| Revision as of 15:28, 5 July 2007 editGscshoyru (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers24,512 editsm Reverted 1 edit by 203.164.98.121 identified as vandalism to last revision by Pak21. using TW← Previous edit | Revision as of 01:08, 17 July 2007 edit undoWrittenright (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers5,082 editsm Many technical and style editsNext edit → | ||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
| The '''Three Alls Policy'''<ref>"Three Alls Policy" is the conventional translation. The ] could be literally translated as "three light policy", but in this case, the character for "light" (光) actually means "all", especially with reference to consumption of food or other resources(吃光="eat up"). The character may also be translated as "to make bare". See McNaughton, W. , ''Reading & Writing Chinese''. ISBN 0-8048-1583-6</ref> ({{lang-ja|三光作戦}}, ''Sankō Sakusen''; {{zh-cp|c=三光政策|p=Sānguāng Zhèngcè}}) was a Japanese ] policy adopted in China during ], the three alls being: "Kill All", "Burn All" and "Loot All". In Japanese documents, the policy was originally referred to as {{nihongo|"The Burn to Ash Strategy"|燼滅作戦|Jinmetsu Sakusen}}. | The '''Three Alls Policy'''<ref>"Three Alls Policy" is the conventional translation. The ] could be literally translated as "three light policy", but in this case, the character for "light" (光) actually means "all", especially with reference to consumption of food or other resources(吃光="eat up"). The character may also be translated as "to make bare". See McNaughton, W. , ''Reading & Writing Chinese''. ISBN 0-8048-1583-6</ref> ({{lang-ja|三光作戦}}, ''Sankō Sakusen''; {{zh-cp|c=三光政策|p=Sānguāng Zhèngcè}}) was a Japanese ] policy adopted in China during ], the three alls being: "Kill All", "Burn All" and "Loot All". In Japanese documents, the policy was originally referred to as {{nihongo|"The Burn to Ash Strategy"|燼滅作戦|Jinmetsu Sakusen}}. | ||
| The name "Sankō Sakusen", based on the Chinese term, was first popularized in Japan in 1957 when a Japanese war criminal released from the ] war crime internment center wrote a controversial book called ''"Sankō, Nihonjin no Chūgoku ni okeru senso hanzai no kokuhaku"'' (''The |
The name "Sankō Sakusen", based on the Chinese term, was first popularized in Japan in 1957 when a Japanese war criminal released from the ] war crime internment center wrote a controversial book called ''"Sankō, Nihonjin no Chūgoku ni okeru senso hanzai no kokuhaku"'' (''"The Three Alls: Japanese Confessions of War Crimes in China"'') (new edition : Kanki Haruo, 1979), in which some Japanese veterans confessed to their crimes committed under the leadership of General ]. The publishers were forced to stop the publication of the book after receiving death threats from militarists and Shôwa fanatics. | ||
| Initiated in 1940 by ], the "sankô sakusen" was implemented in full scale in 1942 in ] by ] who divided the territory into pacified, semi-pacified and unpacified areas. The approval of the policy was given by Imperial Headquarters |
Initiated in 1940 by ], the "sankô sakusen" was implemented in full scale in 1942 in ] by ] who divided the territory into pacified, semi-pacified and unpacified areas. The approval of the policy was given by Imperial Headquarters Army Order Number 575 on 3 December 1941. Okamura's strategy involved burning down villages, confiscating grain and mobilizing peasants to construct collective hamlets. It also centered on the digging of vast trench lines and the building of thousand of miles of containment walls and moats, watchtowers and roads. | ||
| According to a joint study of historians such as Mitsuyoshi Himeta, Toru Kubo, Mark Peattie and Zhifen Ju, more than 10 |
According to a joint study of historians such as Mitsuyoshi Himeta, Toru Kubo, Mark Peattie and Zhifen Ju, more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the Shôwa army for slave work in north ] and ] under the supervision of the ]. (Zhifen Ju, ''"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War"'', Joint study of the Sino-Japanese war, 2002). | ||
| In his ]-winning book, '']'' |
In his ]-winning book, '']'', based on the works of Mitsuyoshi Himeta and Akira Fujiwara, ] claims that the Three Alls Policy, sanctioned by ] himself, was responsible for the deaths of 2.7 million Chinese civilians, far surpassing ] not only in terms of numbers, but perhaps in brutality as well. | ||
| Like much of Japan's WWII history, the nature and extent of the policy is still controversial today in Japan. Because the now well-known name for this strategy is Chinese, right-wing Japanese historians claim that the policy is merely Chinese propaganda |
Like much of Japan's WWII history, the nature and extent of the policy is still controversial today in Japan. Because the now well-known name for this strategy is Chinese, right-wing Japanese historians claim that the policy is merely Chinese propaganda and that using this term promulgates this left-wing disinformation. They have even argued whether or not this policy actually existed. They further claim that this kind of scorched-earth policy was a part of Chinese, not Japanese, history, saying that the Chinese maintained a scorched-earth policy during World War II - known in Japan as {{nihongo|"The Clean Field Strategy"|清野作戦|Seiya Sakusen}} - according to which Chinese soldiers would destroy the homes of their own civilians in order to wipe out any hiding places that could be utilised by the Japanese troops.. They claim many supposed victims of the Three Alls Policy actually died at Chinese hands and that their deaths were attributed to the Japanese. | ||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Revision as of 01:08, 17 July 2007
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Misplaced Pages's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The Three Alls Policy (Template:Lang-ja, Sankō Sakusen; Chinese: 三光政策; pinyin: Sānguāng Zhèngcè) was a Japanese scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls being: "Kill All", "Burn All" and "Loot All". In Japanese documents, the policy was originally referred to as "The Burn to Ash Strategy" (燼滅作戦, Jinmetsu Sakusen).
