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Anastasia Manahan
File:Annaan.JPG
Born	c. 1900 unknown
Died	4 February 1984 Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Cause of death	Pneumonia
Other names	Anna Anderson
Spouse	John Eacott Manahan

Anastasia Manahan, usually known as Anna Anderson (c. 1900 — 4 February 1984), was the best known of several women who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia, the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, the last monarchs of Imperial Russia. Grand Duchess Anastasia was born on June 5th, 1901 and presumably killed with her family on the night of July 17, 1918 by Bolsheviks in the town of Ekaterinburg, Russia.

Anderson's body was cremated upon her death in 1984. Following Anderson's death, DNA tests were performed comparing Anderson's DNA to the known bloodline of Grand Duchess Anastasia. Repeated DNA tests confirmed with nearly absolute certainty that she was not related to the Russian Imperial Family. Anderson's supporters are skeptical that the samples were from Anderson. Some historians believe that Anderson was actually Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker. Anderson's DNA profile was a match with a great-nephew of Schanzkowska's. However, others are skeptical that she was Schanzkowska.

The death of Grand Duchess Anastasia

Seventeen year old Grand Duchess Anastasia was presumably murdered along with the rest of her family on the night of July 17, 1918 in the cellar of the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia. Her death has been reportedly verified according to eyewitness testimonies. Yakov Yurovsky, the Chekist operative and commissar who oversaw the execution of the Romanovs, stated that the entire imperial family and entourage, including Anastasia, were killed.

There are also eyewitnesses who testified to her survival, among them a man who lived across the street from the Ipatiev House.

The First Appearance Of Anna Anderson

Anna Anderson's first claim to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia occurred after her failed attempt at suicide in Berlin 1920, although it was not until 1922 that her claim became world famous. Later, she explained that she had gone by train and walked across the borders to Berlin to seek out her "aunt," Princess Irene, sister of Tsarina Alexandra. Once she reached the palace, she feared that no one would recognize her or, worse, that they would discover she had borne a child out of wedlock. In shame, she attempted to take her own life by jumping off a bridge into the cold water of the Landwehr Canal.

She was rescued by a passing official and became a ward of the state as a patient in a mental hospital in Dalldorf. The young woman was covered, according to her doctors at the asylum with half a dozen bullet wounds and lacerations, including a trough like indentation behind her right ear. The doctors also surmised that the woman was probably a “Russian refugee” because of her Eastern accent. They also noted was a triangular shaped scar on her foot. Because the woman rarely spoke and refused to provide hospital staff with any information about herself, nurses at the asylum nicknamed her Fräulein Unbekannt (Miss Unknown). She did, however, reportedly tell one of the nurses, Nurse Malinovsky, in 1921 that she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia. The woman remained in the asylum for two years until Clara Peuthert, a fellow psychiatric patient, claimed she recognized Anderson to be the Grand Duchess Tatiana, based upon photos of the Grand Duchesses she saw in a magazine.

Baroness Sophie von Buxhoeveden, a former member of the Russian Imperial Court, was the first to visit the asylum in order to determine if Anderson's claim to be a daughter of Tsar Nicholas II was legitimate. Upon arrival, the baroness pulled Anderson up off the bed and claimed that she was “too short to be Tatiana”. She left believing Anderson a fraud, and never wavered in her opinion. Anderson stated that she never claimed she was Tatiana, but that she was Anastasia.

Tchaikovsky, husband and son

Thus began a series of events that would shape Anderson's life forever, regardless of who she really was. Miss Unknown, who began calling herself Anastasia Tchaikovsky (she told confidantes the name of the Russian soldier who rescued her, married her, and eventually fathered her a son was Alexander Tchaikovsky) claimed to have survived the massacre in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg where the Imperial family was murdered. She said that as the execution began she passed out, and after falling to the ground, was shielded from additional mortal harm by the body of her sister, Tatiana. The still unidentified Tchaikovsky (according to research done by Harriet Rathlef-Keilmann, his real name was Stanislav Mishkevich) and his brother, supposedly part of the executioner's squad, noticed she was still alive amongst the corpses after the execution and were able to sneak her out of the building past manned armed guards. After her rescue, she was supposedly brought to Bucharest by Alexander and his brother Serge, their sister Veronica, and their mother. She claimed to have had a child with Alexander and that they married in Bucharest. It was in Bucharest, she said, that Tchaikovsky was killed in a street brawl. Upon her release from the asylum in Berlin, Anderson was taken in by Baron Von Kleist, a Russian emigré, who believed her claim. However, Anderson felt he was putting her on display and making a spectacle out of her, so she ran away and was taken in by Inspector Grünberg.

