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Tools and Techniques for Distributed Software|year=1984|publisher=McGraw-Hill|id=ISBN 0-07-022439-0|url=http://ic.arc.nasa.gov/people/filman/text/dpl/dpl.html|chapter=Actors|pages= pp. 145|quote=Carl Hewitt and his colleagues at M.I.T. are developing the Actor model.}}</ref> which influenced the development of the ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Krishnamurthi|first=Shriram|title= An Introduction to Scheme|journal=Crossroads|volume =1|issue=2|date=December 1994|url=http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds1-2/scheme.html}}</ref> and the ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Milner|first=Robin|authorlink=Robin Milner |title=ACM Turing Award Lecture: The Elements of Interaction|url=http://fresh.homeunix.net/~luke/misc/papers/milner-interaction.pdf|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=36|issue = 1|date=January 1993}}</ref>, and served as an inspiration for several other programming languages.<ref name="miller2006">{{cite paper| author = Mark S. Miller | title = Robust Composition - Tools and Techniques for Distributed Software|year=1984|publisher=McGraw-Hill|id=ISBN 0-07-022439-0|url=http://ic.arc.nasa.gov/people/filman/text/dpl/dpl.html|chapter=Actors|pages= pp. 145|quote=Carl Hewitt and his colleagues at M.I.T. are developing the Actor model.}}</ref> which influenced the development of the ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Krishnamurthi|first=Shriram|title= An Introduction to Scheme|journal=Crossroads|volume =1|issue=2|date=December 1994|url=http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds1-2/scheme.html}}</ref> and the ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Milner|first=Robin|authorlink=Robin Milner |title=ACM Turing Award Lecture: The Elements of Interaction|url=http://fresh.homeunix.net/~luke/misc/papers/milner-interaction.pdf|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=36|issue = 1|date=January 1993}}</ref>, and served as an inspiration for several other programming languages.<ref name="miller2006">{{cite paper| author = Mark S. Miller | title = Robust Composition -
Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control | version = PhD dissertation| url = http://www.cypherpunks.to/erights/talks/thesis/submitted/markm-thesis.pdf | format=PDF Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control | version = PhD dissertation| url = http://www.cypherpunks.to/erights/talks/thesis/submitted/markm-thesis.pdf | format=PDF
| publisher = Johns Hopkins University | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-05-26}}</ref> Hewitt's publications also include contributions in the areas of comparative schematology | publisher = Johns Hopkins University | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-05-26}}</ref> Hewitt's publications also include contributions in the areas of ], programming language design and implementation, ]s, negotiation forums, and multi-agency systems.<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=Speaker Bio - SRI AI Seminar Series|work=CSLI Calendar of Public Events|url=http://www-csli.stanford.edu/Archive/calendar/2005-2006/msg00046.shtml|date=12 July 2006|accessdate=2007-06-26}}</ref>
<ref>Mike Paterson and Carl Hewitt (1970) ''Comparative Schematology'' MIT AI Memo 201. August 1970</ref> , ], programming language design and implementation, ] <ref name=Hewitt1986>{{cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|title=Offices Are Open Systems|publisher=ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 4(3): 271-287|date=1986}}</ref>, Organizations of Restricted Generality (ORGs) <ref>{{cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|title=Toward an Open Systems Architecture|publisher=IFIP'89|date=1989}}</ref> <ref>{{cite paper |author= Pan, J.Y.C. Tenenbaum, J.M|title=An intelligent agent framework for enterprise integration|publisher=IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics|date=Nov/Dec 1991}} </ref>, negotiation forums, and multi-agency systems<ref>{{cite book|author=Jacques Ferber|title=Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence|publisher=Addison-Wesley|date=1999}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=Speaker Bio - SRI AI Seminar Series|work=CSLI Calendar of Public Events|url=http://www-csli.stanford.edu/Archive/calendar/2005-2006/msg00046.shtml|date=12 July 2006|accessdate=2007-06-26}}</ref>


== Biography == == Biography ==
=== Work on Planner === === Work on Planner ===


The Planner language was developed as part of Hewitt's doctoral research in MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hewitt's work on Planner introduced the notion of the "procedural embedding of knowledge",<ref>Carl Hewitt. ''Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner'' IJCAI. 1971.</ref> which was an alternative to the logical approach to knowledge encoding for ] pioneered by ].<ref>Philippe Rouchy, , TeamEthno-Online Issue 2, June 2006, 85-100.</ref> A subset of Planner called Micro Planner was implemented by ], ] and ].<ref>Gerry Sussman and Terry Winograd. '''''' AI Memo No, 203, MIT Project MAC, July 1970.</ref> It was used in Winograd's famous ] program, <ref>Terry Winograd. '''''' MIT AI TR-235. January 1971.</ref> Charniak's natural language story understanding work.<ref>Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. “Progress Report on Artificial Intelligence” MIT AI Memo 252. 1971.</ref>, and McCarty's work on legal reasoning <ref>L. Thorne McCarty. "Reflections on TAXMAN: An Experiment on Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning" Harvard Law Review. Vol. 90, No. 5, March 1977</ref>. The Planner language was developed as part of Hewitt's doctoral research in MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hewitt's work on Planner introduced the notion of the "procedural embedding of knowledge",<ref>Carl Hewitt. ''Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner'' IJCAI. 1971.</ref> which was an alternative to the logical approach to knowledge encoding for ] pioneered by ].<ref>Philippe Rouchy, , TeamEthno-Online Issue 2, June 2006, 85-100.</ref> A subset of Planner called Micro Planner was implemented by ], ] and ].<ref>Gerry Sussman and Terry Winograd. '''''' AI Memo No, 203, MIT Project MAC, July 1970.</ref> It was used in Winograd's famous ] program, <ref>Terry Winograd. '''''' MIT AI TR-235. January 1971.</ref> and Charniak's natural language story understanding work.<ref>Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. “Progress Report on Artificial Intelligence” MIT AI Memo 252. 1971.</ref>


=== Work on the Actor Model === === Work on the Actor Model ===


The Actor model was the original inspiration for ] and ]'s work on the ],<ref> Gerald Sussman and Guy Steele AI Memo 349, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 1975</ref>, and also provided the motivation for the development of a number of languages specifically intended to implement the Actor model, such as ACT-1,<ref>Henry Lieberman, "", In Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa and M. Tokoro, eds., MIT Press, 1987.</ref> ],<ref>C. Varela and G. Agha. . OOPSLA 2001 Intriguing Technology Track. ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 36(12):20-34, December 2001.</ref> Caltrop,<ref>{{cite paper|author=Johan Eker|coauthors=Jörn W. Janneck|title= An introduction to the Caltrop actor language |url = http://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/caltrop/docs/CaltropWhitePaper.pdf| accessdate = 2007-06-20}}</ref>, and ].<ref name="miller2006"/> Hewitt's work on the Actor model of computation has spanned over 30 years, beginning with the introduction of the model in a 1973 paper authored by Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and Richard Steiger,<ref name="hewitt1973">{{cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|coauthors=Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger|title=A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence|publisher=IJCAI|date=1973}}</ref>, control structures The Actor model was the original inspiration for ] and ]'s work on the ],<ref> Gerald Sussman and Guy Steele AI Memo 349, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 1975</ref>, and also provided the motivation for the development of a number of languages specifically intended to implement the Actor model, such as ACT-1,<ref>Henry Lieberman, "", In Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa and M. Tokoro, eds., MIT Press, 1987.</ref> ],<ref>C. Varela and G. Agha. . OOPSLA 2001 Intriguing Technology Track. ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 36(12):20-34, December 2001.</ref> Caltrop,<ref>{{cite paper|author=Johan Eker|coauthors=Jörn W. Janneck|title= An introduction to the Caltrop actor language |url = http://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/caltrop/docs/CaltropWhitePaper.pdf| accessdate = 2007-06-20}}</ref>, and ].<ref name="miller2006"/> Hewitt's work on the Actor model of computation has spanned over 30 years, beginning with the introduction of the model in a 1973 paper authored by Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and Richard Steiger,<ref name="hewitt1973">{{cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|coauthors=Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger|title=A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence|publisher=IJCAI|date=1973}}</ref> and including new results on Actor model semantics published as recently as 2006.<ref name="hewitt2006">Carl Hewitt COIN@AAMAS. April 27, 2006.</ref> Much of this work was carried out in collaboration with students in Hewitt's Message Passing Semantics Group at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mark S. Miller|title = Actors: Foundations for Open Systems| url=http://www.erights.org/history/actors.html |accessdate=2007-06-20}}</ref>
<ref name="hewitt1977">{{cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|title=|publisher=Journal of Artificial Intelligence|date=June, 1977}}</ref> and including new results on Actor model semantics published as recently as 2006.<ref name="hewitt2006">Carl Hewitt COIN@AAMAS. April 27, 2006.</ref> Much of this work was carried out in collaboration with students in Hewitt's Message Passing Semantics Group at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mark S. Miller|title = Actors: Foundations for Open Systems| url=http://www.erights.org/history/actors.html |accessdate=2007-06-20}}</ref>


