsp;68,109,469<br/>&nbsp;86.2/]
|-
| ''']'''<br>Declaration of Republic ||<br/>&nbsp;] ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]<sup>1</sup>
|-
| ''']''' || ] +2
|-
| ''']''' || '']''
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || 90
|-
| colspan=2 align=left|<small><sup>1</sup> Since ] ], the ] (''Yeni Türk Liras&#305;'') replaced the old ].</small>
|}


== History (pre Republic)==
The species are the ]n ''']''' (''Meleagris gallopavo'') and the ]n ''']''' (''Meleagris ocellata'').
{{Main|History of Turkey}}
] (''Asia Minor''), the landmass that is now Turkey, had been a cradle to a wide variety of civilizations and kingdoms in antiquity. The ] were the first ] power to arrive in the ] as conquerors (earlier Turkish peoples such as the Pechenegs had become allies and subordinates of the ]), who proceeded to gradually conquer the existing ] with its ] population and heritage.


Their Turkish successors, the ], completed this conquest in the ] with the ] in 1453. At its peak under Sultan Suleyman the 'Magnificent' between 1520-1555, the empire stretched from the gates of Vienna to the Persian Gulf, from the Crimea to Morroco.
This group is related to other members of the gamebird family as follows.


Throughout the 19th and early 20th century the Ottoman empire began to lose a foothold on its territories, first with Algeria and Tunisia, then ], Egypt, Libya and the Balkans in the 1912 Balkans war. Faced with territorial losses on all sides Turkey forged an alliance with ] who supported it with troops and equipment. In World War I Turkey entered the war on the side of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungary) and was subsequently defeated.
* '''ORDER ]'''
** Family ]: mound-builders
** Family ]: chachalacas, guans and curassows
** Family ]: grouse
** Family ]: partridges, pheasants, quail, and allies
** Family ]: New World quail
** Family ]: guineafowl
** '''Family Meleagrididae'''
*** ], ''Meleagris gallopavo''
*** ], ''Meleagris ocellata''.
** Family ]: mesites
]]]
They are commonly domesticated and used for ]. The modern ] was developed from the Wild Turkey. The Ocellated Turkey was probably also domesticated by the ]. It has been speculated that this species is more tractable than its northern counterpart, and was the source of the present domesticated stock, but there is no morphological evidence to support this theory. In particular, the chest tuft of domestic turkeys is a clear indicator of descent from the Wild Turkey (the Ocellated Turkey does not have this tuft).


On October 30th 1918, the Mondros Armistice was signed followed by the ] on August 10th 1920. These sought to break up the Ottoman empire and force large concessions on Turkey in favour of its rival ] who had fought against the Germans. Greece, ] and ] were awarded parts of the coast of Minor Asia. The city of ], with its large Greek population, was awarded to Greece. The Greek army took it over on May 15 1919 and triggered the War of Independence. A nationalist movement led by ], rejected the Sèvres and organised an army which repelled Greece from Turkey. By September 18th 1922 the country was liberated resulting in the ] of 1923, recognising the new borders of Turkey.
When Europeans first encountered the turkey in the Americas, they incorrectly identified it with the ]n ] (''Numida meleagris''), also known as the turkey-cock from its importation to Europe through ], and the name stuck. It remains also in the scientific name: ''meleagris'' is ] for guinea-fowl.


On October 29th 1923 The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed and ], later taking the last name ''Atatürk'' (meaning <i>father of Turks</i>), would be her first president.
Turkey hunting is a popular sport in ]. Although often deemed foolish and easily confused, the turkey is a game animal of considerable cunning.


==History timeline (post Republic)==
==The name of the game==
Since ], ...
]
Several other birds which are sometimes called ''turkeys'' are not particularly closely related: the ] is a ], and the bird sometimes known as the ''Australian Turkey'' is in fact the ], a ].


*] - ] After taking the presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Atatürk would initiate reforms with the aim of westernising Turkey; these included: a secular government and education, introduction of the Latin alphabet and Gregorian calendar, equal rights for women, abolition of the caliphate and Sharia Law, introduction of western attire and adoption of surnames among many others.
In English, "turkey" is spelled and pronounced exactly like ] (the country of Turkish people), in ] it is called "hindi" which means coming from ].
Similarly in the ] the turkey is called ''"Tarnegol Hodu''", which literally means "Indian ]" (though some say that ''hodu'' is the adjective form of ''hoda'', meaning thanks or praise, or ''hoda'a'', meaning thanksgiving) and in ], the turkey is called "gall dindi", which literally means "Indian cock". In ] the word for turkey is "peru" which also refers to the country ]. In ] it is called "] bird" and in ] it is "gallapoula" which means "] girl." <br/>
In ] the turkey is called "shichimencho", in ] "chilmyeonjo" which is translated as "seven-faced bird" because of the ability of the bird, especially the male one, to change the form of the face depending on its mood.


*November 10, ] The founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk dies in Istanbul from cirrhosis of the liver. He is succeeded by Ismet Inonu, a former general who leads Turkey until the first democratic elections in 1950.
== See also ==
* ]


*July 7, ] Province of Hatay joins Turkey.
]
]


*] - ] Turkey stays neutral during ].
]

]
*Between ] ] and ] ], Turkey was a part of the joint ] operation against ] during the ].
]

]
*Since the 1950's, Turkey hosted the ] at the ] as a deterrent against the ].

*]-], ] Jupiter missile crisis: Turkey hosted ] ] for an undisclosed period until the ], when the U.S. agreed to remove her nuclear missiles from Turkey in exchange for the ] removing her missiles from ].

*On ], ], the 1960 Coup d'Etat(1st "Darbe") took place due to the level of influence Islamists had gained in the nation. This clashed with the "separation of religion and state/goverment" which was one of the results of the clash between Inonu's republican party and his opponents, president Celal Bayar and prime minister Adnan Menderes, both former republican party members. Prime minister Adnan Menderes was held responsible and executed.

*On October ], military rule dissolved back into civilian, the political system was reestablished, and a new consitution was drafted that reaffirmed the "separation of religion and state/goverment".

*On ], ], military officials intervened, instead of taking over the goverment, forced an advisory comittee due to the increasing anarchical situation caused by the Right (fascist/capitalist) - Left (communist) clash and ineffective policies in maintaining order. Although the military were not in charge they had significant influence.

*In ], Turkey invades ] in response to an Athens backed coup of the island (see ]). Turkey maintains a garisson in the ''de facto'' ].

*On ], ], the 1980 Coup d'Etat (2nd "Darbe") took place, ending a long bloodshed of anarchical situation due to the Right (fascist/capitalist) - Left (communist) clash, and was welcomed by the general population, martial laws were almost immediately established and 25% of the military (about 475,000) were mobilised to settle the anarchical situation.

*On ], ], military rule dissolved and removed itself from the political scene after the reestablishment of a new "1982 Constitution".

*Between ] and ], international terrorism by the ]n terrorist organisation ]. Attacks start with assassinating Turkish diplomats and bombing consulates in the ] and ], airports in ] and ], the ] in ], in an attempt to force the Turkish government to acknowledge that it committed "]" in ]. The organization ceases to exist after the ] assassinates ASALA leaders.

*Between ] and ], Turkey suffered terrorism again, primarily in form of ] terrorism. Capture of ], the leader of the terrorist organisation, resumed the conflict.

*Since the ending of the 1991 Persian ], ] enforced the ].

*Between ] and ] ], Turkey was a part of the joint ] operation, ], in the ] to end a brutal ] in the region that used to be ].

*Between June ] and February ], Turkey assumed command of the ] in ].

*On ], ], the European Union (EU) agrees to begin negotiations on the eventual accession of Turkey.

*On ], ], Turkey assumed command of the ISAF in Afghanistan for a second time.

*Since the start of ], Turkey had been extremely concerned with the developments in Northern Iraq.

== Culture ==
''Main article: ]''

Turkey has a very diverse culture due to its many ethnic minorities.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

=== Sport ===
]
Turkey has risen to prominence in a number of ] in recent decades. Its national sport, ], has seen a rapid transformation earning it third place in the coveted ]. Its domestic teams are dominated by ], ] and ]. Of these, Galatasaray has seen the most success, winning the ] ] and ], as well as fielding many of the players for the international team. In recent years Turkey has exported many of its players into top foreign teams including ], ], ], ] and ] among others. As well as sending players abroad, the Turkish league has also attracted players into Turkey. World class players such as ], ], ], ], ] and many more have played at some point, or continue to play in Turkey.

] has been another successful sport for Turkey, regulary relied upon to provide gold medals in the ]s. Its most famous ] ] and ] are only two of four weightlifters in the world to have won 3 gold medals in 3 olympics.

] is another fast improving sport, ] set the ] world record in ] and ] set a new ] record in ].

Turkey placed a bid to become a candidate for the 2012 olympics but was eliminated in the initial rounds. Part of its bid included the building of the 80,000 seater ] in ]. The stadium will be used for the ] ] final.

Another world event for Turkey will be its addition to the ] season. The ] located at Istanbul will have a planned seating capacity of 155,000 people, is just over 5,340 m long and will run anti-clockwise. The track was designed by ], designer of the ], ] and ] tracks, and will make its debut on the ], ].

See also:
*]
*]
*]
*]

== Politics ==
''Main article: ]''

The Republic of Turkey was created in ] by ], a pragmatic leader who reformed Turkey into a modern, secular, and western-oriented ]. Over the years, fears of a shift from secularity and western orientation led to a left-wing military ] in 1961, and fears of a shift towards the ] have led to two more right-wing military ]s in ] and ]. Democratic rule has since returned. Turkey became a member of ] in ], and is seeking membership of the ]. ] ] marked the official opening of talks for the ], and it remains one of the main issues in Turkish foreign diplomacy.

International disputes such as Turkish involvement in ] and the allegations relating to the ] in the ] era continue to influence international relations. The increasing appeal of ] also continues to fuel public debate in Turkey.

See also:
* ]
* ]

== Geography ==
''Main article: ]''

]
]

Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and ], with the division between the two running from the ] to the north down along the ] strait through the ] and the ] strait to the Aegean Sea and the larger Mediterranean Sea to the south.

The Anatolian ] (also known as Asia Minor) consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, in between the ] range to the north and the ] to the south. To the east is found a more mountainous landscape (main part of the Armenian Highland), home to the sources of rivers such as the ], ] and the ], as well as ] and ], Turkey's highest point at 5,166 m.

The ] is a Mediterranean ] climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Turkey is also prone to very severe ]s.

The capital city of Turkey is ], but the largest city is ].
Other important cities include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. See the ].

== Economy ==
''Main article: ]''

Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional ] sector that in ] still accounted for 40% of employment. It is estimated that 50% of the population lives under the international standards of poverty, especially in the war torn south-east areas.

Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, ], transport, and communication. The most important industry - and largest export - is ] and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands.

In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real ] growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in ], ], and 2001.

Meanwhile the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of ] - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which in 2001 accounted for more than 50% of central government spending - while ] has remained in the high double digit range.

Perhaps because of these problems, foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than ] 1 billion annually. In late ] and early 2001 a growing ] and serious weaknesses in the banking sector plunged the economy into crisis - forcing Ankara to float the ] and pushing the country into recession.

Results in 2002 were much better, because of strong financial support from the ] and tighter fiscal policy. Continued slow global growth and serious political tensions in the ] cast a shadow over growth prospects in the future.