Inspector Grünberg

While Anderson was staying with the inspector, Empress Alexandra's sister, Princess Irene, came to visit Anderson under an assumed name. She wrote about the visit, "I saw immediately that she could not be one of my nieces. Even though I had not seen them for nine years, the fundamental facial characteristics could not have altered to that degree, in particular the position of the eyes, the ears, etc..." Later in her bedroom there followed a fruitless interrogation. Anderson, her head in her hands, turned away from Princess Irene and refused to reply to her. "She did not answer when I asked her to say a word or give me a sign that she recognised me. Don't you know I'm your Aunt Irene?" After a while the Princess gave up, collected her things and left. Prince Oskar of Prussia, Princess Irene's nephew, had said the whole affair had upset her "so terribly" and that her husband, Prince Henry of Prussia had forbidden Anastasia as a topic of conversation in the house.

Princess Irene's son, Prince Sigismund, later sent Anderson a list of questions that he said only Anastasia would know how to answer. Anderson reportedly answered every question correctly.

1925 hospital visits - Grand Duchess Olga, Gilliard, Tegleva and Gibbes

In 1925, Anderson developed an infection in her arm and was again placed in a hospital. Sick and near death, she lost a lot of weight. It was during this time that Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, the younger sister of Tsar Nicholas II and Anastasia’s aunt, who had survived the Revolution and settled in Denmark, came to Berlin to see the woman who claimed to be her niece. She spent several days with the patient and exchanged letters with her for a time. According to Dr. Rudnev (the doctor treating Anderson), another visitor, Imperial tutor Pierre Gilliard referred to the young woman as “Her Imperial Highness” and said for he could not say as “a fact” that the woman in the hospital was not the Grand Duchess. Olga stated to Herluf Zahle that "My heart tells me the little one is Anastasia." Olga and Gilliard later declared they had known instantly that she was a fraud. Gilliard denounced Anderson as being "a cunning psychopath". Another Imperial tutor, Charles Sydney Gibbes, met Anderson much later in Paris and denounced her as well. He was certain she was a fraud. "If that's Grand Duchess Anastasia," Gibbes exclaimed, "I'm a Chinaman." Anna Vyrubova, friend and confidante of Tsarina Alexandra, kept away refusing to become involved.

Other people who knew the young Anastasia quite well, like the Grand Duchess’s childhood nurse Alexandra (Shura) Tegleva identified Anderson as Anastasia. Tegleva accompanied her husband, Gilliard, to meet with Anderson in 1925 and confirmed that Anderson's foot disorder, hallux valgus (bunions), was identical to that of the real Grand Duchess. "This is Anastasia's body," she declared. Anderson asked Shura to cover her forehead with perfume, a ritual that Shura remembered from Anastasia's childhood when she wanted her nanny to "smell like a flower." "Shura", like many others, never made an official statement in support of Anna Anderson. However, the Empress Alexandra’s close friend Lili Dehn did identify her as Anastasia.

Gleb Botkin and others

Gleb Botkin and his sister and Tatiana Botkin were among Anderson's strongest supporters. They were the nephew and niece of Serge Botkin and son and daughter of the Imperial Family's personal physician Dr. Eugene Botkin who perished with his royal patients in the Ipatiev House in 1918. Gleb and Tatiana Botkin said Anderson had an intimate knowledge of palace life. They had played with the Imperial children on occasion when the family traveled aboard the Imperial yacht Standardt and also knew them later during their captivity at Tobolsk. GGleb Botkin met Anna Anderson in May of 1927, and declared instantly she was Anastasia. It was then he decided to bring her to New York where he provided articles on Anderson to newspapers. In an effort to attract attention to Anderson, Botkin made repeated attacks on the sisters of Nicholas II and the Romanov family in general. Many of the family members resented Botkin's attacks and his persistence and said they could not recognize her as Anastasia. Tatiana Botkin wrote to Pierre Gilliard about Anna Anderson. He wrote back to her, "Neither Grand Duchess Olga, my wife, nor I could find the slightest resemblance between the invalid and Anastasia Nicolaievna." She also wrote to the Grand Duchess Olga who replied, "I have received your letter and hasten to reply. We took the matter very seriously, as is shown by the visits of the patient paid by old Volkov, twice by Mr.Gillard and his wife .... as well as by my husband and myself. However hard we tried to recognise this patient as my niece Tatiana or Anastasia, we all came away quite convinced of the reverse."

Grand Duke Andrew Vladmirovich, first cousin of Nicholas II, who had some contact with Anastasia before the revolution, met Anderson in 1928 before she set out to New York with Gleb Botkin. He wrote to his cousin Grand Duchess Olga, "There is for me no doubt; she is Anastasia." Prince Felix Yussopov, husband of Princess Irina of Russia, daughter of Grand Duchess Xenia, wrote to Grand Duke Andrei about Anna Anderson, "I claim categorically that she is not Anastasia Nicolaievna, but just an adventuress, a sick hysteric and a frightful playactress. I simply cannot understand how anyone can be in doubt of this. If you had seen her, I am convinced that you would recoil in horror at the thought that this frightful creature could be a daughter of our Tsar ... These false pretenders ought to be gathered up and sent to live in a house somewhere." The Tsar’s former mistress who married Grand Duke Andrei after the revolution, Mathilde Kschessinska met Anna Anderson towards the end of her life out of curiosity and believed she was the grand duchess on the strength of her eyes.

Certain people (in this case, Captain Felix Dassel) would question her, having trick questions such as “The billiard table was on the second floor” and Anna would reply, “How you have forgotten. Billiard was on the first floor.”

Ernst Ludwig and Franziska Schankowska

At around the time when Anna was suffering from yet another severe illness, Anderson told Frau Rahtlef-Keilmann that she saw Alexandra's brother, Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, when he allegedly visited Russia in 1916 during the First World War, which would have amounted to treason. The Grand Duke's alleged trip, and the incident has been flatly denied repeatedly by the Hessian royal family, but the Kaiser's daughter-in-law claimed that the Kaiser himself told her the trip had taken place.

Ernst Ludwig hired a private investigator to investigate her claims. It was implied that she was in fact a missing Polish factory worker, Franziska Schanzkowska, and it was speculated that she got injuries from dropping a grenade in munitions factory where she worked. Anderson claimed they were from the execution which she barely escaped. According to Harriet Rathlef-Keilmann, Franzisca's family stated that she received no injuries in the explosion.

To see if this story was true, the Danish Ambassador Zahle and Harriet von Rathlef set up a meeting between Anderson and Franziska Schankowska's brother Felix. When Felix saw her from a distance, he declared, "That is my sister Franziska." At the end of the day, when asked to sign an affadavit, he had however changed his mind. "I will not sign it. That is definitely not my sister." He then pointed out a series of differences between the two women. Protocols from Dalldorf allege that she spoke Russian with the nurses. Nurse Erna Buchholz alleged that she "spoke Russian like a native." Later, she refused to speak Russian, and although she clearly understood it, she would only respond in German. She explained her failure to speak Russian by saying that she was unwilling to use the language spoken by the people who murdered her family, as they were not allowed to speak any other language in the Ipatiev House. She overcame her fear of speaking Russian in the late 30's, and spoke it "fluently" with Professor Rudnev and her lawyer's associate.

Anna Anderson vs. Relatives of Grand Duchess Anastasia

In 1938, Anderson's lawyer initiated a suit in German courts to claim an inheritance which was handed out to relatives of Empress Alexandra who declared all the Imperial family to be dead. Anderson’s lawyers declared that Grand Duchess Anastasia was still alive. Her supporters fought for her claim. Experts were called to compare the features of Anna Anderson with the Tsar's daughter. Her ear was declared by an expert, Moritz Furtmayr, to be identical in 17 anatomical points to Anastasia's, and her handwriting was declared by Dr. Minna Becker to be identical to that of the Grand Duchess. Anderson's legal teams, like their opposition, were articulate and well organized. German Courts heard an almost endless procession of handwriting experts, historians and forensic scientists scrutinizing photographs and documents usually contradicting opposing depositions. Her opponents including the real Anastasia's first cousin, Lord Mountbatten, nephew of Tsarina Alexandra and the Grand Duke of Hesse, fought just as hard, however, to prove she was, in reality, the missing Polish factory worker, Franziska Schanzkowska.

The legal case dragged out until 1970, when the court determined that she had not proven herself to be the Grand Duchess, nor had the identity been disproven. In it it held that the death of Grand Duchess of Anastasia in Ekaterinburg had never been a historically proven fact.

Marriage and death

After moving to the United States in 1928, Anderson lived for several months on Long Island with Mrs. William B. Leeds (born Princess Xenia Georgievna Romanova of Russia), a daughter of Grand Duke George Mihailovich of Russia and Princess Maria Georgievna of Greece and Denmark. When she later came to live in the Garden City Hotel on Long Island, she booked in as Mrs. Eugene Anderson to avoid the press. From 1947 to 1968 she lived in Bad Liebenzell-Unterlengenhardt, a small village in the Black Forest near Stuttgart. In 1968 upon returning to the U.S., Anderson, around the age of 70, married an eccentric wealthy American supporter John Eacott Manahan, age 49. The couple lived in relative squalor in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she died of pneumonia in 1984. Her body was cremated according to her wishes.

DNA tests

In 1991, the bodies of the royal family were exhumed, and it was discovered that the bodies of Alexei and one of his sisters, identified as Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia by Russian scientists and as Anastasia by Americans, were not in the grave.

The mitochondrial DNA of the bones unearthed from a forest grave, presumed to be those of Alexandra and three of her daughters, were compared to that of the Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria of Hesse and the Rhine was a sister of Alexandra. This proved to be a match.

Tissue left over from a medical procedure performed on Anastasia Manahan in 1979 was discovered to exist at Martha Jefferson Hospital in Charlottesville, Virginia. In 1994, DNA from the tissue sample was compared against the mitochondrial DNA profile those of the Romanovs, at the suggestion of Marina Botkin Schweitzer, the daughter of Gleb Botkin. "At the time that they identified the bodies of the Imperial Family, I thought we should do the same for the Grand Duchess," she said.

Anderson’s putative DNA sample did not match that of the Duke of Edinburgh or that of the bones. This meant that the person who supplied the tissue sample could not have been related to the family whose remains were discovered at Ekaterinburg. At the press conference, Dr. Peter Gill stated, "If you accept that these samples came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could not be related to Tsar Nichlas or Tsarina Alexandra." When Gill compared the DNA from the tissue sample against the mitochondrial DNA profile of Karl Mauch, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowka's, he got a 100 percent match.

There were also several strands of hair tested which produced the same mtDNA sequence as the tissue. The hair came from a woman who claimed she found the hair at a used bookstore in Charlottesville, Virginia. Inside a book which belonged to Jack Manahan, there was an envelope which read "Anastasia's hair". Inside were several strands of hair which she gave to Anderson biographer Peter Kurth. He in turn gave them to a BBC reporter who in turn transferred them to Aldermaston for DNA testing. The hair produced the same sequence as that of the tissue and was not a match to the remains found at Ekaterinburg.

Supporters hypothesis

The DNA tests came as an unexpected shock to those involved with Anastasia Manahan. Few who had known her were willing to accept that Anderson could have been a Polish factory worker. They felt that there were inconsistencies between the known facts about Schanzkowska and about Anderson, such as their physical characteristics, the languages spoken by the two women, Anderson's reported knowledge about the Imperial family and about the royal court, and Anderson's personal demeanor, which had made her accepted as one of them by some members of high social circles.

Fueling the flames were the results of experiments done in the United Kingdom for a television documentary. New forensic comparisons in 1995 with Grand Duchess Anastasia and Anna Anderson's face and ears following routine procedures of legal identification concluded that Anna Anderson was the Grand Duchess. The experiment was later repeated by specialists in the United States and they concluded with "certainty" that Anna Anderson was Anastasia.

Anna in popular culture

In 1928, a film was made based very loosely on the woman who would one day be called "Anna Anderson" in 1928. It was a silent film called "Clothes Make the Woman".

In 1956 there was a film made about a figure based on Anna Anderson, Anastasia, starring Ingrid Bergman as Anna/Anastasia, and Yul Brynner. It was later recreated as an animated musical in 1997. However, this version is highly fictionalized.

NBC ran a two-part fictionalized mini-series titled "Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna" which starred Amy Irving and won her a Golden Globe nomination. It was based on a biography written by author Peter Kurth.

Kevin Hearn of the band Barenaked Ladies wrote a song called "Anna, Anastasia" for his solo album H-Wing.

References

1. Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna.1986.
2. King and Wilson (2003), p. 314.
3. Radzinsky 373, 387-93
4. http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/yurovmurder.html
5. King and Wilson (2003), p. 314
6. Kurth (1983), p. 339
7. Christopher, Kurth, and Radzinsky (1995), p.210
8. Peter Kurth, Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson
9. Kurth (1983)
10. Kurth (1983)
11. Kurth (1983)
12. Kurth (1983), p.85
13. Kurth (1983), p. 85
14. ibid, p.87
15. Kurth (1983)
16. Christopher, Kurth, and Radzinsky (2005), p.214
17. Christopher, Kurth, and Radzinsky (2005), p. 214
18. Kurth (1983)
19. Anastasia by Peter Kurth, p.195
20. Kurth (1983)
21. Anastasia by Peter Kurth, p.272
22. Letter of Prince Felix Yussopov to Grand Duke Andrei, 19 September 1927
23. (Kurth (1983), p. 461
24. Kurth (1983)
25. Kurth (1983)
26. Kurth (1983)
27. Notes of Frau von Rahlef, 19 June-4 July 1925
28. Kurth (1983), p.35
29. Kurth (1983)
30. Kurth (1983)
31. Kurth (1983)
32. Kurth 1983
33. Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis by Peter Gill, Central Research and Support Establishment, Forensic Science Service, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PN, UK, Pavel L. Ivanov, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117984, Moscow, Russia, Colin Kimpton, Romelle Piercy, Nicola Benson, Gillian Tully, Ian Evett, Kevin Sullivan, Forensic Science Service, Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham B5 6QQ, UK, Erika Hagelberg, University of Cambridge, Department of Biological Anthropology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK - http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v6/n2/abs/ng0294-130.html
34. Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis by Peter Gill, Central Research and Support Establishment, Forensic Science Service, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire - http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v6/n2/abs/ng0294-130.html
35. Christopher, Kurth, and Radzinsky (2005), p.218
36. Christopher, Kurth, and Radzinsky (2005), p.218

Books, Letters and Articles

• Romanov, Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke (1933). Always A Grand Duke. Cassell. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Greece, Christopher, Prince (1938). Memoirs of HRH Prince Christopher of Greece. London: The Right Book Club. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hall, Coryne (1999). Little Mother of Russia - A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna. London: Shepheard-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0 85683 177 8. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• King, Greg (2003). The Fate of the Romanovs. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Kurth, Peter (1995). Anastasia: The Life of Anna Anderson. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-5954-4. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Kurth, Peter (1997?). Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson. Back Bay. ISBN 0-316-50717-2. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Kurth, Peter (19957). Tsar. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-50787-3. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Lovell, James Blair (1998). Anastasia: The Lost Princess. Robson. ISBN 0-86051-807-8. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Lerche, Anna (2003). A Royal Family : The Story Of Christian IX And His European Descendants. Egmont Lademann A/S Denmark. ISBN 87-15-10957-7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Klier, John (1999). The Quest for Anastasia: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Romanovs. Citadel. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Massie, Robert K. (1995). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter. Secaucus, NJ: Carol. ISBN 0-8065-2064-7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Godl, John (August 1998). Remembering Anna Anderson. "The European Royal History Journal", Issue VI: August 1998., Arturo Beeche, Publisher, Oakland,. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
• Radzinsky, Edward (1991). The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II. New York: Doubleday. pp. 462 p. ISBN 0385423713. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Von Rahl, Frau (19 June-4 July1925 ). The Notes of Frau Von Rahl. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Yussopov, Felix, Prince (19 September 1927). Letter of Prince Felix Yussopov to Grand Duke Andrei,. Hamburg. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Additional references

• Christopher Peter, Kurth Peter, Radzinsky Edvard (1995). Tsar: The Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra. Little Brown and Co. ISBN 0-3165-0787-3
• Kurth, Peter (1983). Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-50717-2

External links

• Article by Peter Kurth — Anna Anderson’s biographer tells why he doesn't believe Anna Anderson was Franziska Schanzkowska.
• Russian Forensics - A site demonstrating the Russian agenda to prove Anastasia's remains were in the grave.
• Anastasia and Anna Anderson — A narrative of Anastasia’s death.
• Anastasia: The Truth - A website correcting misstatements recently made about Anastasia and Anna Anderson.
• Anastasia Legend Anastasia and the legend which surrounds her fate.

• Pretenders to the Russian throne
• Impostor pretenders
• Mysterious people
• 1900 births
• 1984 deaths