=== MIT career === === MIT career ===
Hewitt was inducted into MIT's ''Quarter Century Club'', marking 25 years of employment at MIT, in March of 1996.<ref>{{cite web|author = MIT News Office |title = Quarter Century Club inducts 73 new members |url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1996/qcc-0410.html| date = April 10, 1996| accessdate = 2007-06-19}}</ref> Hewitt was inducted into MIT's ''Quarter Century Club'', marking 25 years of employment at MIT, in March of 1996.<ref>{{cite web|author = MIT News Office |title = Quarter Century Club inducts 73 new members |url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1996/qcc-0410.html| date = April 10, 1996| accessdate = 2007-06-19}}</ref>
He retired from the faculty of the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science during the 1999-2000 school year.<ref>{{cite web|author=John V. Guttag|title= MIT Reports to the President 1999–2000 - Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science| url=http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres00/11.05.html|date = 2000 | accessdate = 2007-06-19}}</ref> Among the doctoral students that Hewitt supervised during his time at MIT are Professor Gul Agha, Dr. Russell Atkinson, Dr. ], Dr. Gerald Barber, Dr. Peter Bishop, Professor William Clinger, Dr. Peter de Jong, Dr. Irene Greif, Dr. Kenneth Kahn, and Professor Akinori Yonezawa.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} He retired from the faculty of the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science during the 1999-2000 school year.<ref>{{cite web|author=John V. Guttag|title= MIT Reports to the President 1999–2000 - Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science| url=http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres00/11.05.html|date = 2000 | accessdate = 2007-06-19}}</ref> Among the doctoral students that Hewitt supervised during his time at MIT are Professor ], Dr. Russell Atkinson, Dr. ], Dr. Gerald Barber, Dr. Peter Bishop, Professor William Clinger, Dr. Peter de Jong, Dr. Irene Greif, Dr. Kenneth Kahn, and Professor Akinori Yonezawa.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}


=== Awards === === Awards ===
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*Carl Hewitt and ] (1977a). ''Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes'' IFIP'77. *Carl Hewitt and ] (1977a). ''Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes'' IFIP'77.
*Carl Hewitt and ] (1977b). Proceeding of IFIP Working Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. August 1&ndash;5, 1977. *Carl Hewitt and ] (1977b). Proceeding of IFIP Working Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. August 1&ndash;5, 1977.
*Carl Hewitt (1977). Journal of Artificial Intelligence. June, 1977.
*William Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt (1981). IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. January 1981. *William Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt (1981). IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. January 1981.
* Henry Lieberman and Carl E. Hewitt (1983). Communications of the {ACM}, 26(6). * Henry Lieberman and Carl E. Hewitt (1983). Communications of the {ACM}, 26(6).

Revision as of 16:35, 18 July 2007

Carl E. Hewitt is an Associate Professor (Emeritus) in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Hewitt obtained his PhD in mathematics at MIT in 1971, under the supervision of Seymour Papert, Marvin Minsky, and Mike Paterson. He is known for his design of Planner , which was the first Artificial Intelligence programming language based on procedural plans that were invoked using pattern-directed invocation from assertions and goals. He is also known for his work on the Actor model of computation, which influenced the development of the Scheme programming language and the π calculus, and served as an inspiration for several other programming languages. Hewitt's publications also include contributions in the areas of garbage collection, programming language design and implementation, open systems, negotiation forums, and multi-agency systems.

Biography

Work on Planner

The Planner language was developed as part of Hewitt's doctoral research in MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hewitt's work on Planner introduced the notion of the "procedural embedding of knowledge", which was an alternative to the logical approach to knowledge encoding for artificial intelligence pioneered by John McCarthy. A subset of Planner called Micro Planner was implemented by Gerry Sussman, Eugene Charniak and Terry Winograd. It was used in Winograd's famous SHRDLU program, and Charniak's natural language story understanding work.

Work on the Actor Model

The Actor model was the original inspiration for Sussman and Steele's work on the Scheme programming language,, and also provided the motivation for the development of a number of languages specifically intended to implement the Actor model, such as ACT-1, SALSA, Caltrop,, and E. Hewitt's work on the Actor model of computation has spanned over 30 years, beginning with the introduction of the model in a 1973 paper authored by Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and Richard Steiger, and including new results on Actor model semantics published as recently as 2006. Much of this work was carried out in collaboration with students in Hewitt's Message Passing Semantics Group at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab.

MIT career

Hewitt was inducted into MIT's Quarter Century Club, marking 25 years of employment at MIT, in March of 1996. He retired from the faculty of the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science during the 1999-2000 school year. Among the doctoral students that Hewitt supervised during his time at MIT are Professor Gul Agha, Dr. Russell Atkinson, Dr. Henry Baker, Dr. Gerald Barber, Dr. Peter Bishop, Professor William Clinger, Dr. Peter de Jong, Dr. Irene Greif, Dr. Kenneth Kahn, and Professor Akinori Yonezawa.

Awards

From September 1989 to August 1990, Hewitt was the IBM Chair Visiting Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Keio University in Japan.

Selected works

References

  1. "MIT EECS - Department Faculty and Senior Research Staff". Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  2. Carl Hewitt. PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots IJCAI. 1969.
  3. Filman, Robert (1984). "Actors". Coordinated Computing - Tools and Techniques for Distributed Software. McGraw-Hill. pp. pp. 145. ISBN 0-07-022439-0. Carl Hewitt and his colleagues at M.I.T. are developing the Actor model. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); line feed character in |title= at position 25 (help)
  4. Krishnamurthi, Shriram (December 1994). "An Introduction to Scheme". Crossroads. 1 (2).
  5. Milner, Robin (January 1993). "ACM Turing Award Lecture: The Elements of Interaction" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 36 (1).
  6. ^ Mark S. Miller (2006). "Robust Composition - Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control" (PDF). PhD dissertation. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2007-05-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 21 (help)
  7. "Speaker Bio - SRI AI Seminar Series". CSLI Calendar of Public Events. 12 July 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  8. Carl Hewitt. Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner IJCAI. 1971.
  9. Philippe Rouchy, Aspects of PROLOG History: Logic Programming and Professional Dynamics, TeamEthno-Online Issue 2, June 2006, 85-100.
  10. Gerry Sussman and Terry Winograd. Micro-planner Reference Manual AI Memo No, 203, MIT Project MAC, July 1970.
  11. Terry Winograd. Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language MIT AI TR-235. January 1971.
  12. Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. “Progress Report on Artificial Intelligence” MIT AI Memo 252. 1971.
  13. Gerald Sussman and Guy Steele SCHEME: An Interpreter for Extended Lambda Calculus AI Memo 349, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 1975
  14. Henry Lieberman, "Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming in Act 1", In Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa and M. Tokoro, eds., MIT Press, 1987.
  15. C. Varela and G. Agha. Programming Dynamically Reconfigurable Open Systems with SALSA. OOPSLA 2001 Intriguing Technology Track. ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 36(12):20-34, December 2001.
  16. Johan Eker. "An introduction to the Caltrop actor language" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-06-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. Carl Hewitt (1973). "A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence". IJCAI. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. Carl Hewitt What is Commitment? Physical, Organizational, and Social COIN@AAMAS. April 27, 2006.
  19. Mark S. Miller. "Actors: Foundations for Open Systems". Retrieved 2007-06-20.
  20. MIT News Office (April 10, 1996). "Quarter Century Club inducts 73 new members". Retrieved 2007-06-19.
  21. John V. Guttag (2000). "MIT Reports to the President 1999–2000 - Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science". Retrieved 2007-06-19.
  22. Ryuichiro Ohyama (1991). "Department of Computer Science-Recent and Current Visiting Professors". Retrieved 2007-06-19.

External links


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