Turkey has recently adopted a new currency, slashing away many "zeros" from the old currency after years of double digit inflation. For example, a taxi ride would cost a few million liras. Overnight, many "millionaires" were gone.

== Demographics ==
''Main article: ]''

The majority of the Turkish population (around 85-100%) is of ] ethnicity, who speak the official language of the country, ]. Other minorities include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]<!-- Is roma an ethnicty? Does it refer to a "roman"? ]-->. The term "]" itself remains to be a sensitive issue in Turkey, since the Turkish State does consider only the communities mentioned in the text of ] (namely, ], ], and ] communities) as minorities (''az&#305;nl&#305;k'' or ''ekalliyet''). However the minorities in question do not have special rights as the ] system is based on equality. According to the CIA factbook estimates ] compromising the second largest ethnic group at 8,76% however since a consensus based on race is unheard of in the country, as everyone is considered to be the majority, the accuracy is disputed. Several minorities requested special rights throughout the history of the nation either through ] (see ]) or through political means.

Due to lack of labour force in Europe between ] and ] many Turkish citizens emigrated to ], the ], ] and other ] countries, forming a significant overseas population. Recently, many have also settled in ] and other neighbouring countries.

Nominally, 99.8% of the population is ]. Most belong to the ] branch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population are ] Muslims. There is also a ] ] minority, mainly of ] descent. ], and Christian ], ] (Gregorian), ] and ] minorities are also present.

Although, unlike other majority Islamic nations, there is a strong tradition of ] in Turkey, in practice this means rather the subordination of religion to the state instead of what Westerners would consider separation. The Turkish constitution recognizes ] for ''individuals'', but explicitly states that ''religious communities'' derive no rights at all from this. The mainstream ] school of ] is largely organized by the state, through ''Diyanet &#304;&#351;leri Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;'' (Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main religious framework, successor to the Ulama, Seyh-ul-Islam and ] of the Ottoman Empire. As a consequence, they control all ]s and Muslim clerics. ]s are trained in Imam vocational schools and at an academic level at universities. The department is heavily criticized for not supporting religious beliefs asside from ].

''The major regional ] depend on ], ] (industry and cash crops in coastal regions), and ] (] littoral where summer ] is unknown).''

== Provinces ==
''Main article: ]''

Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (''iller'', singular - ''il''):

<table border="0"><tr><td>
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
</td><td>
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
</td><td>
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
</td></tr></table>

== Miscellaneous topics ==

* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== External links ==
'''Official:'''
* - Official gateway to Turkish government (in Turkish)
* - Official presidential site (in Turkish)
* - Official prime ministerial site (in Turkish)
* - Official parliamentary site (in Turkish)
* official site (in English)
* - Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
*
* (in Turkish)
'''Unofficial (Tourism):'''
* - Annotated pictures of Turkey
* - High-resolution pictures of cities, nature, and people in Turkey
*
* The result of 12 years of travel all over Turkey, 4700+ pictures, over 90 galleries
*
*
*
*
'''Unofficial (Other):'''
* - Turkish language lessons and pictures, videos and information about Turkey
* Ka&#287;an Tuncay
* - Information about Turkey and pictures
* - Largest Turkish Online Megastore in the US
* - Law Search engine (in Turkish)
* - Health law (in Turkish)
*
*
*
* data as of January 1995
* directory category
* directory category
* directory category
* news headline links


{{EU_countries_and_candidates}}
{{Europe}}
{{Asia}}

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Revision as of 08:33, 25 May 2005

For other uses, see Turkey (disambiguation).

The Republic of Turkey is a country located in Southwest Asia with a small part of its territory (3%) in southeastern Europe. Until 1922, the country was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The Anatolian peninsula, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, forms the core of the country.

Turkey is bordered to the west by Greece and Bulgaria and to the east by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran; to the south by Iraq and Syria.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
Republic of Turkey
Flag of Turkey
Flag of Turkey
National motto (unofficial):
Peace in the Homeland, Peace in the World
(Turkish: Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh)
Official language Turkish
Capital Ankara
Largest city Istanbul
Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
President Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Area
 – Total
 – % water		 Ranked 36th
 780,580 km²
 1.3%
Population
 – Total (2003)
 – Density		 Ranked 17th
 68,109,469
 86.2/km²
National Day
Declaration of Republic
 October 29 1923
Currency New Turkish Lira
Time zone UTC +2
National anthem İstiklâl Marşı
Internet TLD .tr
Calling Code 90
Since January 1 2005, the New Turkish Lira (Yeni Türk Lirası) replaced the old Turkish Lira.

History (pre Republic)

Main article: History of Turkey

Anatolia (Asia Minor), the landmass that is now Turkey, had been a cradle to a wide variety of civilizations and kingdoms in antiquity. The Seljuk Turks were the first Turkish power to arrive in the 11th century as conquerors (earlier Turkish peoples such as the Pechenegs had become allies and subordinates of the Byzantine Empire), who proceeded to gradually conquer the existing Byzantine Empire with its Greek population and heritage.

Their Turkish successors, the Ottoman Empire, completed this conquest in the 15th century with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. At its peak under Sultan Suleyman the 'Magnificent' between 1520-1555, the empire stretched from the gates of Vienna to the Persian Gulf, from the Crimea to Morroco.

Throughout the 19th and early 20th century the Ottoman empire began to lose a foothold on its territories, first with Algeria and Tunisia, then Greece, Egypt, Libya and the Balkans in the 1912 Balkans war. Faced with territorial losses on all sides Turkey forged an alliance with Germany who supported it with troops and equipment. In World War I Turkey entered the war on the side of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungary) and was subsequently defeated.

On October 30th 1918, the Mondros Armistice was signed followed by the Treaty of Sèvres on August 10th 1920. These sought to break up the Ottoman empire and force large concessions on Turkey in favour of its rival Greece who had fought against the Germans. Greece, France and Italy were awarded parts of the coast of Minor Asia. The city of Izmir (Smyrna), with its large Greek population, was awarded to Greece. The Greek army took it over on May 15 1919 and triggered the War of Independence. A nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal, rejected the Sèvres and organised an army which repelled Greece from Turkey. By September 18th 1922 the country was liberated resulting in the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, recognising the new borders of Turkey.

On October 29th 1923 The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal, later taking the last name Atatürk (meaning father of Turks), would be her first president.

History timeline (post Republic)

Since 1923, ...

  • 1923 - 1938 After taking the presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Atatürk would initiate reforms with the aim of westernising Turkey; these included: a secular government and education, introduction of the Latin alphabet and Gregorian calendar, equal rights for women, abolition of the caliphate and Sharia Law, introduction of western attire and adoption of surnames among many others.
  • November 10, 1938 The founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk dies in Istanbul from cirrhosis of the liver. He is succeeded by Ismet Inonu, a former general who leads Turkey until the first democratic elections in 1950.
  • July 7, 1939 Province of Hatay joins Turkey.
  • On May 27, 1960, the 1960 Coup d'Etat(1st "Darbe") took place due to the level of influence Islamists had gained in the nation. This clashed with the "separation of religion and state/goverment" which was one of the results of the clash between Inonu's republican party and his opponents, president Celal Bayar and prime minister Adnan Menderes, both former republican party members. Prime minister Adnan Menderes was held responsible and executed.
  • On October 1965, military rule dissolved back into civilian, the political system was reestablished, and a new consitution was drafted that reaffirmed the "separation of religion and state/goverment".
  • On March 12, 1971, military officials intervened, instead of taking over the goverment, forced an advisory comittee due to the increasing anarchical situation caused by the Right (fascist/capitalist) - Left (communist) clash and ineffective policies in maintaining order. Although the military were not in charge they had significant influence.
  • In 1974, Turkey invades Cyprus in response to an Athens backed coup of the island (see Cyprus dispute). Turkey maintains a garisson in the de facto TRNC.
  • On September 12, 1980, the 1980 Coup d'Etat (2nd "Darbe") took place, ending a long bloodshed of anarchical situation due to the Right (fascist/capitalist) - Left (communist) clash, and was welcomed by the general population, martial laws were almost immediately established and 25% of the military (about 475,000) were mobilised to settle the anarchical situation.
  • On November 6, 1983, military rule dissolved and removed itself from the political scene after the reestablishment of a new "1982 Constitution".
  • Between 1984 and 1999, Turkey suffered terrorism again, primarily in form of PKK terrorism. Capture of Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the terrorist organisation, resumed the conflict.
  • On December 17, 2004, the European Union (EU) agrees to begin negotiations on the eventual accession of Turkey.
  • On February 14, 2005, Turkey assumed command of the ISAF in Afghanistan for a second time.
  • Since the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Turkey had been extremely concerned with the developments in Northern Iraq.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Turkey

Turkey has a very diverse culture due to its many ethnic minorities.

Sport

File:Turkey-team.jpg
Turkish national team during the 2002 World Cup

Turkey has risen to prominence in a number of sporting areas in recent decades. Its national sport, football, has seen a rapid transformation earning it third place in the coveted 2002 World Cup. Its domestic teams are dominated by Galatasaray, Fenerbahce and Besiktas. Of these, Galatasaray has seen the most success, winning the 2000 UEFA Cup and European Super Cup, as well as fielding many of the players for the international team. In recent years Turkey has exported many of its players into top foreign teams including Inter Milan, Barcelona, Parma, AC Milan and Bayer Leverkusen among others. As well as sending players abroad, the Turkish league has also attracted players into Turkey. World class players such as Gheorghe Hagi, Ariel Ortega, Pierre Van Hooijdonk, Mario Jardel, Nicolas Anelka and many more have played at some point, or continue to play in Turkey.

Weightlifting has been another successful sport for Turkey, regulary relied upon to provide gold medals in the Olympics. Its most famous weightlifters Naim Suleymanoglu and Halil Mutlu are only two of four weightlifters in the world to have won 3 gold medals in 3 olympics.

Athletics is another fast improving sport, Sureyya Ayhan set the 1500m world record in 2003 and Elvan Abeylegesse set a new 5000m record in 2004.

Turkey placed a bid to become a candidate for the 2012 olympics but was eliminated in the initial rounds. Part of its bid included the building of the 80,000 seater Ataturk Stadium in Istanbul. The stadium will be used for the 2005 European Champions League final.

Another world event for Turkey will be its addition to the Formula 1 season. The track located at Istanbul will have a planned seating capacity of 155,000 people, is just over 5,340 m long and will run anti-clockwise. The track was designed by Hermann Tilke, designer of the Sepang, Bahrain and Shanghai tracks, and will make its debut on the August 21, 2005.

See also:

Politics

Main article: Politics of Turkey

The Republic of Turkey was created in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a pragmatic leader who reformed Turkey into a modern, secular, and western-oriented republic. Over the years, fears of a shift from secularity and western orientation led to a left-wing military coup in 1961, and fears of a shift towards the Eastern Block have led to two more right-wing military coups in 1971 and 1980. Democratic rule has since returned. Turkey became a member of NATO in 1952, and is seeking membership of the European Union. December 17th 2004 marked the official opening of talks for the accession of Turkey to the European Union, and it remains one of the main issues in Turkish foreign diplomacy.

International disputes such as Turkish involvement in Cyprus and the allegations relating to the genocide against Armenians in the Ottoman era continue to influence international relations. The increasing appeal of political Islam also continues to fuel public debate in Turkey.

See also:

Geography

Main article: Geography of Turkey

Map of Turkey
Bozcaada Island in the Aegian Sea

Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from the Black Sea to the north down along the Bosporus strait through the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean Sea and the larger Mediterranean Sea to the south.

The Anatolian peninsula (also known as Asia Minor) consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, in between the Pontus range to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. To the east is found a more mountainous landscape (main part of the Armenian Highland), home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and the Araks, as well as Lake Van and Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,166 m.

The climate is a Mediterranean temperate climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Turkey is also prone to very severe earthquakes.

The capital city of Turkey is Ankara, but the largest city is İstanbul. Other important cities include İzmir, Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep, Erzurum, Kayseri, İzmit (Kocaeli), Konya, Mersin, Diyarbakır, Antalya, and Samsun. See the list of cities in Turkey.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Turkey

Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2001 still accounted for 40% of employment. It is estimated that 50% of the population lives under the international standards of poverty, especially in the war torn south-east areas.

Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The most important industry - and largest export - is textiles and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands.

In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001.

Meanwhile the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which in 2001 accounted for more than 50% of central government spending - while inflation has remained in the high double digit range.

Perhaps because of these problems, foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than USD 1 billion annually. In late 2000 and early 2001 a growing trade deficit and serious weaknesses in the banking sector plunged the economy into crisis - forcing Ankara to float the lira and pushing the country into recession.

Results in 2002 were much better, because of strong financial support from the IMF and tighter fiscal policy. Continued slow global growth and serious political tensions in the Middle East cast a shadow over growth prospects in the future.

Turkey has recently adopted a new currency, slashing away many "zeros" from the old currency after years of double digit inflation. For example, a taxi ride would cost a few million liras. Overnight, many "millionaires" were gone.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Turkey

The majority of the Turkish population (around 85-100%) is of Turkic ethnicity, who speak the official language of the country, Turkish. Other minorities include Abkhaz, Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Bosniaks, Chaldeans, Circassians, Greeks, Georgians, Hamshenis, Jews, Kurds, Laz, Levantines, Pomaks, Syriacs, and Zazas. The term "minority" itself remains to be a sensitive issue in Turkey, since the Turkish State does consider only the communities mentioned in the text of Treaty of Lausanne (namely, Greek Orthodox, Armenian, and Jewish communities) as minorities (azınlık or ekalliyet). However the minorities in question do not have special rights as the race-blind system is based on equality. According to the CIA factbook estimates Kurds compromising the second largest ethnic group at 8,76% however since a consensus based on race is unheard of in the country, as everyone is considered to be the majority, the accuracy is disputed. Several minorities requested special rights throughout the history of the nation either through terrorism (see PKK) or through political means.

Due to lack of labour force in Europe between 1960 and 1980 many Turkish citizens emigrated to West Germany, the Netherlands, France and other Western European countries, forming a significant overseas population. Recently, many have also settled in Russia and other neighbouring countries.

Nominally, 99.8% of the population is Muslim. Most belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population are Alevi Muslims. There is also a Twelver Shia minority, mainly of Azeri descent. Jewish, and Christian Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian), Roman Catholic and Protestant minorities are also present.

Although, unlike other majority Islamic nations, there is a strong tradition of separation of church and state in Turkey, in practice this means rather the subordination of religion to the state instead of what Westerners would consider separation. The Turkish constitution recognizes freedom of religion for individuals, but explicitly states that religious communities derive no rights at all from this. The mainstream Hanafi school of Sunni Islam is largely organized by the state, through Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main religious framework, successor to the Ulama, Seyh-ul-Islam and Caliph of the Ottoman Empire. As a consequence, they control all mosques and Muslim clerics. Imams are trained in Imam vocational schools and at an academic level at universities. The department is heavily criticized for not supporting religious beliefs asside from Sunni Islam.

The major regional diversities depend on culture, economy (industry and cash crops in coastal regions), and precipitation (Black Sea littoral where summer drought is unknown).

Provinces

Main article: Provinces of Turkey

Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (iller, singular - il):

Miscellaneous topics

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