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#REDIRECT ]
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{underdiscussion}}
{{articleissues
|POV=July 2007
|disputed=July 2007
|synthesis=July 2007
|citecheck=July 2007
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The ''']''' has been accused of funding, training, and harboring individuals and groups who engage in ''']''' by some legal scholars, other governments, and human rights organizations, {{dubious}} among others.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://syriatimes.tishreen.info/_default.asp?FileName=79783973120050807145803
|title=British MP George Galloway opens up to Syria Times
|last=Agha
|first=Mohammad
|publisher=Syria Times
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref name="ahrc">{{cite web
|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/
|title=Filipina Militants Indict Bush-Arroyo for Crimes Against Humanity
|last=San Juan, Jr.
|first=E.
|publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite web
|url=http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
|title=Class Struggle and Socialist Revolution in the Philippines: Understanding the Crisis of U.S. Hegemony, Arroyo State Terrorism, and Neoliberal Globalization
|last=San Juan, Jr.
|first=E.
|publisher=Monthly Review Foundation
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref name=Simbulan>{{cite web
|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/518/518%20roland%20g.%20simbulan.htm
|title=The Real Threat
|last=Simbulan
|first=Roland G.
|publisher=Seminar
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Piszkiewicz
|first=Dennis
|title=Terrorism's War with America: A History
|date=], ]
|publisher=Praeger Publishers
|pages=224
|isbn=978-0275979522
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-95571886.html
|title=Understanding, responding to, and preventing terrorism
|last=Cohn
|first=Marjorie
|date=], ]
|publisher=Arab Studies Quarterly
|format=Reprint
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=HAL20050703&articleId=627
|title=The UN and its conduct during the invasion and occupation of Iraq
|last=Halliday
|first=Dennis
|publisher=Centre for Research on Globalization
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode
|title=Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC
|series=Hot Type
|network=]
|airdate=2003-12-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.redress.org/publications/TerrorismReport.pdf
|title=Terrorism, Counter-terorrism and Torture
|publisher=Redress
|date=]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref> Linguist and U.S. foreign policy critic ] argues that the U.S. has been legally found guilty of international terrorism based on the verdict by ] in ], which condemned the ] not for terrorism ''per se'', but for its "''unlawful use of force''".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/people/feature/2002/01/16/chomsky/index_np.html?pn=2
|title=Noam Chomsky
|last=Hansen
|first=Suzy
|publisher=]
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zmag.org/content/ForeignPolicy/chomskyglobeterr.cfm
|title=Who Are the Global Terrorists?
|last=Chomsky
|first=Noam
|authorlink=Noam Chomsky
|publisher=]
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/sr.gowans/foreign.html Terrorism as Foreign Policy
|title=Terrorism as Foreign Policy
|last=Gowans
|first=Stephen
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref>Critics maintain that the U.S. government is hypocritical as it regularly asserts a public image and agenda of ], and as such has two foreign policies, one publicly stated and the other coverty applied.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0929/dailyUpdate.html
|title=Venezuela accuses US of 'double standard' on terrorism
|last=Regan
|first=Tom
|date=], ]
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2007-02-02
}}</ref><ref name=>{{cite news|title= Cuban Terror Case Erodes US Credibility, Critics Say|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=30459|publisher=]|date=]|accessdate=2007-07-10 }}</ref>

==Definition of the term state terrorism==
{{main|State terrorism}}
The ] itself and ] remains controversial, as is the distinction between them. Among nations there is as yet no international consensus or treaty on what constitutes a terrorist act, how to define a terrorist organization, or whether the definition of terrorism even applies to acts by sovereign governments.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=29633
|title= U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism
|last=Deen
|first=Thalif
|publisher=]
|date], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref> The Britannica Concise states that terrorism is "Systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
|url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380497/terrorism
|title=Terrorism
|encyclopedia=]
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref>

As an example, the ] ] bases its definition on U.S. Code, Title 18, Chapter 113B,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00002331----000-.html
|title=18 U.S.C. § 2331
|publisher=Cornell Law School
|accessdate=2007-05-25}}</ref> and reads as follows:

::Domestic terrorism refers to activities that involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States. ]

::International terrorism involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. ]

] Definition of Terrorism:

{{cquote|The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.

The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.

The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for statistical and analytical purposes since 1983.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2001/html/10220.htm
|title=Patterns of Global Terrorism
|date=], ]
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2007-06-23
}}</ref>}}

The ] has never agreed on a single definition of terrorism but has four proposed definitions.<ref name="un">{{cite web
|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html
|title=Definitions of Terrorism
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref> One, by terrorism analyst ] states: {{cquote |Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought.<ref name="un" />}}

===Application of the United States government's own definitions===
], noted professor of ] at ] and a Senior Scholar at the ], has characterized the tactics used by agents of the US government and their proxies in their execution of ] — in such countries as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] — as a form of terrorism. Chomsky has also described the U.S as "a leading terrorist state."<ref name="barsamian">{{cite web
|url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/1101chomsky.htm
|title=The United States is a Leading Terrorist State
|last=Barsamian
|first=David
|publisher=]
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref> After President ] began using the term "War on Terrorism", Chomsky stated in an interview:

{{cquote|The U.S. is officially committed to what is called "]... If you read the definition of low-intensity conflict in army manuals and compare it with official definitions of "terrorism" in army manuals, or the U.S. Code, you find they're almost the same.<ref name="barsamian" />}}

Chomsky has in turn been criticized for allegedly ignoring or justifying terrorism by other nations. ] notes that Chomsky has stated that "the United States and Israeli leadership should be brought to trial" for war crimes. He contrasts this statement with what he sees as Chomsky's defense of allegedly criminal actions by the leaders of countries like ], Vietnam, and Cambodia. Windschuttle writes that Chomsky's "moral perspective is completely one-sided", and accuses him of using evidence that was "selective, deceptive, and in some cases invented."<ref>Windschuttle, Keith. "", '']'', ] ].</ref>

Daniele Ganser, a military and security studies academic,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=1370
|title=Retour sur Gladio et les stay-behind: le passé éclaire évidemment la crise de notre époque
|publisher=DeDefensa.org
|language=French
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.danieleganser.ch/e/biographie/index.htm
|title=Daniele Ganser - biography
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/GAN412A.html
|title=NATO's secret armies linked to terrorism?
|last=Ganser
|first=Daniele
|publisher=Centre for Research on Globalization
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_gladio/endorsements.cfm?navinfo=15301
|title=Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies
|publisher=Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref> has written<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Ganser
|first=Daniele
|title=Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies
|journal=Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, ]
|pages=69-96
|url=http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=C6A4F564-375B-F668-FC6A-C5839A4793A9&lng=en
|date=]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref> that "the covert action department of the CIA" is, "according to the definition of the FBI...a terrorist organization." Dr. Ganser argues that according to the FBI, "`Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective'," and that the directive which created the covert actions section of the CIA clearly fits this characterization.<ref name="usdos">{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/69039.pdf
|title=Note on U.S. Covert Actions
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref> The relevant document -- also quoted by Ganser -- is the 1948 U.S. National Security Council directive, 10/2, where the activity of the CIA covert (psychological) operations bureau is defined as follows:

{{cquote|To Plan and conduct covert operations which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Covert action shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.<ref name="usdos" /><ref>NSC 10/2: National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948.</ref><!-- NEEDS PROPER CITE --></blockquote>}}