The name "Sankō Sakusen", based on the Chinese term, was first popularized in Japan in 1957 when a Japanese war criminal released from the Fushun war crime internment center wrote a controversial book called "Sankō, Nihonjin no Chūgoku ni okeru senso hanzai no kokuhaku" ("The Three Alls: Japanese Confessions of War Crimes in China") (new edition : Kanki Haruo, 1979), in which some Japanese veterans confessed to their crimes committed under the leadership of General Yasuji Okamura. The publishers were forced to stop the publication of the book after receiving death threats from militarists and Shôwa fanatics.
Initiated in 1940 by Ryûkichi Tanaka, the "sankô sakusen" was implemented in full scale in 1942 in north China by Yasuji Okamura who divided the territory into pacified, semi-pacified and unpacified areas. The approval of the policy was given by Imperial Headquarters Army Order Number 575 on 3 December 1941. Okamura's strategy involved burning down villages, confiscating grain and mobilizing peasants to construct collective hamlets. It also centered on the digging of vast trench lines and the building of thousand of miles of containment walls and moats, watchtowers and roads.
According to a joint study of historians such as Mitsuyoshi Himeta, Toru Kubo, Mark Peattie and Zhifen Ju, more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the Shôwa army for slave work in north China and Manchukuo under the supervision of the Kôa-in. (Zhifen Ju, "Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War", Joint study of the Sino-Japanese war, 2002).
In his Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, based on the works of Mitsuyoshi Himeta and Akira Fujiwara, Herbert Bix claims that the Three Alls Policy, sanctioned by Hirohito himself, was responsible for the deaths of 2.7 million Chinese civilians, far surpassing The Rape of Nanking not only in terms of numbers, but perhaps in brutality as well.
Like much of Japan's WWII history, the nature and extent of the policy is still controversial today in Japan. Because the now well-known name for this strategy is Chinese, right-wing Japanese historians claim that the policy is merely Chinese propaganda and that using this term promulgates this left-wing disinformation. They have even argued whether or not this policy actually existed. They further claim that this kind of scorched-earth policy was a part of Chinese, not Japanese, history, saying that the Chinese maintained a scorched-earth policy during World War II - known in Japan as "The Clean Field Strategy" (清野作戦, Seiya Sakusen) - according to which Chinese soldiers would destroy the homes of their own civilians in order to wipe out any hiding places that could be utilised by the Japanese troops.. They claim many supposed victims of the Three Alls Policy actually died at Chinese hands and that their deaths were attributed to the Japanese.
Notes
- "Three Alls Policy" is the conventional translation. The Chinese characters could be literally translated as "three light policy", but in this case, the character for "light" (光) actually means "all", especially with reference to consumption of food or other resources(吃光="eat up"). The character may also be translated as "to make bare". See McNaughton, W. , Reading & Writing Chinese. ISBN 0-8048-1583-6
References
- Fujiwara, Akira (藤原彰) The Three Alls Policy and the Northern Chinese Regional Army (「三光作戦」と北支那方面軍), Kikan sensô sekinin kenkyû 20, 1998
- Himeta, Mitsuyoshi (姫田光義) Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces (日本軍による『三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって』), Iwanami Bukkuretto, 1996
- Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, HarperCollins, 2000. ISBN 0-06-019314-X
Some of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Japanese-language article (accessed on April 7, 2006).
Categories: