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| ] was customary during the ] and the ], and legislations commonly permitted ]. According to the ], ]ish slaves had the right of emancipation on the ], and all slaves had to be freed after seven Sabbatical cycles on a ].<ref> By Rabbi Jeffrey Schein, citing Parashat Mishpatim, Exodus 21:1 - 24:18</ref><ref> by Harry Gersh. Behrman House, Inc. 1984. ISBN 0874413907</ref> A slave who was taken to the ] became free as soon as he touched the soil.<ref>"Responsa of Geonim," section 12, cited in , ], 1906 ed.</ref> | |||
| The Jewish slave merchants handled slaves, sold to them by the ] or local ] merchants. The ] on their part transfered them to the the ] Caliph. | |||
| == |
==History== | ||
| ⚫ | According to Abraham ibn |
||
| In ] ] permitted Jews to introduce slaves from ] into ], on the condition that they were non-Christian.<ref name=JE_STO>. ]</ref> | |||
| ==The Khazaria Route 7th-10th century == | |||
| The ] route was the safest route in the early 7th century because it gave the Jewish merchants a safe route through the Khazari Kingdom ]/] region all the way to the Islamic Caliph land. The female slaves were sold as ] and the males were sold as ] and were bought by the Caliph in ] to serve as local Royal guard, because they didnt have any local loyalities. | |||
| With the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Jews often served as interlocutors between the Muslim and the Christian worlds. ] in the 9th century describes two routes by which Jewish slave-dealers carried such slaves from West to East and from East to West.<ref name=JE_STO/> | |||
| ===Rus competition=== | |||
| From the 10th century The Khazaria route was not safe anymore, mianly to the ] attacks against ] and the piracy/competition on the ], by the 10th century the ] dominated the slave trade along the ] and the Jews shifted their trade routes to the open seas. | |||
| ⚫ | According to ], ] Jewish merchants bought ] from ] to be sold as slaves. ] granted charters to Jews visiting his kingdom, permitting them to trade with slaves, provided the latter had not been ]. ] claimed that the Jews did not abide to the agreement and kept Christians as slaves, citing the instance of a Christian refugee from ] who declared that his coreligionists were frequently sold, as he had been, to the ]. Many, indeed, of the ] owed their fortune to the trade in ] slaves brought from Andalusia.<ref>Grätz, "Gesch." vii.</ref> Similarly, the Jews of ], about the year 949, purchased slaves in their neighborhood and sold them in Spain.<ref>Aronius, "Regesten," No. 127</ref> | ||
| ==The Sea Route== | |||
| The means by which Jews earned their livelihoods were largely determined by the restrictions placed on them by the authorities. | |||
| The Sea route was the older route slave trade flourished in the Syrian Coasts starting in the 5th century AD, Jews played a major role in the slave trade that grew stronger by the 7th century mainly to the | |||
| The Christian Church repeatedly protested against the sale of Christians to Jews, the first protest occurring as early as ]. At the third council of Orleans a decree was passed that Jews must not possess Christian servants or slaves, a prohibition which was repeated over and over again at different councils—as at Orleans (541), Paris (633), Toledo (fourth council, 633), Szabolcs (1092), Ghent (1112), Narbonne (1227), Béziers (1246). After this time the need of such a prohibition seems to have disappeared. Thus, at Marseilles, in the 13th century, there were only two cases of Jewish, as against seven of Christian, slave-traders<ref>"R. E. J." xvi.</ref> It was part of St. Benedict's rule that Christian slaves were not to serve Jews.<ref>Aronius, "Regesten," No. 114</ref> | |||
| fall of the Roman trade system with the rise of Islam. The Syrian | |||
| coasts Jewish slave trade didnt stop till the Crusades period then the | |||
| trade flow moved to Egypt and Al-Andalus, it regained its momentum | |||
| after the defeat of Crusades. , but it became the primary route | |||
| after the fall of the ] kingdom and the weakenning of the ] | |||
| in Baghdad, Jewish owned ships moved to the coasts of Syria, Egypt and | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| the coasts. the Jewish slave tradres marketed their slaves as | |||
| (sarmatians), mostly females - which was linked by ] to the Mideastern slur - ]. At that period the | |||
| locals lost interest in ] and used Turkic males Mamlukes | |||
| instead, so it was mainly Slavic females. which explains the common | |||
| Maternal Slavic DNA prsence in the levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, | |||
| Jordan, South Turkey) till this day. | |||
| Despite the rule, many Christians trafficked with the Jews in slaves, and the Church dignitaries of Bavaria even recognized this traffic by insisting on Jews and other merchants paying toll for slaves.<ref>ib. No. 122</ref> | |||
| ==Refrences== | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * Roth, Norman medieval Jewish civilzation | * Roth, Norman medieval Jewish civilzation | ||
| * Tertullianus, Qunitus ''Codex Agobardinus'' | * Tertullianus, Qunitus ''Codex Agobardinus'' | ||
| * Almsaodi, Ali ''The Meadows of Gold'' | * Almsaodi, Ali ''The Meadows of Gold'' | ||
| * Ibn Fadlan, Ahmad ''Kitāb ilā Malik al-Saqāliba'' |
* Ibn Fadlan, Ahmad ''Kitāb ilā Malik al-Saqāliba'' | ||
| * Ibn Khordadhbeh, ''Hudud al-Alam'' |
* Ibn Khordadhbeh, ''Hudud al-Alam'' | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ==External links== | |||
| ⚫ | * , ], 1906 ed. | ||
| ⚫ | * ], 1906 ed. | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | |||
| {{Jewish Encyclopedia}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 10:01, 15 August 2007
Slavery was customary during the antiquity and the Middle Ages, and legislations commonly permitted slave trade. According to the Jewish Law, Jewish slaves had the right of emancipation on the seventh (Sabbatical) year, and all slaves had to be freed after seven Sabbatical cycles on a Jubilee year. A slave who was taken to the Holy Land became free as soon as he touched the soil.
History
In 492 Pope Gelasius permitted Jews to introduce slaves from Gaul into Italy, on the condition that they were non-Christian.
With the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Jews often served as interlocutors between the Muslim and the Christian worlds. Ibn Khordadhbeh in the 9th century describes two routes by which Jewish slave-dealers carried such slaves from West to East and from East to West.
According to Abraham ibn Yakub, Byzantine Jewish merchants bought Slavs from Prague to be sold as slaves. Louis the Fair granted charters to Jews visiting his kingdom, permitting them to trade with slaves, provided the latter had not been baptized. Agobard claimed that the Jews did not abide to the agreement and kept Christians as slaves, citing the instance of a Christian refugee from Cordova who declared that his coreligionists were frequently sold, as he had been, to the Moors. Many, indeed, of the Spanish Jews owed their fortune to the trade in Slavonian slaves brought from Andalusia. Similarly, the Jews of Verdun, about the year 949, purchased slaves in their neighborhood and sold them in Spain.
The means by which Jews earned their livelihoods were largely determined by the restrictions placed on them by the authorities. The Christian Church repeatedly protested against the sale of Christians to Jews, the first protest occurring as early as 538. At the third council of Orleans a decree was passed that Jews must not possess Christian servants or slaves, a prohibition which was repeated over and over again at different councils—as at Orleans (541), Paris (633), Toledo (fourth council, 633), Szabolcs (1092), Ghent (1112), Narbonne (1227), Béziers (1246). After this time the need of such a prohibition seems to have disappeared. Thus, at Marseilles, in the 13th century, there were only two cases of Jewish, as against seven of Christian, slave-traders It was part of St. Benedict's rule that Christian slaves were not to serve Jews.
Despite the rule, many Christians trafficked with the Jews in slaves, and the Church dignitaries of Bavaria even recognized this traffic by insisting on Jews and other merchants paying toll for slaves.
References
- Mishpatim: Jewish Tradition and Slavery By Rabbi Jeffrey Schein, citing Parashat Mishpatim, Exodus 21:1 - 24:18
- Mishnah: The Oral Law by Harry Gersh. Behrman House, Inc. 1984. ISBN 0874413907
- "Responsa of Geonim," section 12, cited in Jewish Slave-Trading Opposed, Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
- ^ Jewish Slave-Trading Opposed. Jewish Encyclopedia
- Grätz, "Gesch." vii.
- Aronius, "Regesten," No. 127
- "R. E. J." xvi.
- Aronius, "Regesten," No. 114
- ib. No. 122
Further reading
- Roth, Norman medieval Jewish civilzation
- Tertullianus, Qunitus Codex Agobardinus
- Almsaodi, Ali The Meadows of Gold
- Ibn Fadlan, Ahmad Kitāb ilā Malik al-Saqāliba
- Ibn Khordadhbeh, Hudud al-Alam
External links
- Jewish Slave-Trading Opposed, Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
- Jewish occupations Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
- Slave markests in East Europe
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)