Ganser has in turn been criticized by the U.S. State Department for being "fooled" by a Soviet forgery, the "]."<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|title=Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2006/Jan/20-127177.html}}</ref>

===State terrorism and propaganda===

Richard Falk, Professor Emeritus of International Law and Practice at Princeton, has argued that the U.S. and other first-world states, as well as mainstream media institutions, have obfuscated the true character and scope of terrorism, promulgating a one-sided view from the standpoint of first-world privilege. He has said that "if 'terrorism' as a term of moral and legal opprobrium is to be used at all, then it should apply to violence deliberately targeting civilians, whether committed by state actors or their non-state enemies."<ref>{{cite book
|last=Falk
|first=Richard
|title=Revolutionaries and Functionaries: The Dual Face of Terrorism
|city=New York
|publisher=Dutton
|year=]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/Nonviolence/2004/Falk_GandhiNonviolence.html
|title=Gandhi, Nonviolence and the Struggle Against War
|last=Falk
|first=Richard
|publisher=The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref> Moreover, Falk asserts that the repudiation of authentic non-state terrorism is insufficient as a strategy for mitigating it, writing that "we must also illuminate the character of terrorism, and its true scope... The propagandists of the modern state conceal its reliance on terrorism and associate it exclusively with Third World revolutionaries and their leftist sympathizers in the industrial countries."<ref name="falk">{{cite journal
|last=Falk
|first=Richard
|title=A Program for the Left; Thinking about Terrorism
|journal=]
|date=], ]
}}</ref> Turning specifically to past U.S actions, Falk says "The graveyards of ] are the number-one exhibits of state terrorism... Consider the hypocrisy of an Administration that portrays ] as barbaric while preparing to inflict terrorism on a far grander scale... Any counterterrorism policy worth the name must include a convincing indictment of the First World variety."<ref name="falk" />

==Allegations==
===Latin America===
{{See|Operation Condor|School of the Americas}}
====Cuba====
{{Further|], ], ], ]}}
] officials have accused the United States Government of being an accomplice and protector of terrorism against ] on many occasions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2005/12/051207_cubacaricom.shtml
|title=Fidel Castro meets Caricom leaders
|publisher=]
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-02-02
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.granma.cu/miami5/ingles/415.html
|title=The United States is an accomplice and protector of terrorism, states Alarcón
|last=Rodríguez
|first=Javier
|publisher=Granma
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.granma.cu/cubademanda/ingles/demanda9-i.html
|title=Terrorism organized and directed by the CIA
|publisher=Granma
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref> According to ], President of ] "Terrorism and violence, crimes against Cuba, have been part and parcel of U.S. policy for almost half a century.”<ref name="landau">{{cite web
|url=http://www.tni.org/archives/landau/alarcon.htm
|title=Interview with Ricardo Alarcón
|last=Landau
|first=Saul
|publisher=Transnational Institute
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref> The claims formed part of Cuba's $181.1 billion lawsuit in 1999 against the United States on behalf of the Cuban people which alleged that for over 40 years, "terrorism has been permanently used by the U.S. as an instrument of its foreign policy against Cuba," and it "became more systematic as a result of the covert action program."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.workers.org/ww/1999/cuba0916.php
|title=Cuba's case against Washington
|last=Wood
|first=Nick
|publisher=Workers World
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref> The lawsuit detailed a history of terrorism allegedly supported by the United States. The United States has long denied any involvement in the acts named in the lawsuit.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/americas/9906/02/cuba.billions/
|title=Cuba sues U.S. for billions, alleging 'war' damages
|publisher=]
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-10
}}</ref>
] operatives including Guillermo Novo Sampol, (left; fourth from camera) wanted in Venezuela for extradition in connection with terrorist acts,<ref name="sanchez">{{cite web
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57838-2004Sep2.html
|title=Moral Misstep
|last=Sanchez
|first=Marcela
|publisher=]
|date=], ]
}}</ref> Mexico City ] ].]]
The claims center on allegations of "concrete advance intelligence" the CIA had of operations against Cuba from the early Sixties to mid-Seventies, notably the bombing of ] in 1976 which killed all 73 people aboard and a series of attacks on tourist sites in the 1990s. For example, the FBI had multiple contacts with one of the bombers but provided him with a visa to the U.S. five days before the bombing, despite suspicions that he was engaged in terrorist activities.<ref name="posada">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB153/|title=CIA and FBI Documents Detail Career in International Terrorism; Connection to U.S.|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>

The allegations also claim U.S. involvement in the paramilitary group ], the CIA undercover operation known as ], and the umbrella group the ]. Cuban ] investigator Roberto Hernández testified in a ] court that the bomb attacks were "part of a campaign of terror designed to scare civilians and foreign tourists, harming Cuba's single largest industry."<ref> Miami Herald </ref>

In 2001, Cuban Ambassador to the UN Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla called for ] to address all forms and manifestations of terrorism in every corner of the world, including - without exception - State terrorism. He alleged to the ] that 3,478 Cubans have died as a result of aggressions and terrorist acts.<ref name="United"> since the ]</ref> He also alleged that the United States had provided safe shelter to "those who funded, planned and carried out terrorist acts with absolute impunity, tolerated by the United States Government."<ref name="United"> since the ]</ref> The Cuban government also asserted that in the 1990s, a total of 68 acts of terrorism were perpetrated against Cuba.<ref name="United"/>

The Cuban Government, its supporters and some outside observers believe that the group ], whose former secretary general Andrés Nazario Sargén acknowledged terrorist attacks on Cuban tourist spots in the 1990s<ref> Cuba solidarity</ref> and conducted training sessions at a secluded camp near the Florida Everglades,<ref> . The Los Angeles Times.</ref> has been supported by the ], the US International Development Agency and, more directly, according to Cuba's official newspaper ], the CIA.<ref> granma</ref> The National Endowment for Democracy is a ] ] that is partially funded by the ], whose aid recipients also include the ] and the ].<ref></ref><ref>, Media Transparency Profile</ref>

A secret plan, ], was approved by the ] and ] and submitted for action to ]<ref>, excerpted from ''Class Warfare'' by Noam Chomsky</ref> then ], and subsequently president of the ]. This plan included acts of violence on US soil or against US interests, such as plans to kill innocent people and commit acts of terrorism in U.S. cities; blowing up a U.S. ship, and contemplated causing U.S. military casualties, writing: ''"We could blow up a U.S. ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba,"'' and, ''"The US could follow up with an air/sea rescue operation covered by US fighters 'evacuate' remaining members of the non-existent crew. Casualty lists in U.S. newspapers would cause a helpful wave of national indignation."'' The plan was rejected by the administration prior to ] but after the ].<ref name=PEARL-HARBOUR-COVER-UP-1>{{cite news|title=Pentagon Proposed Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20010430/|date=]|publisher=]|accessdate=27-04-2007}}</ref><ref name=PEARL-HARBOUR-COVER-UP-3>{{cite news|title=U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662|date=]|publisher=]|accessdate=27-04-2007}}</ref>

In 1998 the Cuban government charged The ], which was founded in 1981 at the initiative of the ] and receives U.S. government funding<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oig/aireports/i13f0012.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Education: Office of Inspector General |title=Review of Department Identified Contracts and Grants for Public Relations Services}}</ref> with, according to the official government-controlled ], the continued financing of anti-Cuban terrorist activities<ref>{{cite web|title=Cubanews From radio Havana Cuba |url=http://www.radiohc.org/Distributions/Radio_Havana_English/.1998/98_aug/rhc-eng-08.14.98 |publisher=Radio Habana Cuba}}</ref> ], the official newspaper of Cuba, also reported that U.S. senator ] was meeting with ] terrorists and sponsoring them via CANF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://granmai.cubaweb.com/ingles/2006/junio/mier28/27escandalo-i.html |title=Scams and scandals among Miami terrorists |publisher=Cuba State News: Granma Internacional Digital}}</ref>

In 2006, a former board member of CANF, ] testified that leaders of the foundation had created a paramilitary group to carry out destabilizing acts in Cuba. The foundation’s general board of directors didn’t know the details of the paramilitary group, which acted autonomously, Llama said. He added that current CANF board chairman Jorge Mas Santos was never told of the plan. The plans failed after Llama and four other exiles were arrested in the United States territory of ] in 1997 on charges of conspiracy to assassinate Castro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://havanajournal.com/hispanics/entry/former-canf-board-member-admits-to-planning-terrorist-attack-against-cuba/ |title=Top exiles in fight over anti-Castro plot funds |publisher=Miami Herald. |date=November 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56521.pdf |publisher=United Nations: general Assembly Security Council |author=Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla |date=October 29, 2001 |title=Measures to eliminate international terrorism}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Cuban American National Foundation And The Havana Bombings |publisher=Granma International |author=Jean-Guy Allard |date=December 6, 2004}}</ref>

The US has also been criticized for failing to condemn Panama's pardoning of the alleged terrorists Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon, and Gaspar Jimenez, instead allowing them to walk free on U.S. streets.<ref name="sanchez" />

=====The Case of Luis Posada=====
The Cubans cite the admission by ] that he was recruited by the CIA into becoming a trainer of other paramilitary forces in the mid 1960s.<ref> . The Atlantic online.<br />° . Miami herald.</ref> Posada, alongside ], is accused by ], ], ], Cuba and ] of organizing the terrorist bombing of the aircraft Cubana 455.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7679032/page/2/|title=Cuban official demands action on Posada|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> As described by researcher Peter Kornbluh at the non-governmental research institute ], he "is a terrorist, but he’s our terrorist," referring to Posada's relationship with the U.S. government. In 2006, the U.S. Justice Department described Posada as “an unrepentant criminal and admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks on tourist sites.”<ref> New York Times </ref>

The Cubans also cite the involvement of FBI attaché Joseph Leo, who admitted multiple contacts with one of the convicted bombers of Cubana 455, Hernan Ricardo, before the attack.<ref> . The Nation. </ref>

On May 18, 2005, the National Security Archive posted additional documents that purportedly show the CIA had concrete advance intelligence, as early as June 1976, on plans by Cuban exile terrorist groups to bomb a Cubana airliner. The archive also alleges that while Posada stopped being a CIA agent in 1974, there remained "occasional contact" until June 1976, a few months before the bombing.<ref name="posada"/> The Cuban ambassador to the U.N. claimed that Posada had been "doubly employed by the Government of the U.S." both before and after the bombing of the Cubana aircraft.<ref name="United"/> After escaping from prison in Venezuela, Posada, who has boasted of plans to "hit" a Cuban airliner only days before the attack, went to work alongside CIA operative ] under ] supplying the ].<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB157/index.htm National Security archives</ref>
], Georgia, 1962]]
After serving 10 years for his role in the Cubana bombing and other terrorist attacks, Orlando Bosch was released from jail in Venezuela and given permission to reside in the United States with the assistance of ], then US ambassador to Venezuela.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

On his arrival in Miami in 1988, Bosch was honored with an "Orlando Bosch Day" celebration by the city politicians in Miami. Despite decisions made by the justice department and ] to deport Bosch, they were overruled by President ] and he was allowed permanent residency.<ref name="cnn">http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.</ref>

In a series of interviews with the ], Posada claimed responsibility for the bombings at hotels and nightclubs in Cuba in 1997 in which an ] tourist died and scores more were injured. Posada said his activities were directly supported by Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the ]. Posada stated "The FBI and the CIA do not bother me, and I am neutral with them," he said. "Whenever I can help them, I do."<ref name="observer">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43b/146.html |title=Posada "I will kill Castro if it's the last thing I do" |publisher=Hartford Web Publishing (Republished)}}</ref> He later denied that he was involved, stating that he had only wanted to create publicity for the bombing campaign in order to scare tourists.<ref name="cnn" />

As more revelations were made public via declassified documents and testimonies from involved parties, journalist ] wrote in a column in the ] "For almost 40 years, we have isolated Cuba on the assumption that the tiny island is a center of terrorism in the hemisphere, and year after year we gain new evidence that it is the U.S. that has terrorized Cuba and not the other way around."<ref>http://www.robertscheer.com/1_natcolumn/98_columns/071498.htm A Startling Tale of U.S. Complicity.</ref>

In an interview in 2001, Cuban Vice President Ricardo Alarcón stated: "The most quoted phrase by President Bush or ever repeated by him refers to the same idea every time he speaks. "'Those who harbor a terrorist are as guilty as the terrorist himself'".<ref name="landau" />

Posada was arrested in Miami in May 2005 and held for entering the US illegally.
On September 28, 2005 a U.S. immigration judge ruled that Posada cannot be deported because he faced the threat of torture in Venezuela.<ref> (])</ref> On May 8, 2007 U.S. district judge Kathleen Cardone dismissed seven counts of immigration fraud and ordered Posada's electronic bracelet removed. The ruling criticized the ] "fraud, deceit and trickery" during the interview with immigration authorities that was the basis of the charges against Posada.<ref name="cnndrop"> , May 8, 2007</ref>

====Nicaragua====
{{Further|] }}

Following the rise to power of the left-wing ] government in ], the Reagan administration ordered the CIA to organize and train the right wing guerrilla group "]". In 1981 President Reagan secretly authorized his Central Intelligence Agency under his appointee ]<ref>, Director of Central Intelligence, 28 January 1981 - 29 January 1987</ref> to recruit and support the guerrillas. Casey was to have testified before Congress about the disastrous ], in which a third country was to help sell ]'s ] missiles to the Islamic Republic of Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages whom ] kidnapped. Deteriorating health made it impossible for Casey to speak to the committee.

] professor, Frederick H. Gareau, has written that the Contras "attacked bridges, electric generators, but also state-owned agricultural cooperatives, rural health clinics, villages and non-combatants." US agents were directly involved in the fighting. "CIA commandos launched a series of sabotage raids on Nicaraguan port facilities. They mined the country's major ports and set fire to its largest oil storage facilities." In 1984 the US Congress ordered this intervention to be stopped, however it was later shown that the CIA illegally continued (See ]). Professor Gareau has characterized these acts as "wholesale terrorism" by the United States.<ref name="Gareau">
{{cite book |last=Gareau |first=Frederick H. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=State Terrorism and the United States |year=2004 |publisher=Zed Books |location=London |id=ISBN 1-84277-535-9 |pages=16 & 166}}</ref>

In 1984 a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan ] in psychological operations was leaked to the media, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War".<ref name = "manual"> {{cite web
| title =Declassified Army and CIA Manuals
| work =Latin American Working Group
| url =http://www.lawg.org/misc/Publications-manuals.htm
| accessdate=2006-07-30
}} </ref><ref name="KillingHope">
{{cite book |last=Blum |first=William |authorlink=William Blum |coauthors= |title=Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II |year=2003 |publisher=Zed Books |location=Noida, India |id=ISBN 1-84277-369-0 |pages=290}}</ref>

The manual recommended “selective use of violence for propagandistic effects” and to “neutralize” government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to lead:

{{cquote|...selective use of armed force for PSYOP ] effect.... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA ], but extensive precautions must insure that the people “concur” in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission.<ref name = "FFF"> {{cite web
| title =Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration
| work =The Future of Freedom Foundation
| url =http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0406c.asp
| accessdate=2006-07-30
}} </ref>}}

Former State Department official ] has written that "American pilots were flying diverse kinds of combat missions against Nicaraguan troops and carrying supplies to contras inside Nicaraguan territory. Several were shot down and killed. Some flew in civilian clothes, after having been told that they would be disavowed by the Pentagon if captured. Some contras told American congressmen that they were ordered to claim responsibility for a bombing raid organized by the CIA and flown by Agency mercenaries."<ref>Blum 293.</ref>

According to author William Blum the Pentagon considered US policy in Nicaragua to be a "blueprint for successful US intervention in the Third World" and it would go "right into the textbooks".<ref>Blum 305.</ref>

=====Nicaragua vs. United States=====
{{main|Nicaragua vs. United States}}

''The Republic of Nicaragua vs. The United States of America''<ref name="name">Official name: ''Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392'' June 27, 1986.</ref> was a case heard in ] by the ] which found that the ] had violated ] by direct acts of US personnel and by the supporting ] guerrillas in their war against the ]n government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors.
The Court ruled in Nicaragua's favor, but the United States refused to abide by the Court's decision, on the basis that the court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction to hear the case.<ref name="law"> {{cite journal | author= Morrison, Fred L. | title=Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion| journal=American Journal of International Law | year=January 1987 | volume=81 | issue=| pages= 160-166| url= http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/55750.html}} "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United State (Merits)"</ref> The court stated that the United States had been involved in the "unlawful use of force".<ref name = "icj"> {{cite web
| title =International Court of Justice Year 1986, 27 June 1986, General list No. 70, paragraphs 251, 252, 157, 158, 233.
| work =International Court of Justice
| url =http://www.gwu.edu/~jaysmith/nicus3.html
| accessdate=2006-07-30
}} </ref> Noam Chomsky stated in an interview in Pakistan Television that:

{{cquote|''The World Court considered their case, accepted it, and presented a long judgment, several hundred pages of careful legal and factual analysis that condemned the United States for what it called “unlawful use of force”--which is the judicial way of saying “international terrorism”--ordered the United States to terminate the crime and to pay substantial reparations, many billions of dollars, to the victim''.<ref name = "chom"> {{cite web
| title =On the War in Afghanistan Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy
| work =chomsky.info
| url =http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011127.htm
| accessdate=2006-07-30
}}</ref>}}

Critics of this interpretation argue that "unlawful use of force is not another word for terrorism" and that the ICJ has no authority over sovereign states unless they themselves so agree, which the US did not.<ref name="Anti-Chomsky">David Horowitz. Chomsky and 9/11. Page 172-4 In ] (2004) Peter Collier and David Horowitz, editors. Encounter Books.</ref>

The ICJ used the ] CIA manual as evidence in the case.<ref name="ICJ4">{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=367&code=nus&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&k=66&p3=5|title=ICJ Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>

The CIA claimed that the purpose of the manual was to "moderate" activities already being done by the Contras.<ref name = "middle"> {{cite web
| title =International Law PSCI 0236 > International Law PSCI 0236 > Introduction
| work =middlebury.edu
| url =https://segue.middlebury.edu/index.php?action=site&site=psci0236a-f06
| accessdate=2006-09-05
}} </ref>

The court also stated "Finds that the United States of America, by producing in 1983 a manual entitled ], and disseminating it to contra forces, has encouraged the commission by them of acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law; but does not find a basis for concluding that any such acts which may have been committed are imputable to the United States of America as acts of the United States of America" Therefore, "It is for this reason that the Court does not have to determine whether the violations of humanitarian law attributed to the contras were in fact committed by them." <ref name = "icj"> {{cite web
| title =International Court of Justice Year 1986, 27 June 1986, General list No. 70, paragraphs 251, 252, 157, 158, 233.
| work =International Court of Justice
| url =http://www.gwu.edu/~jaysmith/nicus3.html
| accessdate=2006-07-30
}} </ref>

====Guatemala====
{{Further|], ], ], ] }}

Declassified CIA documents<ref name="NSAArchive-Guatemala">
{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/index.html|title=CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents |publisher=George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished)}}</ref> prove that the United States was instrumental in organizing, funding, and equipping the ] which toppled the democratically elected government of Guatemala in 1954. Analysts Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh note that "After a small insurgency developed in the wake of the coup, Guatemala's military leaders developed and refined, with U.S. assistance, a massive counterinsurgency campaign that left tens of thousands massacred, maimed or missing."

After the US-backed coup, which toppled president ], lead coup plotter ] assumed power. With Armas at the head of government, "the United States began to militarize Guatemala almost immediately, financing and reorganizing the police and military."<ref name=" EvolutionofNationalSecurityState "> J. Patrice McSherry. “The Evolution of the National Security State: The Case of Guatemala.” ''Socialism and Democracy''. Spring/Summer 1990, 133.</ref> Human rights expert Michael McClintock<ref>{{cite web| title = About Michael McClintock | publisher = Human Rights First | url = http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/about_us/staff/mcclintock_m.htm | accessdate = 2007-07-03}}</ref> has argued that the national security apparatus Armas presided over was “almost entirely oriented toward countering subversion,” and that the key component of that apparatus was “an intelligence system set up by the United States.”<ref name="AmericanConnection"> Michael McClintock. ''The American Connection Volume 2: State Terror and Popular Resistance in Guatemala''. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985, pp. 2, 32. </ref> At the core of this intelligence system were records of communist party members, pro-Arbenz organizations, teacher associations, and peasant unions which were used to create a detailed “Black List” with names and information about some 70,000 individuals that were viewed as potential subversives. It was “CIA counter-intelligence officers who sorted the records and determined how they could be put to use.”<ref>McClintock 32-33.</ref> McClintock argues that this list persisted as an index of subversives for several decades and probably served as a database of possible targets for the counter-insurgency campaign that began in the early 1960’s.<ref>McClintock 33.</ref>

Guerrilla unrest in Guatemala continued into the 1960’s, which in 1962 led President ] to approve a “pacification program aimed at the most rebellious provinces…including both ‘civic action’ programs such as digging wells and building clinics and a sharp increase in military assistance.”<ref name="BitterFruit"> Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer. ''Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala''. New York: Doubleday, 1984, 241.</ref> After a successful (U.S. backed) coup against president ] in 1963, U.S. advisors began to work with Colonel ] to defeat the guerrillas, borrowing “extensively from current counterinsurgency strategies and technology being employed in Vietnam.” Between the years of 1966-68 alone some 8,000 peasants were murdered by the U.S. trained forces of Colonel Osorio.<ref> McSherry 134.</ref> Arana Osorio earned the nickname "The Butcher of Zacapa" for killing 15,000 peasants to eliminate 300 suspected rebels. McClintock argues that “counter-insurgency doctrine, as imparted by the United States civil and military assistance agencies, had a tremendous influence on Guatemala’s security system and a devastating impact on Guatemala’s people.”<ref>McClintock 75.</ref> He notes:

::United States counter-insurgency doctrine encouraged the Guatemalan military to adopt both new organizational forms and new techniques in order to root out insurgency more effectively. New techniques would revolve around a central precept of the new counter-insurgency: that counter insurgent war must be waged free of restriction by laws, by the rules of war, or moral considerations: guerrilla “terror” could be defeated only by the untrammeled use of “counter-terror”, the terrorism of the state.<ref>McClintock 54.</ref>

This idea was also articulated by Colonel John Webber, the chief of the US Military Mission in Guatemala, who reportedly instigated the technique of “counter-terror.” Colonel Webber defended his policy by saying, “That’s the way this country is. The Communists are using everything they have, including terror. And it must be met.”<ref>McClintock 61.</ref>

In 1995 CIA aid was stopped. A 1996 report by the Intelligence Oversight Board stated that "Relations between the US and Guatemalan governments came under strain in 1977, when the Carter administration issued its first annual human rights report on Guatemala. The Guatemalan government rejected that report's negative assessment and refused US military aid." Relations between the two countries warmed in the mid-1980s the Reagan administration's covert funding of several wars in Central America. In December 1990, however, the Bush administration suspended almost all overt military aid."<ref name="guat"> Intelligence Oversight Board. ], ].</ref>

According to the Center for International Policy, "The CIA established a liaison relationship with Guatemalan security services widely known to have reprehensible human rights records, and it continued covert aid after the cutoff of overt military aid in 1990. This liaison relationship and continued covert aid occurred with the knowledge of the National Security Council, the State Department, and the Congressional oversight committees. Contrary to public allegations, CIA did not increase covert funding for Guatemala to compensate for the cut-off of military aid in 1990."<ref name="guat" />

Utilizing a series of formerly secret government documents, ] historians Kate Doyle and Carlos Osorio,<ref name="NSAArchive-Guatemala03">
{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB25/index.htm|title=Colonel Byron Disrael Lima Estrada |publisher=George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished)}}</ref> document U.S. training, cooperation and political support of Guatemalan Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, despite U.S. Department of State and CIA knowledge of his frequent command of and/or participation in extra-judicial killings, kidnappings and civilian massacres. Colonel Estrada would eventually rise to command ], the Guatemalan Military Intelligence services who were responsible for many of the terror tactics wielded throughout the 1980s against the Guatemalan people.

In 1999, an independent Guatemalan Truth Commission named "The Historical Clarification Commission" issued a damning report which, among other things, clearly stated that the "government of the United States, through various agencies including the CIA, provided direct and indirect support for some ] state operations." Among the report's conclusions were {{cquote|...estimate] that the Guatemalan conflict claimed the lives of some 200,000 people with the most savage bloodletting occurring in the 1980s. Based on a review of about 20% of the dead, the panel blamed the army for 93% of the killings and leftist guerrillas for three percent. Four percent were listed as unresolved....the army committed 626 massacres against Mayan villages....] "eliminated entire Mayan villages...completely exterminat] Mayan communities, destroy] their livestock and crops."<ref name=Guat_Perry>{{cite web
| title =History of Guatemala's 'Death Squads'
| url =http://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/011005.html
| accessdate=2007-06-23
| author =Robert Parry
}}</ref>}}

The report went on to term the Guatemalan military's campaign in the northern highlands a "genocide," and noted that besides "carrying out murder and "disappearances," the army routinely engaged in torture and rape. "The rape of women, during torture or before being murdered, was a common practice" by the military and paramilitary forces, the report found."

In the early 1990s US citizen and nun, Sister Diana Ortiz, took a US civil court case<ref name="ratner">{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrightsnow.org/Ratner2%20david%20ratner%20corrections%20final%20numbered.htm|title=Civil Remedies for Gross Human Rights Violations|last=Ratner|first=Michael|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> against General Hector Gramajo Morales, who was then attending Harvard University<ref name="ratner" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html|title=?<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> after having given that year's commencement speech at the SOA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americas.org/item_29893|title=www.americas.org/item_29893<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Sister Ortiz stated that she was abducted by police officers under Morales' command and taken to a secret prison where she was tortured and raped repeatedly. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isreview.org/issues/09/school_of_americas.shtml|title=www.isreview.org/issues/09/school_of_americas.shtml<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> A 1992 report to the United Nations General Assembly recounts her testimony,

{{cquote|Then she was lowered into an open pit packed with human bodies - the bodies of children, men and women, some decapitated, some lying face up and caked with blood. Some were dead, some were alive. All were swarming with rats. After hours of torture, Sister Ortiz was returned to the room of rape and interrogated where her ordeal continued. As her torturers began to rape her again, they said "Alejandro, join us and have some fun." Alejandro was a tall, light complexioned man, who spoke broken Spanish, but perfect North American English. They usually referred to him as "boss". He cursed, and ordered them to stop, because their victim was a North American nun, and her disappearance had become public. Several times Alejandro said that he was sorry about what had happened. Sister Ortiz asked what would happen to the other people she saw being tortured. He told her not to be concerned about them.<ref>A Global Agenda, Issues before the 47th General Assembly of the United Nations. University Press of America. New York. 1992. p68</ref>}}

In 1995 ] writing for ] exposed that "North American C.l.A. operatives work inside a Guatemalan Army unit that maintains a network of torture centers and has killed thousands of Guatemalan civilians." and further in relation to the abduction rape and torture of Sister Ortiz that Gramajos was a C.I.A. asset and receiving pay from them. He also highlights Gramajos link to the early 1980s highland massacres.<ref name="Nairn">{{cite news|title=C.I.A. Death Squads |publisher=The Nation |date=April 1995 |author=Allan Nairn}}</ref><ref name="Nairn2">{{cite news|title=The country team |publisher=The Nation |date=June 5, 2005 |author=Allan Nairn}}</ref><ref name="Arnove1">{{cite news|title=An Interview With Allan Nairn |publisher=Znet Magazine |date=June 2005 |author=Anthony Arnove}}</ref>

While at Harvard, Gramajo-Morales stated in his defense:
{{cquote |"We have created a more humanitarian, less costly strategy, to be more compatible with the democratic system&nbsp;... which provides development for 70% of the population while we kill 30%. Before, the strategy was to kill 100%."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html|title=harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>}}

Professor Gareau argues that the ], a US Army institution, where Morales trained as a young officer and taught in later life, is a terrorist training ground. He notes a UN report which states the school has "graduated 500 of the worst human rights abusers in the hemisphere." He further argues that people protesting against the school are frequently beaten and arrested, "By the year 2002, 71 demonstrators had served a total of 40 years of jail time for protesting in front of the School of the Americas". This includes an 88 year old nun. Gareau claims that by funding, training and supervising Guatemalan 'Death Squads' Washington was complicit in state terrorism.<ref name="Gareaupp22">
{{cite book |last=Gareau |first=Frederick H. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=State Terrorism and the United States |year=2004 |publisher=Zed Books |location=London |id=ISBN 1-84277-535-9 |pages=pp22-25 and pp61-63}}</ref> ], Director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, expands on this by stating: "In particular, the U.S. client regimes in El Salvador and Guatemala regularly massacred their own populations, slaughtering over 100,000 civilians during the 1980s and into the beginning of 1990s. Yet the U.S. continued to sponsor such terrorism, propping up the dictatorships responsible for such violence while actively helping them carry it out..."<ref name="Nafeez">{{cite book|title=A Critical Review Of The Objectives Of U.S. Foreign Policy In The Post-World War II Period |author=Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed |publisher=Media Monitors |date=September 24, 2001}}</ref>

In their 1998 "Report On Guatemala" Rolando Alecio and Ruth Taylor condemn the "legacy of state terror" the nation has inherited from the U.S.-backed and -trained military. Similarly, journalist Minor Sinclair, writing in the Sojourner, stated that {{cquote |Recent disclosures have revealed the extent of U.S. support for the Guatemalan army despite its reputation as the most repressive military in Latin America. For years Guatemala's elite military officers have been trained in the United States, and at any given time dozens are on the CIA payroll.<ref name=Guat_Sinclair>{{cite web |title =Sorrow Lifted to the Heavens
|url =http://www.sojo.net/
|accessdate=2007-06-23
|author =Minor Sinclair
}}</ref>}}

Defenders of the former School of the Americas (reorganized as the ] (WHINSEC) in 2001) argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its many graduates. Before coming to WHINSEC each student is “vetted” by his/her nation and the U.S. embassy in that country. All students are now required to receive "human rights training in law, ethics, rule of law and practical applications in military and police operations."<ref>""</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | title = FAQ | url = https://www.benning.army.mil/WHINSEC/about.asp?id=37 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Center for International Policy | title = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | url = http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref>


A 1996 report on CIAs action in Gutemala by the ''Intelligence Oversight Board'' states that:

<blockquote>The CIA's successes in Guatemala in conjunction with other US agencies, particularly in uncovering and working to counter coups and in reducing the narcotics flow, were at times dramatic and very much in the national interests of both the United States and Guatemala.</blockquote>

<blockquote>The human rights records of the Guatemalan security services--the D-2 and the Department of Presidential Security (known informally as "Archivos," after one of its predecessor organizations)--were generally known to have been reprehensible by all who were familiar with Guatemala. US policy-makers knew of both the CIA's liaison with them and the services' unsavory reputations. The CIA endeavored to improve the behavior of the Guatemalan services through frequent and close contact and by stressing the importance of human rights -- insisting, for example, that Guatemalan military intelligence training include human rights instruction. The station officers assigned to Guatemala and the CIA headquarters officials whom we interviewed believe that the CIA's contact with the Guatemalan services helped improve attitudes towards human rights. Several indices of human rights observance indeed reflected improvement--whether or not this was due to CIA efforts--but egregious violations continued, and some of the station's closest contacts in the security services remained a part of the problem.<ref> Intelligence Oversight Board. June 28, 1996.</ref></blockquote>

==== El Salvador ====

In his analysis of the U.N. Truth Commision's Report on El Salvador, Frederick Garneau argued for significant culpability on the part of United States governments.
:::::"As is usually the case with truth commissions, the one for El Salvador did not focus on Washington's support for the government. .. That terror was committed in El Salvador is not disputed. Those who doubt this should reread the above and realize that an estimated 75,000 were killed in this small country in the period 1980 to 1991. The truth commission found that the terrorism that was committed in the country was overwhelmingly governmental terrorism, committed by the Salvadoran army, the National Guard, and their death squads and affiliated agencies. They were responsible for 95 percent of the deaths, the guerrillas for only five percent. These were the same institutions that were the concern and the favorites of Washington—receiving its indoctrination and training and profiting from its largess. El Salvador received six billion dollars in aid from Washington in the period 1979 to 1992. This subsidy to the tiny country during the government repression and terrorism came to average out at $100,000 for each member of its armed forces. This subsidy allowed the government to pay for the terrorist activities committed by the security forces. By virtue of this largess and the military training, notably in counterinsurgency warfare, Washington emerges in this chapter as an accessory before and during the fact.By covering up for San Salvador after it had committed terror, Washington was an accessory after the fact. It gave diplomatic support to state terrorism.<ref>Frederick H. Gareau, State Terrorism and the United States : From Counterinsurgency to the War on Terrorism / (Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2004) 41</ref>

===Middle East===
====Iran====
{{Further|]}}
The ] reported that the United State is providing aid to ethnic minorities in ], who are currently engaged in a revolt against the ] government. ], a think tank with ties to the American military and intelligence establishments, reported that rebel groups such as ] are receiving aid from foreign intelligence agencies. In addition Stratfor stated, "The US-Iranian standoff has reached a high level of intensity&nbsp;... a ] being played out&nbsp;... the United States has likely ramped up support for Iran's oppressed minorities in an attempt to push the Iranian regime toward a negotiated settlement over Iraq." The state controlled ] reported that this is an attempt to stir up sectarian violence inside Iran. The Asian Times Online refers to this as part of a US policy of continues fomenting of ethnic strife and sponsorship of terrorism in Iran.<ref name="Asia Times">{{cite journal
|first=M. K.
|last=Bhadrakumar
|date=], ]
|title=Foreign devils in the Iranian mountains
|publisher=]
|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IB24Ak01.html
}}</ref>

====Iraq====
The '']'' reported that, according to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb and sabotage campaign between 1992 and 1995 in Iraq via one of the resistance organizations, ]'s group. According to the Iraqi government at the time, and one former CIA officer, the bombing campaign against ] included both government and civilian targets. According to this former CIA official, the civilian targets included a movie theater and a bombing of a school bus where children were killed. No public records of the secret bombing campaign are known to exist, and the former U.S. officials said their recollections were in many cases sketchy, and in some cases contradictory. "But whether the bombings actually killed any civilians could not be confirmed because, as a former C.I.A. official said, the United States had no significant intelligence sources in Iraq then."<ref name="NYT">{{cite journal
| first =Joel
| last =Brinkley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =June 9
| month =2004
| title =Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks
| journal =New York Times
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0609-02.htm
}}</ref>

===Western Europe===
{{main| Operation Gladio}}

On ], ] Italian Prime Minister ] told the ] that ] had long held a covert policy of training partisan groups in the event of a Soviet Invasion of Western Europe.<ref name = "ed"> {{cite journal
| first =Ed
| last =Vulliamy
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =1990
| month =5 December
| title =Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'
| journal =The Guardian
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =12
| id =
| url =http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/vinciguerra.p2.etc_graun_5dec1990.html
}}</ref><ref name = "felix"> {{cite journal
| first =Felix
| last =Würsten
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =2005
| month =October 2
| title =Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P26": The dark side of the West
| journal =ETH Life Magazine
| url =http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/e/articles/sciencelife/NatoGeheimarmee.html
}}</ref><ref name = "gladio"> {{cite journal
| first =Charles
| last =Richards
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =1990
| month =1 December
| title =Gladio is still opening wounds
| journal =The Independent
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =12
| id =
| url = http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html
}}</ref> Under ] the CIA, British ] and NATO trained and armed partisan groups in NATO states to fight a guerrilla war if they were captured during a future ] invasion. It has been alleged that these groups and individuals in them were responsible for the ] in Italy which aimed at impeding the "]" between the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which would have allowed the Christian Democrats to invite PCI members of parliament to serve as members of the governing coalition. This strategy of tension allegedly included the 1969 ] and the ]<ref name = "translate"> {{cite web
| title =Translated from Bologna massacre Association of Victims Italian website
| work =Google.com
| url =http://translate.google.com/translate?sourceid=navclient-menuext&hl=en&u=http://www.stragi.it/index.php?pagina=vicenda
| accessdate=2006-07-30
}}{{it icon}} </ref><ref name = "mt"> {{cite journal
| first =Chris
| last =Floyd
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =2005
| month =February 18
| title =Global Eye - Sword Play
| journal =The Moscow Times
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =http://context.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/02/18/120.html
}}</ref> political ],<ref> Hans Depraetere and Jenny Dierickx, ''"La Guerre froide en Belgique"'' ("Cold War in Belgium") (EPO-Dossier, Anvers, 1986) {{fr icon}} </ref> military coups in ] and ]<ref name="Our boys"> Selahattin Celik, ''Türkische Konterguerilla. Die Todesmaschinerie'' (Köln: Mesopotamien Verlag, 1999; see also ''Olüm Makinasi Türk Kontrgerillasi'', 1995), quoting Cuneyit Arcayurek, ''Coups and the Secret Services'', p.190 </ref>Policy critc ] quotes a French official as saying: "The CIA played a direct part in the ], and certainly weighed heavily on the decision taken by ex-general Challe to start his putsch."<ref>Killing Hope, on page 150</ref> The supposed aim of this group was to prevent ] movements in Western Europe from gaining power and thus contain the expansion of the ], whose "]", as ] termed it, had "descended across the Continent."<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Modern History Sourcebook: Winston Churchill: The Iron Curtain
| accessdate = 2007-07-09
| url = http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/churchill-iron.html
}}</ref>

In 2000, a report from the Italian ] (formerly the ]) concluded that the ] had been supported by the United States to "stop the ] (Communist Party), and to a certain degree also the ] (Italian Socialist Party), from reaching executive power in the country." The report stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organized or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of ]." Intending to drawing a pejorative linkage to the atrocities of ]'s ], during which millions were persecuted and an estimated half million killed,<ref>{{cite book | author=Harry Harding | editor=Roderick MacFarquhar | title=The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1997 | id=ISBN 978-0521588638 | pages=242-244}}</ref> the centrist Italian Republican party said the report was worthy of a 1970s ] group.<ref name = "anti"> {{cite journal
| first =
| last =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =2000
| month =June 24
| title =US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy'
| journal =]
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/us.terrorism_graun_24jun2000.html
}}</ref><ref name = "obit"> {{cite journal
| first =Philip
| last =Willan
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =2001
| month =June 21
| title =Obituary: Paolo Emilio Taviani
| journal =]
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,510075,00.html
}}</ref> <!--who exactly issued this report, TDC says that the Italian Senate did not-->

The US State Department has admitted the existence of Gladio only as a plan which was to be activated in the event of ] occupation of Western Europe during the ], but has continued to deny it qualified as terrorism. The United States maintains that several researchers have been influenced by a Soviet Cold War forgery.<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|title=Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2006/Jan/20-127177.html}}</ref>

===Asia===
====]====
As of 2007, there is an increasing international awareness of the extra-judicial harassment, torture, disappearances and murder of Filipino ] ] by the Philippine's military and police.<ref name="atimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html|title=www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>

The Philippines has been considered a United States ] and/or ] since the late 1890s, playing a central role in the ]'s global strategic presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bond.org.uk/networker/2006/april06/ecaid.htm|title=www.bond.org.uk/networker/2006/april06/ecaid.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Since the advent of the "]" in 2001, the people of the Philippines have witnessed the assassinations of more than 850 mainstream ] and other public figures and the harassment, detention, or torture of untold more.<ref name="atimes" /> The human rights watchdog ] has documented the brutalization of 169,530 individual victims, 18,515 families, 71 communities, and 196 households.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/3-43/3-43-hr.html|title=www.bulatlat.com/news/3-43/3-43-hr.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> There have been increasing condemnations made of U.S. influence upon the Philippine military, many of which charge the U.S. with the sponsorship of state terrorism<ref name="ahrc" /><ref name="roa">{{cite web|url=http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11|title=www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref><ref name="review" /><ref name=Simbulan/> through the policies implemented by the military advisers and military aid it has delivered as part of its ].

Estimates of killings vary on the precise number, with the Government appointed Task Force Usig estimating only 114 while the independent activist party KARAPATAN placing the number much higher, at something over 874.<ref name="review" /> The government's specially convened ] has notably failed to gain any convictions, and as of February 2007 had only arrested 3 suspects in the over 100 cases of assassination<ref name="review" /> Moreover: {{cquote |]ccording to a recent international fact-finding mission of Dutch and Belgian judges and lawyers, Task Force Usig 'has not proven to be an independent body…the PNP has a poor record as far as the effective investigation of the killings is concerned and is mistrusted by the Philippine people.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-27/6-27-war3.htm|title=www.bulatlat.com/news/6-27/6-27-war3.htm<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>}}

=====The Political Nature of the Arrests, Disappearances, Torture, and Killings=====
] reports that the more than 860 confirmed murders are clearly political in nature because of "the methodology of the attacks, including prior death threats and patterns of surveillance by persons reportedly linked to the security forces, the leftist profile of the victims and climate of impunity which, in practice, shields the perpetrators from prosecution."<ref name="ai">{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006|title=web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> The AI report continues: {{cquote |the arrest and threatened arrest of leftist Congress Representatives and others on charges of rebellion, and intensifying counter-insurgency operations in the context of a declaration by officials in June of 'all-out-war' against the ]&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. ] the parallel public labeling by officials of a broad range of legal leftist groups as communist 'front organizations'...has created an environment in which there is heightened concern that further political killings of civilians are likely to take place.<ref name="ai" />}}

Similarly, ] reports that most of the human rights violations were committed by the ], the ], and the CAFGU (]) under the mantle of the ] campaign initially created as one arm of the U.S. ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.gbgm-umc.org/media/pdf/Let%20the%20Stones%20Cry%20Out%20HR%20Report%20lres.pdf|title=new.gbgm-umc.org/media/pdf/Let%20the%20Stones%20Cry%20Out%20HR%20Report%20lres.pdf<!--INSERT TITLE-->|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>

Dr. ] has noted that:
{{cquote |Most of those killed or "disappeared" were peasant or worker activists belonging to progressive groups such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and others (Petras and Abaya 2006). They were protesting Arroyo's repressive taxation, collusion with foreign capital tied to oil and mining companies that destroy people's livelihood and environment, fraudulent use of public funds, and other anti-people measures. Such groups and individuals have been tagged as "communist fronts" by Arroyo's National Security Advisers, the military, and police; the latter agencies have been implicated in perpetrating or tolerating those ruthless atrocities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/|title=www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>}}

=====U.S. and Philippine Military Cooperation=====
In the period from 2000 to 2003, military loans and grants to the Philippines from the U.S. grew by 1,776%.<ref name="roa" /> As of 2005, according to ] the Philippines were the largest recipient of U.S. military aid in Asia and fourth worldwide;<ref name="roa" /> aid since then has continued to increase.<ref name="roa" /> US Foreign Military Financing (FMF) to the Philippines almost trebled from $30 million in 2004 to $80 million in 2005, with the bulk of that money used to upgrade Philippine marine and ] capabilities;<ref name="roa" /> by late 2006 Washington had given roughly US$300 million of aid to the AFP and delivered hundreds of American soldiers to organize and execute extended training exercises with the Filipino police and military apparatus.<ref name="at2">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH23Ae01.html|title=www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH23Ae01.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> The United States -- through the person of ] ] -- has broadly "congratulated the government of the Philippines...for its achievements in anti-terror military actions while at the same time acknowledging the valuable role of its partnership with the United States".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianjournal.com/?c=186&a=21237|title=asianjournal.com/?c=186&a=21237<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>

], ] Research Fellow, and director of the Philippines Forum in New York City Dr. ] writes:

{{cquote |President Arroyo invited thousands of ] to engage in police actions together with the AFP, thus violating an explicit Constitutional provision against the intervention of foreign troops in local affairs. She followed ] in implementing the Visiting Forces Agreement, together with other onerous treaties, thus maintaining U.S. control of the Philippine military via training of officers, logistics, and dictation of punitive measures against the ] insurgents as well as the New People's Army guerrillas. The Philippines became the "second front in the war on terror," with Bush visiting the Philippines in October 2004 and citing the neocolony as a model for the rebuilding of devastated Iraq.<ref name="review" />}}

and that:

{{cquote |] U.S....fashioned..."]" to deal with upheavals in the post-Vietnam period. Its military field manuals endorsed tactical tools of...], forced mass evacuations or "hamletting," imprisonment of whole communities in military garrisons, militarization of villages, selective assassinations, ], ], etc. Tried in Indochina, Korea, Central America, it continues to be implemented in Colombia, Iraq, and the Philippines....With U.S. help, the AFP mobilized vigilante and ] ] with license to kill revolutionary militants, immune from prosecution. U.S. military force midwived the restoration of U.S.-backed oligarchic oppression of the Filipino masses.<ref name="review" />}}

From the beginning -- as early as 2001 -- the U.S. State Department knew that "Members of the ]' security services were responsible for ] killings, disappearances, ], and arbitrary arrest and detention."<ref name="fpif">{{cite web|url=http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html|title=www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> In the same report, the State Department admitted that the presence of ] and other military advisers had "helped create an environment in which ] abuses increased", commenting that 'there were allegations by human rights groups that these problems worsened as the Government sought to intensify its campaign against the ] ] Group (ASG).'"<ref name="fpif" /> Further, in 2003 the U.S. government -- in anticipation that its military personnel would be charged with human rights abuses -- offered the Philippines' government an extra US $30 million of military aid in exchange for "an agreement that would exempt U.S. soldiers operating in the Philippines from the ]".<ref name="fpif" />

In May 2006 the Philippines and the US approved an agreement to establish a formal board to "determine and discuss the possibility of holding joint US-Philippine ] against terrorism and other '''non-traditional security concerns'''."<ref name="at2" /> (emphasis added)

=====Arroyo and the U.S.=====
According to commentators ] and Robin Eastman-Abaya, "Human rights groups provide evidence that Filipino death squads operate under the protective umbrella of regional military commands, especially the US-trained Special Forces."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html|title=www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>{{fact}}

=====The Response of the Arroyo Government and Investigative Findings=====
{{cquote |Right from the beginning, Arroyo's ascendancy was characterized by rampant human rights violations. Based on the reports of numerous fact-finding missions, Arroyo has presided over an unprecedented series of harassments, warrantless arrests, and assassinations of journalists, lawyers, church people, peasant leaders, legislators, doctors, women activists, youthful students, indigenous leaders, and workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/|title=www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>}}

With 185 dead, 2006 is so far (2007) the highest annual mark for extra-judicial government murders.<ref name="at3">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html|title=www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> Of the 2006 killings, the dead were "mostly left-leaning activists, murdered without trial or punishment for the perpetrators."<ref name="at3" /> 2006 is also the year President Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017. According to ], this proclamation "grants exceptional unchecked powers to the executive branch", placing the country in a state of emergency and permitting the police and security forces to "conduct warrantless arrests against enemies of the state, including...members of the political opposition and journalists from critical media outlets."<ref name="at3" /> As ] and several other independent observers have noted, the issuance of the proclamation conspicuously coincided with a dramatic increase in political violence and extra-judicial killings.<ref name="at3" /> The Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace, a non-denominational Christian network of Filipino churches, stated in their regular Promotion of Church People's Response (PCPR, Feb 24, 2007) that "]'s record of political killings and violations of civil liberties, especially with her Calibrated Preemptive Response scheme, is now the worst since the downfall of Marcos.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. President Arroyo's Proclamation 1017 constitutes a flagrant violation of the Philippine Constitution via the pretext of a 'National Emergency.'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.portside.org/cgi-bin/listserv/wa?A2=ind0602c&L=portside&P=2580|title=lists.portside.org/cgi-bin/listserv/wa?A2=ind0602c&L=portside&P=2580<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref>

The Arroyo government initially made no response to the dramatic increase in violence and killings; as Dr. E. San Juan, Jr., writes, "Arroyo has been tellingly silent over the killing and abduction of countless members of opposition parties and popular organizations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/|title=www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> In 2007, however, Arroyo was forced by popular outcry to appoint an independent commission led by the Philippine's former Supreme Court Chief Justice Jose Melo. The Melo commission found that the military was responsible for the "majority" of the killings and that the superior officers of the perpetrators could be held accountable for the crimes.<ref name="atimes" /> Later, in February 2007, UN Special Rapporteur Philip Alston implicated the Philippine police and military as responsible for the crimes.<ref name="ahrc" /> Alston charged in his report that Arroyo’s propaganda and counter-insurgency strategy “encourage or facilitate the extra-judicial killings of activists and other enemies” of the state.<ref name="ahrc" />

In March 2007, the Permanent People’s Tribunal at The Hague, Belgium, rendered a judgment of guilty for “crimes against humanity” against the Philippine government and its chief backer, the Bush administration. The Permanent People's Tribunal describes itself as "an international opinion court independent from any State authority."<ref name="ahrc" />

==Quotes==
{{Expand-section|date=July 2007}}
<!--Ranked by political power/position, feel welcome to add more references (to preferably world leaders) which argue that the US is not cause state terrorism-->
{{Cquote|One has to ask whether there was transparency in the invasion of Iraq. The world knows President Bush lied openly about Iraq having chemical weapons, They keep on bombing cities, killing children, they have become a terrorist state.--] ], 2005.<ref name = "chavez">{{cite journal
| first =
| last =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =2005
| month =February 14
| title =Chavez: US is a terrorist state
| journal = ]
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=9378
}} </ref>
}}

{{Cquote|Actually, who is the terrorist, who is against human rights? The answer is the United States because they attacked Iraq. Moreover, it is the terrorist king, waging war. --Indonesian Vice President ], 2003<ref name = "king"> {{cite journal
| first =
| last =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = 2003
| month =September 3
| title =Indonesian VP: United States Is 'Terrorist King'
| journal = Reuters
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url = http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0903-01.htm
}} </ref>
}}
{{Cquote|Everybody's worried about stopping terrorism. Well, there's a really easy way: stop participating in it. --]}}

==See also==
*]
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*]
*]
*]
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*]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|last=Alexander
|first=George
|title=Western State Terrorism
|publisher=Polity Press
|date=]
|pages=276
|isbn=9780745609317
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Chomsky
|first=Noam
|title=The Culture of Terrorism
|publisher=South End Press
|date=]
|pages=269
|isbn=9780896083349
}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Pilger_John/Bush_Terror_Elite.html
|title=Bush Terror Elite Wanted 9/11 to Happen
|last=Pilger
|first=John
|publisher=Third World Traveler
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Perdue
|first=William D.
|title=Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination Through Fear
|publisher=Praeger Press
|city=New York
|pages=240
|date=], ]
|isbn=9780275931407
}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/terror04.html
|title=Understanding Terrorism
|publisher=]
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/nov2001/reic-n24.shtml
|title=Bush nominee linked to Latin American terrorism
|last=Vann
|first=Bill
|publisher=World Socialist Web Site
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}
{{refend}}

]
]

]
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]

Revision as of 20:43, 12 July 2007

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